Business law kelly and holmes

BUSINESS LAW
Fourth Edition
Sydney • London • Portland, Oregon
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BUSINESS LAW
Fourth Edition
Sydney • London • Portland, Oregon
Cavendish
Publishing
Limited
David Kelly, PhD
Principal Lecturer in Law
Staffordshire University
Ann Holmes, M Phil, PGD
Associate Dean of the Law School
Ruth Hayward, LLB, LLM
Lecturer in Law

Fourth edition first published in Great Britain 2002 by
Cavendish Publishing Limited, The Glass House,
Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX, United Kingdom
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7278 8000 Facsimile: +44 (0)20 7278 8080
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Published in the United States by Cavendish Publishing
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Oregon 97213–3644, USA
Published in Australia by Cavendish Publishing (Australia) Pty Ltd
3/303 Barrenjoey Road, Newport, NSW 2106, Australia
© Kelly, D, Holmes, A
and Hayward, R 2002
First edition 1995
Second edition 1997
Third edition 2000
Fourth edition 2002
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
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Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
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ISBN 1-85941-730-2
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Printed and bound in Great Britain

v
PREFACE
Business and commercial enterprise takes place within a legal context and, in the
final analysis, is governed and regulated by law. One of the problems facing the
person studying business activity, and the one that is specifically addressed in this
book, is the fact that business enterprise takes place within a general and wide
ranging legal environment; but the student is required to have more than a passing
knowledge of the legal rules and procedures which impact on business activity. The
difficulty lies in acquiring an adequate knowledge of the many areas that govern
such business activity. Law students legitimately may be expected to focus their
attention on the minutiae of the law, but those studying law within, and as merely a
component part of, a wider sphere of study cannot be expected to have the same
detailed level of knowledge as law students. Nonetheless, they are expected to have
a more than superficial knowledge of various legal topics.
For the author of a business law textbook, the difficulty lies in pitching the
material considered at the appropriate level so that those studying the subject
acquire a sufficient grasp to understand law as it relates generally to business
enterprise, and of course to equip the student to pass the requisite exams. To
achieve this goal, the text must not be too specialised and focus on too small a part
of what is contained in most business law syllabuses. For example, although
contract law is central to any business law course, to study it on its own, or with a
few ancillary topics, is not sufficient. Nor, however, should the text be so wide
ranging as to provide the student with no more than a superficial general
knowledge of most of the possible interfaces between law and business enterprise.
A selection has to be made and it is hoped that this text has made the correct one.
No attempt has been made to cover all the areas within the potential scope of
business law, but it is hoped that attention has been focused on the most important
of these, without excluding any area of major importance. Additionally, it is hoped
that the material provided deals with the topics selected in as thorough a way as is
necessary.
In this fourth edition we have taken the opportunity to restructure the
contract law section and to expand the treatment of other key areas, notably the
company law and employment law sections. We have also been able to provide a
more considered treatment of the Human Rights Act 1998 in the light of the most
significant cases to have come before the courts since the previous edition. As
usual, we have made every effort to ensure that the text is as up to date as we
can make it.
David Kelly
Ann Holmes
Ruth Hayward
September 2000

vii
CONTENTS
Preface v
Table of Cases xxiii
Table of Statutes lv
Table of Statutory Instruments lxv
Conventions, Treaties and EC Legislation lxix
Table of Abbreviations lxxi
1 LAW AND LEGAL SOURCES 1
1.1 The nature of law 1
1.2 Categories of law 2
1.2.1 Common law and civil law 2
1.2.2 Common law and equity 3
1.2.3 Common law and statute law 6
1.2.4 Private law and public law 6
1.2.5 Civil law and criminal law 7
1.3 The Human Rights Act 1998 8
1.3.1 Cases decided under the Human Rights Act 1998 11
1.4 Sources of law 14
1.4.1 European Community 14
1.4.2 Sources of EC law 16
1.4.3 The institutions of the EU 18
1.5 Legislation 22
1.5.1 The legislative process 22
1.5.2 Types of legislation 24
1.5.3 Delegated legislation 25
1.5.4 Advantages of the use of delegated legislation 27
1.5.5 Disadvantages in the prevalence of
delegated legislation 27
1.5.6 Control over delegated legislation 28
1.6 Case law 29
1.6.1 The meaning of precedent 29
1.6.2 The hierarchy of the courts and the setting
of precedent 30
1.6.3 The nature of precedent 32
1.6.4 Evaluation 33

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1.6.5 Advantages of case law 33
1.6.6 Disadvantages of case law 35
1.7 Statutory interpretation 37
1.7.1 Problems in interpreting legislation 38
1.7.2 Rules of interpretation 38
1.7.3 Aids to construction 39
1.7.4 Presumptions 40
1.8 Custom 41
1.8.1 Books of authority 42
1.9 Law reform 43
Summary of Chapter 1 45
2 THE CRIMINAL AND CIVIL COURTS 49
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 The criminal court structure 49
Figure 1: The hierarchy of the courts 50
2.3 Magistrates’ courts 51
2.3.1 Powers of magistrates’ courts 51
2.4 The Crown Court 52
2.4.1 Jurisdiction 52
2.5 Criminal appeals 53
2.5.1 Appeals from magistrates’ courts 53
2.5.2 Appeals from the Crown Court 53
2.6 House of Lords 55
2.7 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 55
2.8 The civil court structure 55
2.9 Magistrates’ courts 55
2.10 The Woolf Reforms to the civil justice system 56
2.10.1 Judicial case management 56
2.10.2 Pre-action protocols 57
2.10.3 Alternatives to going to court 57
2.10.4 Allocation to track (Pt 26 of the CPR1998) 58
2.11 County courts 58
2.12 The High Court of Justice 59
2.12.1 The Queen’s Bench Division 59
2.12.2 The Queen’s Bench Divisional Court 60

Contents
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2.12.3 The Chancery Division 60
2.12.4 The Chancery Divisional Court 60
2.12.5 The Family Division 60
2.12.6 The Family Divisional Court 61
2.12.7 Specialist courts 61
2.13 The Court of Appeal (Civil Division) 61
2.13.1 The Civil Procedure Rules 62
2.14 House of Lords 62
2.15 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 62
2.16 The European Court of Justice 63
2.17 The European Court of Human Rights 63
3 ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 69
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Arbitration 70
3.2.1 Arbitration procedure 71
3.2.2 Relationship to ordinary courts 74
3.2.3 Advantages 75
3.2.4 The small claims track (Pt 27 of the CPR) 75
3.2.5 Small claims procedure 77
3.2.6 Evaluation 78
3.2.7 Arbitration under codes of conduct 79
3.3 Administrative tribunals 80
3.3.1 Tribunals and courts 81
3.3.2 Composition of tribunals 82
3.3.3 Statutory tribunals 83
3.3.4 Domestic tribunals 85
3.3.5 Advantages of tribunals 85
3.3.6 Disadvantages of tribunals 86
3.3.7 The Leggatt Review of Tribunals 89
3.4 Ombudsman 91
3.4.1 Procedure 92
3.4.2 Evaluation 95
3.5 Mediation and conciliation 96
3.5.1 Mediation 96

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3.5.2 Mediation in divorce 97
3.5.3 Conciliation 100
4 THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF CONTRACT LAW 103
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Definition 104
4.3 Formalities 104
4.4 The legal effect of agreement 105
5 THE FORMATION OF A CONTRACT 111
5.2 Offer 111
5.2.1 Identifying an offer 112
5.2.2 Offers to particular people 114
5.2.3 Knowledge of the offer 115
5.2.4 Rejection of offers 115
5.2.5 Revocation of offers 116
5.2.6 Lapse of offers 117
5.3 Acceptance 118
5.3.1 Form of acceptance 118
5.3.2 Communication of acceptance 119
5.3.3 Tenders 121
5.4 Offer, acceptance and the classical model of contract 121
5.5 Consideration 123
5.5.1 Forbearance 123
5.5.2 Types of consideration 124
5.5.3 Rules relating to consideration 125
5.5.4 Performance of existing duties 126
5.5.5 Consideration in relation to the waiver
of existing rights 129
5.5.6 Promissory estoppel 131
5.5.7 Promissory estoppel after Williams v Roffey 132
5.6 Privity of contract 132
5.6.1 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 135

Contents
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5.7 Capacity 136
5.7.1 Minors 136
5.7.2 Mental incapacity and intoxication 139
5.8 Intention to create legal relations 139
5.8.1 Domestic and social agreements 139
5.8.2 Commercial agreements 140
5.8.3 Collective agreements 141
5.8.4 Letters of comfort 141
6 CONTENTS OF A CONTRACT 145
6.1 Contract terms and mere representations 145
6.2 Conditions, warranties and innominate terms 146
6.2.1 Conditions 146
6.2.2 Warranties 146
6.2.3 Innominate terms 147
6.3 Implied terms 148
6.3.1 Terms implied by statute 148
6.3.2 Terms implied by custom 148
6.3.3 Terms implied by the courts 148
6.4 The parol evidence rule 149
6.5 Exemption or exclusion clauses 150
6.5.1 Has the exclusion clause been incorporated
into the contract? 150
6.5.2 Does the exclusion clause effectively
cover the breach? 152
6.5.3 What effect does UCTA1977 have
on the exclusion clause? 153
6.5.4 The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts
Regulations 156
7 VITIATING FACTORS 161
7.2 Mistake 161
7.2.1 Common mistake 162
7.2.2 Mutual mistake 163
7.2.3 Unilateral mistake 165

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7.2.4 Mistake in respect of documents 166
7.3 Misrepresentation 167
7.3.1 There must be a false statement of fact 168
7.3.2 The statement must actually induce the contract 169
7.3.3 Types of misrepresentation 170
7.3.4 Remedies for misrepresentation 171
7.4 Duress 173
Figure 2: Forms of misrepresentation 174
7.5 Undue influence 175
7.5.1 Special relationships 175
7.5.2 No special relationship 176
7.5.3 Inequality of bargaining power 177
7.6 Contracts and public policy 177
7.6.1 Illegal contracts 178
7.6.2 Void contracts 178
7.6.3 Contracts in restraint of trade 179
8 DISCHARGE OF A CONTRACT 185
8.2 Discharge by agreement 185
8.3 Discharge by performance 185
8.3.1 Tender of performance 187
8.4 Discharge by frustration 187
8.4.1 Situations in which the doctrine of frustration
does not apply 189
8.4.2 The effect of frustration 190
8.4.3 Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 190
8.5 Discharge by breach 191
8.5.1 Effect of breach 191
8.5.2 Anticipatory breach 191
8.6 Remedies for breach of contract 193
8.7 Damages 194
8.7.1 Remoteness of damage 194
8.7.2 Measure of damages 195
8.7.3 Liquidated damages and penalties 198
8.7.4 Quantum meruit 199

Contents
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8.8 Specific performance 200
8.9 Injunction 201
8.10 Action for the agreed contract price 202
8.11 Repudiation 202
8.12 Quasi-contractual remedies 202
9 SALE AND SUPPLY OF GOODS 205
9.2 The Sale of Goods Act 1979 206
9.2.1 Definition 206
9.2.2 Form of the agreement 207
9.2.3 The price of the goods 207
9.2.4 Seller’s implied obligations 208
9.2.5 Delivery and payment obligations 218
9.2.6 Seller’s personal remedies 218
9.2.7 Seller’s real remedies 219
9.2.8 Buyer’s remedies 221
9.2.9 Acceptance 224
9.2.10 Exclusion and limitation of liability 225
9.2.11 Guarantees 227
9.2.12 Transfer of property and risk 228
9.2.13 Sale by a person who is not the owner 232
9.3 The Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 236
9.3.1 Implied terms 236
9.3.2 Exclusion clauses 237
9.4 The Consumer Protection (Distance Selling)
Regulations 2000 238
9.4.1 Application 238
9.4.2 Main provisions 238
9.5 The Consumer Protection Act 1987 239
9.5.1 Introduction 239
9.5.2 Meaning of ‘producer’ 239
9.5.3 ‘Defective’ product 240
9.5.4 Extent of liability 240
9.5.5 Exclusion of liability 241

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9.5.6 Defences 241
9.5.7 Limitations on action 241
9.6 Criminal liability 242
9.6.2 Part II of the CPA1987 242
9.6.3 The General Product Safety Regulations 1994 242
9.6.4 Misleading price indications 243
9.6.5 The Trade Descriptions Act 1968 244
10 NEGLIGENCE 251
10.2 Elements of the tort 252
10.3 Duty of care 252
10.4 Nervous shock 256
10.5 Economic loss 261
10.6 Negligent misstatements 262
10.7 Professional negligence 263
10.7.1 Accountants and auditors 263
10.7.2 Lawyers 265
10.7.3 Surveyors 266
10.8 Breach of the duty of care 267
10.9 Res ipsa loquitur 270
10.10 Causation 271
10.10.1 The ‘but for’ test 271
10.10.2 Novus actus interveniens 273
10.11 Remoteness of damage 275
10.12 Defences 276
10.12.1 Contributory negligence 276
10.12.2 Volenti non fit injuria 277
11 AGENCY 283
11.2 Definition of‘agency’ 283
11.3 Creation of agency 285
11.3.1 Express appointment 285

Contents
xv
11.3.2 Ratification 286
11.3.3 Implication 286
11.3.4 Necessity 287
11.3.5 Estoppel 288
11.4 The authority of an agent 288
11.4.1 Actual authority 288
11.4.2 Apparent authority 289
11.4.3 Warrant of authority 289
11.5 The relationship of principal and agent 290
11.5.1 The duties of agent to principal 290
11.5.2 The rights of an agent 292
11.5.3 Commercial Agents (Council Directive)
11.6 Relations with third parties 295
11.6.1 Where the principal’s existence is disclosed 295
11.6.2 Where the principal’s existence is not disclosed 296
11.6.3 Payment by means of an agent 297
11.6.4 Breach of warrant of authority 297
11.6.5 Liability in tort 297
11.7 Termination of agency 297
11.7.1 Termination by the parties 298
11.7.2 Termination by operation of law 298
12 PARTNERSHIP LAW 305
12.2 The Partnership Acts 305
12.2.1 Standard partnerships 305
12.2.2 Limited partnerships 306
12.2.3 Limited liability partnerships 306
12.3 Definition of ‘partnership’ 307
12.3.1 Types of partners 308
12.4 The legal status of a partnership 309
12.4.1 Legal personality 309
12.4.2 Illegal partnerships 310
12.4.3 Capacity 310

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12.5 Formation of a partnership 311
12.5.1 The partnership agreement 311
12.5.2 Alteration of the partnership agreement 312
12.5.3 The firm’s name 313
12.5.4 The Business Names Act 1985 313
12.5.5 Passing off 313
12.5.6 Arbitration clauses 314
12.6 The relationship between partners 314
12.6.1 Duties of partners 315
12.6.2 Rights of partners 316
12.6.3 Partnership property 317
12.6.4 Assignment of a share in a partnership 319
12.7 The relationship between partners and outsiders 319
12.7.1 The authority of partners to bind the firm 320
12.7.2 The nature of partners’ liability 321
12.7.3 The liability of incoming and outgoing partners 322
12.7.4 Partnership by estoppel 323
12.8 Dissolution and winding up of the partnership 323
12.8.1 Grounds for dissolution 323
12.8.2 Winding up 325
12.8.3 Treatment of assets on dissolution 325
12.8.4 Bankruptcy of partners 327
12.9 Limited liability partnerships 328
12.9.1 Legal personality and limited liability 328
12.9.2 Creation 329
12.9.3 Membership 329
12.9.4 Disclosure requirements 330
12.9.5 Relationship between members and the LLP 331
12.9.6 Relationship between members 331
12.9.7 Relationship between members and third parties 331
12.9.8 Creditor protection 331
12.9.9 Taxation 332
12.9.10 Insolvency and winding up 332
12.9.11 The future of the LLP 333

Contents
xvii
13 COMPANY LAW 341
13.2 Corporations and their legal characteristics 341
13.2.1 Types of corporation 341
13.2.2 The doctrine of separate personality 342
13.2.3 The effects of incorporation 343
13.2.4 Lifting the veil of incorporation 345
13.3 Types of companies 346
13.3.1 Limited and unlimited companies 347
13.3.2 Public and private companies 347
13.3.3 Parent and subsidiary companies 350
13.3.4 Small, medium and large companies 350
13.4 Formation of companies 351
13.4.1 Registration 351
13.4.2 Commencement of business 352
13.5 The constitution of the company 352
13.5.1 The memorandum of association 352
13.5.2 The articles of association 355
13.5.3 Effect of memorandum and articles 356
13.5.4 Class rights 357
13.6 Capital 359
13.6.1 Share capital 359
13.6.2 Types of share capital 360
13.6.3 Types of shares 361
13.6.4 Issue of shares 362
13.6.5 Payment for shares 362
13.6.6 Capital maintenance 363
13.6.7 Loan capital 367
13.7 Directors 371
13.7.1 The position of directors 372
13.7.2 Appointment of directors 373
13.7.3 Removal of directors 373
13.7.4 Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 374
13.7.5 Directors’ powers 377
13.7.6 Directors’ duties 379

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13.8 Company secretary 382
13.8.1 Duties of company secretaries 382
13.8.2 Powers of company secretaries 383
13.9 Company auditor 383
13.10 Company meetings 385
13.10.1 Types of meetings 386
13.10.2 Calling meetings 387
13.10.3 Notice of meetings 387
13.10.4 Agenda 388
13.10.5 Types of resolutions 388
13.10.6 Quorum 391
13.10.7 Votes 391
13.10.8 Proxies 391
13.10.9 Chairman 391
13.10.10 Minutes 392
13.11 Majority rule and minority protection 392
13.11.1 Common law—fraud on the minority 393
13.11.2 Statutory protection 395
13.11.3 Investigations 399
13.12 Winding up and administration orders 404
13.12.1 Winding up 404
13.12.2 Order of payment of company debts 406
13.12.3 Administration orders 407
13.13 Insider dealing 408
13.13.1 The CJA 1993 409
13.13.2 The reality of insider dealing 411
13.14 Electronic communications 412
14 INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS (1):
THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 421
14.2 Contract of employment 422
14.2.1 Control test 423
14.2.2 Integration test 424
14.2.3 Multiple test 425

Contents
xix
14.3 Loaning or hiring out employees 432
14.4 Continuity: periods away from work 432
14.5 Industrial disputes 434
14.6 Formation of the contract of employment 434
14.6.1 Written statement of terms 434
Figure 3: Specimen of terms of employer 436
14.6.2 Terms 438
14.6.3 National minimum wage 439
14.6.4 Implied terms 442
14.6.5 Duties imposed on the employer 443
Figure 4: Itemised pay statement 446
14.6.6 Duties imposed on the employee 448
EQUAL PAY AND DISCRIMINATION 457
15.2 European Community law 457
15.3 Equality clause 459
15.3.1 Claiming equality 459
15.3.2 Comparator 461
15.3.3 Grounds of claim 461
15.3.4 Equal value procedure 464
15.3.5 Remedies 466
15.4 Sex and race discrimination 467
15.4.1 EC law 467
15.4.2 Who is protected? 470
15.5 Types of unlawful discrimination 470
15.5.1 Direct discrimination 472
15.5.2 Sexual and racial harassment 474
15.5.3 Discrimination and pregnancy 476
15.5.4 Sexual orientation 478
15.5.5 Indirect discrimination 479
15.5.6 Victimisation 482
15.6 Scope of protection 483
15.6.1 Genuine occupational qualifications 483

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15.7 Bringing a claim 484
15.8 Remedies 484
15.9 The EOC and the Commission for Racial Equality 485
15.10 Disability discrimination 485
TERMINATION 495
16.2 Dismissal for fundamental breach or wrongful dismissal 496
16.2.1 Notice 496
16.2.2 Summary dismissal for fundamental breach 496
16.3 Wrongful dismissal 497
16.4 Unfair dismissal 499
16.4.1 Who qualifies under the ERA 1996? 500
16.5 Claims 501
16.6 Effective date of termination 501
16.7 What is meant by dismissal? 502
16.7.1 Constructive dismissal 504
16.8 Reasons for the dismissal 506
16.9 Fair dismissals 507
16.9.1 Capability or qualifications 509
16.9.2 Conduct 510
16.9.3 Redundancy 511
16.9.4 Statutory restrictions (s98(2)(d) of the ERA 1996) 512
16.9.5 Some other substantial reason 513
16.10 Special situations 514
16.11 Remedies 516
16.11.1 Reinstatement 516
16.11.2 Re-engagement 516
16.11.3 Compensation 517
16.12 Redundancy 519
16.12.1 Qualifications 519
16.12.2 Dismissal 520
16.12.3 Dismissals for reasons of redundancy 521

Contents
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16.12.4 Lay-off and short time (ss 147–49 of the ERA 1996) 525
16.12.5 Change in ownership and transfer of undertakings 526
16.12.6 Offer of alternative employment 528
16.12.7 Calculation of redundancy payment 530
16.12.8 Procedure for handling redundancies 531
16.12.9 Notification of redundancies to the Secretary of State 532
17 EMPLOYERS’ LIABILITY 537
17.2 Duty of care 538
17.2.1 Scope of the employer’s duty 538
17.2.2 Competent fellow employees 539
17.2.3 Safe plant and appliances 541
17.2.4 Safe place of work 541
17.2.5 Safe system of work 543
17.3 Breach of duty 545
17.4 Causation and resultant damage 546
17.5 Remedies and defences 547
17.6 Vicarious liability 548
17.6.1 Meaning of vicarious liability 548
17.6.2 Employer/employee relationship 548
17.6.3 Scope of vicarious liability 549
17.6.4 Course of employment 549
17.6.5 Outside the course of employment 553
17.7 Principal and agent 555
17.8 Employer and independent contractor 555
18 CONSUMER CREDIT 561
18.1.1 Examples of credit agreements 561
18.1.2 The terminology of the CCA1974 562
18.1.3 Agreements within the scope of the CCA 1974 562
18.1.4 Types of regulated consumer credit agreements 565

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18.1.5 Exempt and partially exempt agreements 568
18.2 Licensing 569
18.3 Promotion of credit agreements 570
18.3.2 Canvassing offences 570
18.3.3 Advertising of credit 571
18.3.4 Adequacy of protection 572
18.4 Pre-contract protection of the consumer 572
18.4.2 The Consumer Credit (Agreements)
18.4.3 Copies of regulated agreements (ss 62 and 63
of the CCA 1974) 574
18.5 Protecting the debtor after the contract is made 575
18.5.1 Extortionate credit bargains (ss 137–40
of the CCA 1974) 575
18.5.2 Disclosure of information 576
18.5.3 The debtor’s right to cancel the agreement 576
18.5.4 The debtor’s right to terminate the agreement 578
18.5.5 Creditor’s right of termination 579
18.5.6 Protected goods 580
18.5.7 Action to recover possession of protected goods 581
18.5.8 Early settlement of debts 582
18.6 Defective goods acquired on credit terms 582
18.7 The dealer/supplier as agent of the creditor—a summary 583
Further Reading 587
Index 593

xxiii
TABLE OF CASES
A Company, Re (003843 of 1986) (1987) BCLC 562 399
Abadeh v British Telecommunications plc [2001] IRLR 3 488
Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] 2 WLR 657 346
Adams v GKN Sankey [1980] IRLR 416, EAT 501
Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B & Ald 681; (1818) 106 ER 250 120
Adamson v B and L Cleaning Services Ltd [1995] IRLR 193 450
Addie & Sons (Collieries) v Dumbreck [1929] AC 358 31
Adler v George [1964] 2 QB7 39
Ainsworth v Glass Tubes & Components Ltd
[1977] IRC 347; [1977] IRLR 74, EAT 461
Alan (WJ) & Co v El Nasr Export and Import Co
[1972] 2 All ER 127 131
Albert v Motor Insurers Bureau [1971] 2 All ER 1345;
[1972] AC 301; [1971] 3 WLR 291, HL 140
Alcock and Others v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire
[1991] 4 All ER 907 258, 260, 280, 539
Aldred v Nacanco [1987] IRLR 292 551, 552, 559
Alec Lobb (Garages) Ltd v Total Oil (Great Britain) Ltd
[1985] 1 All ER 303 182
Alexander v Midland Bank plc [1999] IRLR 724 543
Alexander v Standard Telephone and Cables Ltd (No 2)
[1991] IRLR 286 439
Alexandrou v Oxford [1993] 4 All ER 328 255
Allonby v Accrington & Rossendale College [2001] IRLR 305 461, 491
Allwood v William Hill Ltd [1974] IRLR 258, IT 512, 534
Aluminium Industrie Vassen BV v Romalpa Aluminium Ltd
[1976] 1 WLR 676; [1976] 2 All ER 552 220
Amalgamated Investment & Property Co Ltd
v John Walker & Sons Ltd [1976] 3 All ER 509;
[1977] 1 WLR 164, CA 161
Anchor Line (Henderson Bros) Ltd, Re [1937] Ch 1 229
Andrews v Singer [1934] 1 KB 17 152
Angestelltenbetriebstrat der Wiener Gebietskrankasse
v Wiener Gebietskrankenkasse [1999] IRLR 804 458
Anns v Merton LBC [1978] AC 728 253–55, 261, 262, 279
Anya v University of Oxford [2001] IRLR 377 473
Arbuckle v Taylor (1815) 3 Dow 160 321
Archer v Stone [1898] 78 LT 34 297
Arcos Ltd v Ronaasen & Son [1933] AC 470 210

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Ardennes, SS, Re [1951] 1 KB 55 149
Armhouse Lee Ltd v Chappell (1996) The Times, 7 August 179
Arnold v Beecham Group Ltd [1982] ICR 744;
[1982] IRLR 307, EAT 463
Arthur JS Hall & Co v Simons [2000] 3 All ER 673 265
Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Co Ltd
v Riche [1875] LR7HL 653 354
Ashington Piggeries v Christopher Hill Ltd [1972] AC 441 210, 215, 216
Associated Japanese Bank (International) v Credit du Nord SA
[1988] 3 All ER902; (1988) 138 NLJ 109 162, 163
Astec (BSR) plc, Re [1998] 2 BCLC 556 395, 399
Aswan Engineering Establishment v Lupdine [1987] 1 WLR 1 213
Atlantic Lines and Navigation Co Inc v Hallam (1992) unreported 172
Atlas Express v Kafco [1990] 9 Tr LR 56 176
Attia v British Gas [1987] 3 All ER 455 260
Attwood v Small (1838) 6 Cl & Fin 232;
[1835–42] All ER Rep 258, HL 169
Avery v Bowden (1856) 5 E & B 714 192
Avon Finance Co Ltd v Bridger [1985] 2 All ER 281, CA 167
Aziz v Trinity Street Taxis Ltd [1988] IRLR 204 482
BBC v Ioannou [1975] QB 781; [1975] ICR 267 504
Badamoody v UK Central Council for Nursing,
Midwifery and Health Visiting [2002] IRLR 288 472
Badeck& Others [2000] IRLR 432 469
Bailey v HSS Alarms Ltd (2000) The Times, 20 June, CA 195
Bain v Bowles [1991] IRLR 356; (1991) The Times, 24 April, CA 471
Baker v Willoughby [1970] AC 467 272
Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 139
Balfour v Barty-King [1957] 1 All ER 156 555, 559
Balfron Trustees Ltd vPeterson [2001] IRLR 758 553
Bamford v Bamford [1970] Ch 212 362, 379
Bannerman v White (1861) 10CBNS 844; (1861) 142 ER 685 145
Banque Financière de la Cité v Westgate Insurance Co Ltd
[1990] 2 All ER 947 263
Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group
[1990] ICR 616; [1990] IRLR240 458, 491
Barclays Bank plc v Coleman [2000] 3 WLR 405;
[2001] 4 All ER449, HL 177

Table of Cases
xxv
Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien [1993] 4 All ER 417 178
Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington HMC [1969] 1 QB 4282 271
Barrett McKenzie & Co Ltd v Escada (UK) Ltd (2001) The Times, 15 May 294, 295
Barton v Armstrong [1975] AC 104 175
Baynton v Sauras General Engineers Ltd [1999] IRLR 604 486
Beale v Taylor [1967] 1 WLR 1193; [1967] 3 All ER 253 209
Bell v Lever Bros Ltd [1932] AC 161 162, 163
Bentinck Ltd v Cromwell Engineering [1971] 1 QB 324 581
Bentley v Craven (1853) 18 Beav 75 315
Benveniste v University of Southampton
[1989] ICR 617; [1989] IRLR 122, CA 465
Bernstein v Pamsons Motors (Golders Green) Ltd [1987] 2 All ER 22 212, 224
Berriman v Delabole Slate Ltd [1985] ICR 564; [1985] IRLR 305, CA 527
Beswick v Beswick[1967] 2 All ER 1197 133
Bettany v Royal Doulton (UK) Ltd (1993) 213 HSIB 20 543, 557
Bettini v Gye (1876) 1 QBD 183; [1874–80] All ER Rep 242 147
Betts v Brintel Helicopters and KLM [1996] IRLR 45 527
Bilka-Kaufhaus GmbH v Karin Weber von Hartz
[1986] 2 CMLR 701; [1986] 5 ECR 1607 465
Birch and Humber v University of Liverpool [1985] IRLR 165 495
Bird Precision Bellows Ltd, Re [1984] Ch 419; [1984] 2 WLR 869 373, 397
Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177; [1926] All ER Rep 343 169
Blackman v Post Office [1974] ICR 151; [1974] ITR 122 509
Blaik v Post Office [1994] IRLR 280 468
Bland v Stockport CC (1992) unreported 539
Blisset v Daniel (1853) 10 Hare 493 317
Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856) 11 Ex 781 267
Boardman v Phipps [1967] 2 AC 46 291
Bolam v Friern HMC [1957] 2 All ER 118 270
Bolitho v City and Hackney HA [1998] AC 232 270
Bolton v Mahadeva [1972] 2 All ER 1322; [1972] 1 WLR 1009 186
Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 268, 281
Booth v United States of America [1999] IRLR 16 433, 434
Borlands Trustees v Steel [1901] 1 Ch 278 359, 416
Boulton and Paul Ltd v Arnold [1994] IRLR 532, EAT 512
Boulton v Jones (1857) 2 H & N 564; 157 ER 232; 27 LJ Ex 117 114
Bourhill v Young [1943] AC 92 254, 257, 280
Bovis Construction (Scotland) Ltd
v Whatlings Construction Ltd [1995] NPC 153 152

Business Law
xxvi
Boyo v London Borough of Lambeth [1995] IRLR 50 497
Bracebridge Engineering Ltd v Darby [1990] IRLR 3 447, 474, 506
Bradbury v Morgan(1862) 1 H & C 249 117
Bradford v Robinson Rentals Ltd [1967] All ER 267 541, 557
Brady v Brady [1989] AC 755 367
Briggs v North Eastern Education and Library Board
[1990] IRLR 181, NICA 480
Brimnes, The [1975] QB 929; [1974] 3 WLR 613; [1974] 3 All ER 88, CA 120
Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellshaft mbH
[1983] 2 AC 34; [1982] 2 WLR 264; [1982] 1 All ER 293, HL 120
British Aerospace plc v Green [1995] ICR 1006; [1995] IRLR 433 531
British Aircraft Corp v Austin [1978] IRLR 322, EAT 505
British Coal Corp v Smith [1996] ICR 515; [1996] 3 All ER 97, HL 460, 491
British Home Stores Ltd v Burchell [1978] IRLR 379 447
British Nursing Association v Inland Revenue [2001] IRLR 659 441
British Reinforced Concrete Engineering Co Ltd
v Schleff [1921] 2 Ch 563 181
British Syphon Co Ltd v Homewood [1956] 1 WLR 1190 452, 455
Britton v Comrs of Customs and Excise (1986) VATTR 209 307, 308
Brogan v UK(1989) 11 EHRR 117 10
Brogden v Metropolitan Rly Co (1877) 2 App Cas 666 118, 123
Bromley v H and J Quick Ltd [1988] ICR 623;
[1988] IRLR 249, CA 463
Brown & Sons Ltd vCraiks Ltd [1970] 1 All ER 823 213
Brown v Advocate General for Scotland [2001] 2 WLR 817 11
Brown v British Abrasive Wheel Co [1919] 1 Ch 290 356
Brown v Cearn and Brown Ltd (1985) unreported 464
Brown v Knowsley BC [1986] IRLR 102, EAT 503
Brown v Rentokil Ltd [1998] IRLR 445 477
Brown v Stuart Scott and Co [1981] ICR 166, EAT 507
Brunhoffer v Bank der Österreichischen Postparkasse [2001] IRLR 571 459, 465
Bull v Pitney-Bowes [1966] 3 All ER 384 450
Bunge Corp v Tradax Export SA [1981] 2 All ER 513;
[1980] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 294, CA 148
Burdis v Livsey [2002] EWCA Civ 510 564
Burton v De Vere Hotels Ltd [1996] IRLR 351 475
Bushell v Faith [1969] 2 Ch 438; [1969] 2 WLR 1067 373, 391
Business Appliances Specialists Ltd
v Nationwide Credit Corp Ltd [1988] RTR 32 212

Table of Cases
xxvii
Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corp (England) Ltd
[1979] 1 All ER 965 122
Bux v Slough Metals Ltd [1974] 1 All ER 262 544
Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) 5 CPD 344 116, 120
CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt [1993] 4 All ER 433 178
Cadoux v Central Regional Council [1986] IRLR 131 438
Cahn v Pockett’s Bristol Channel Co [1899] 1 QB 643 235
Calder and Cizakowsky v Rowntree Macintosh
Confectionery Ltd [1993] ICR 811 462
Callagan v Glasgow City Council [2001] IRLR 724 486
Cambridge and District Co-operative Society Ltd
v Ruse [1993] IRLR 156, EAT 529
Canniffe v East Riding of Yorkshire Council [2000] IRLR 555 475
Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 WLR 358 255, 264, 279, 280
Capital Finance Co Ltd v Bray [1964] 1 All ER 603 580
Capper Pass Ltd v Lawton [1977] QB 852; [1977] ICR 83 462, 491
Car & Universal Finance Co v Caldwell [1965] 1 QB 525;
[1964] 1 All ER 290 234, 236
Cardiff Savings Bank, Re (Marquis of Bute’s case) [1892] 2 Ch 100 380
Cargo Agency Ltd, Re [1992] BCC 388 377
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd [1893] 1 QB 256 36, 113, 115, 117,
120, 123, 214
Carlos Federspiel & Co v Charles Twigg & Co Ltd
[1957] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 240 230
Carmichael v National Power plc [1998] IRLR 301;
[1999] JIRLR43; [2000] IRLR43, HL 429–31, 453
Carslogie Steamship Co Ltd v Royal Norwegian Government
[1952] AC 292 273
Caruana v Manchester Airport plc [1996] IRLR 378, EAT 476
Casey’s Patents, Re [1892] 1 Ch 104 125
Cassidy v Ministry of Health [1951] 2 KB 343 424
Cehave v Bremer (The Hansa Nord) [1976] QB 44 147
Cellulose Acetate Silk Co Ltd v Widnes Foundry (1925) Ltd
[1933] AC 20 198
Central London Pty Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd
[1947] KB 130 131
Central Newbury Car Auctions v Unity Finance
[1957] 1 QB 371 233
Centrovincial Estates plc v Merchant Assurance Co Ltd
[1983] Com LR 158, CA 164

Business Law
xxviii
Century Insurance Co Ltd v Northern Ireland Road
Transport Board [1942] AC 509 549, 558
Chadwick v British Railways Board [1967] 1 WLR 912 259, 280
Chandler v Webster [1904] 1 KB 493 190
Chapelton v Barry UDC [1940] 1 KB 532; [1940] 1 All ER 356 151
Chappell & Co v Nestlé Co [1959] 2 All ER 701 126
Charlton v Forrest Printing Ink Co Ltd [1980] IRLR 331 543, 557
Charter v Sullivan [1957] 2 QB 117 219
Chaudry vPrabhakar [1988] 3 All ER 718 263, 280
Chessington World of Adventure Ltd v Reed [1997] IRLR 556 479
Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police
v Khan [2001] IRLR 830 447, 482, 493
Chilton v Saga Holidays plc [1986] 1 A11 ER 841, CA 78
Chung and Shun Sing Lee v Construction and
Engineering Co Ltd [1990] IRLR 236 423
City and Westminster Properties (1934) Ltd v Mudd
[1959] Ch 129; [1958] 2 All ER 733 149
City Equitable Fire Assurance Co, Re [1925] 1 Ch 407 380
City of Bradford v Arora [1991] 2 QB 507 484
Civil Service Union v UK (1987) 50 DR 228, EComHR 66
Clarion Ltd v National Provident Institution [2000] 2 All ER 265 164
Clark v TDG Ltd t/aNovacold [1999] IRLR 318 486, 487, 494
Clemens v Clemens Bros Ltd [1976] 1 All ER 268 349, 395, 396
Collier v Sunday Referee Publishing Co Ltd [1940] 2 KB 647 444, 454
Collins v Godefroy (1831) 1 B & Ald 950; (1831) 120 ER 241 126
Coltman v Bibby Tankers Ltd [1988] AC 276; [1988] ICR 67 541, 557
Combe v Combe [1951] 2 KB 215; [1951] 1 All ER 767 131
Commission for Racial Equality v Dutton [1989] QB 783 471
Commission v UK Case 165/82 [1983] ECR 3431; [1984] ICR 192 468
Commission v UK [1982] IRLR 333 458, 463
Condor v Barron Knights [1966] 1 WLR 87 188
Connell Estate Agents v Begej [1993] EG 123 206
Const v Harris (1824) Tur & Rus 496 314
Conway v Rimmer [1968] 2 WLR 998; [1968] 1 All ER 874 31
Cook v Deeks [1916] 1 AC 554 393
Coomes (E) (Holdings) Ltd v Shields (1978) unreported 462, 491
Cooper v Phibbs (1867) LR 2 HL 149 163
Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd v Argyll Stores
(Holdings) Ltd [1997] 2 WLR 898 200

Table of Cases
xxix
Coote v Granada Hospitality Ltd [1998] IRLR 656 447, 468
Cosgrove v Caesar and Howie [2001] IRLR 653 486, 487
County Natwest Bank Ltd v Barton (1999) The Times, 29 July 170
Couturier v Hastie (1856) 5 HLC 673 162
Cox Toner (WE) (International) Ltd v Crook [1981] ICR 823;
[1981] IRLR 443, EAT 505
Cox v Sun Alliance Life Ltd [2001] IRLR 48 447, 454
Craig, Re [1971] Ch 95 176, 177
Cranleigh Precision Engineering Co Ltd v Bryant [1965] 1 WLR 1293 451, 455
Craven-Ellis v Canons Ltd [1936] 2 KB 403 200
Creasey v Breachwood Motors [1993] BCC 638 346
Cresswell v Board of Inland Revenue [1984] ICR 508 448
Crowther v Shannon Motor Co [1975] 1 WLR 30 215
Cumbrian Newspapers Group Ltd v Cumberland
and Westmoreland Herald Newspapers and
Printing Co Ltd [1986] 3 WLR 26; (1986) 130 SJ 446 357
Cundy v Lindsay (1878)3 App Cas 459 165, 166
Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co [1951] 1 KB 805 151
Cutlery VauxhaU Motors Ltd [1971] 1 QB 418 271, 281
Cutter v Powell (1795) 6 Term Rep 320; [1775–1802] All ER Rep 159 186
Czarnikow v Koufos (The Heron II) [1969] 3 All ER 686 195
D & C Builders Ltd v Rees [1966] 2 QB 617 5, 130–32, 175
D and F Estates Ltd v Church Comrs for England
[1988] 3 WLR 368; [1988] 2 All ER 992 261
DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Borough of Tower Hamlets [1976] 1 WLR 852 346
DSG Retail Ltd v Oxfordshire CC [2001] 1 WLR 1765 245
D’Jan of London Ltd, Re [1993] BCC 646 382
Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co (GB) Ltd [1916] 2 AC 307 346
Daly v Liverpool Corp [1939] 2 All ER 142 268
Daniels v Daniels (1977) 121 SJ 605 394
Dann v Hamilton[1939] 1 KB509 277, 282
Davidson v Handley-Page Ltd [1945] 1 All ER 235 538, 557
Davie v New Merton Board Mills Ltd [1959] 1 All ER 346 541
Davies v Direct Loans Ltd [1986] 2 All ER 783 575
Davies v Sumner [1984] 1 WLR 1301 154
Davis Contractors v Fareham UDC [1956] AC 696; [1956] 2 All ER 145 190
Davison v Kent Meters Ltd [1975] IRLR 145 510, 534
Dawkins v Department of the Environment [1993] IRC 517 471

Business Law
xxx
De Souza v Automobile Association [1986] ICR 514; [1986] IRLR 103 474
Deane v London Borough of Haling [1993] ICR 329 484
Dekker v Stichting Vormingscentrum voor Jong Volvassen
(VJW Centrum) Plus [1991] IRLR 27 476
Denco Ltd v Joinson [1991] IRLR 1 497
Dennant v Skinner & Collam [1948] 2 KB 164 229
Deny v Peek [1889] 14 App Cas 337 170, 262
Devonald v Rosser and Sons [1906] 1 KB 728 443
Dick Bentley Productions Ltd v Harold Smith (Motors) Ltd
[1965] 2 All ER 65 146
Dickinson v Dodds (1876) 2 Ch D 463 116
Dimmock v Hallett [1866] 2 Ch App 21 168, 169
Dimond v Lovell [2000] 2 All ER 897; [2001] 1 AC 384;
[2000] 2 WLR 1121 563, 565, 567, 568
Dines and Others v Initial Health Care Services and Another
[1994] IRLR 336 527
Diocese of Hallam Trustees v Connaughton [1996] IRLR 505, EAT 461
Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank [2001] UKHL 52 157
Dixon v British Broadcasting Corp [1979] IRLR 114 504
Doble v Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd
[1981] IRLR 300, EAT 521
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 239–53, 255, 265, 279
Donovan v Invicta Airways Ltd [1970] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 486 446, 454
Dooley v Cammell Laird and Co [1951] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 271 259
Doughty v Rolls Royce plc [1992] ICR 538 467
Doughty v Turner Manufacturing Co Ltd [1964] 1 QB 518 276, 282, 547, 558
Douglas King v T Tunnock Ltd (2000) The Times, 12 May 294, 295
Doyle v Olby (Ironmongers) Ltd [1969] 2 QB 158;
[1969] 2 All ER 19 171
Doyle v White City Stadium [1935] 1 KB 110 137
Drummond v Van Ingen (1887) 12 App Cas 284 217
Duffen v FRA Bo SpA (1998) The Times, 15 June, CA 199, 294
Dugdale v Kraft Foods Ltd [1977] IRLR 160;
[1977] ICR 48; [1977] 1 WLR 1288 462
Dulieu v White & Sons [1901] 2 KB 669 257, 280
Dunbar Bank plc v Nadeem [1998] 3 All ER 876 178
Dunlop v New Garage & Motor Co [1915] AC 79 198
Dunlop v Selfridge & Co [1915] AC 847; (1916) 23 MLR 373 123, 133

Table of Cases
xxxi
E & S Ruben Ltd v Faire Bros & Co Ltd [1949] 1 KB 254 217
ECM (Vehicle Delivery Service) Ltd v Cox and Others
[1999] IRLR 559 528
Eastern Distributors Ltd v Goldring [1957] 2 QB 600 233, 572
Eaton Ltd v Nuttall [1977] 1 WLR549; (1977) 121 SJ 353 462, 463
Ebrahimi v Westbourne Galleries Ltd [1973] AC 360; [1972] 2 WLR 1289 325, 349
Edgington v Fitzmaurice(1885) 29 Ch D 459 169
Edwards v Skyways [1964] 1 WLR 349 140
Egerton v Harding [1974] 3 WLR 437; [1974] 3 All ER 689, CA 42
Ekpe v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2001] IRLR 605 488
Eley v Positive Government Life Assurance (1876) 1 Ex D 88 357
Elgindata Ltd, Re [1991] BCLC 959 397
Emmott v Minister for Social Welfare [1991] 1 IRLR 387, ECJ 466
Empire Meat Co Ltd v Patrick [1939] 2 All ER 85 181
Enderby v Frenchay HA [1993] IRLR 591 465
Entores v Far East Corp [1955] 2 QB 372; [1955] 2 All ER 493 120
Errington v Errington and Woods [1952] 1 KB 290 117
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon [1976] QB 801;
[1976] 2 All ER 5 171
Esso Petroleum v Harpers Garage [1968] AC 269; [1967] 1 All ER 699 181, 182
Etam plc v Rowan [1980] IRLR 150 483
Etherson v Strathclyde RC [1992] IRLR 392 466
Evesham v North Hertfordshire HA [2000] IRLR 258 466
Ewing v Buttercup Margarine Co Ltd [1917] 2 Ch 1 313
Express and Echo Publications Ltd v Tanton [1999] IRLR 52 428
Faccenda Chicken Ltd v Fowler [1986] 1 All ER 617 449, 455
Factortame Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport (No 1)
[1989] 2 All ER 692 15, 16, 22
Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services [2002] IRLR 129 546, 558
Falkirk Council v Whyte [1997] IRLR 560 480
Family Housing Association v Jones [1990] 1 All ER 385 31
Farley v Skinner [2001] 4 All ER 801, HL 197
Fearn v Tayford Motor Company Ltd [1975] IRLR 336 513
Felthouse v Bindley (1862) 6 LT 157 119
Fennelly v Connex South Eastern Ltd [2001] IRLR 390 553
Fickus, Re [1900] 1 Ch 331 112
Fisher v Bell [1961] 1 QB 394; [1960] 3 WLR 919 38, 112, 114
Fitch v Dewes [1921] 2 AC 158 181

Business Law
xxxii
Flack v Kodak Ltd [1986] IRLR 258 433, 454
Flitcroft’s Case (1882) 21 CKD 519 364
Foakes v Beer (1884)9 AppCas 605 129, 130, 132
Foley v Classique Coaches Ltd [1934] 2 KB 1 208
Folkes v King [1923] 1 KB 282 233
Ford Motor Co Ltd v AUEFW [1969] 2 All ER 481 141
Ford v Warwickshire CC [1983] IRLR 126 433
Formula One Autocentres Ltd v Birmingham CC
(1998) The Times, 29 December 244
Foss v Harbottle (1843) 2 Hare 461 344, 345, 379, 392, 394, 395
Foster v British Gas plc [1991] IRLR 268 467
Francovich v Italy (1991) The Times, 20 November 18
Freeman and Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties
(Mangal) Ltd [1964] 2 QB 480; [1964] 1 All ER 630 288, 289, 379
Frost v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire (1997) unreported 539
Fu v London Borough of Camden [2001] IRLR 186 487, 494
Full Cup International Trading Ltd, Re [1998] BCC 58 398
Fuller v Stephanie Bowman (Sales) Ltd [1977] IRLR 87, IT 529
Futty v Brekkes Ltd [1974] IRLR 130 502
Gardner (FC) v Beresford [1978] IRLR 63, EAT 505
Garner v Murray [1904] 1 Ch 57 327
Garwood v Paynter [1903] 1 Ch 57 319
Gascol Conversions Ltd v Mercer [1974] IRLR 155 436
Gee v Metropolitan Rly [1873] LR 8 QB 161 270
Gemmell v Darngavil Brickworks Ltd (1967) unreported 522, 535
George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd
[1983] 1 QB 284; [1983] 2 AC 803 155
Germany v European Parliament and EU Council
Case C–376/98 (2000) The Times, 10 October 21
Gibson v Manchester CC [1979] 1 WLR 294; [1979] 123 SJ 201 122
Gilford Motor Co Ltd v Home [1933] 1 Ch 935 345
Gilham v Kent CC (No 2) [1985] IRLR 18 507
Glasbrook v Glamorgan CC [1925] AC 270 126
Glasgow CC and Others v Marshall [2000] IRLR 272 465, 491
Glassington v Thwaites (1823) 57 ER 50 315
Godley v Perry [1960] 1 WLR 9 215, 221
Gogay v Hertfordshire County Council [2000] IRLR 703 498, 533
Good v Cheesman [1831] B & Ad 328 130

Table of Cases
xxxiii
Goodwin v British Pregnancy Advisory Service [1996] 1 WLR 1397 256
Goodwin v Patent Office [1999] ERLR4 487, 494
Goold (WA) (Pearmak) Ltd v McConnell and Another [1995] IRLR 516 447, 506
Gordon v SelicoCo [1986] 1EGLR 71 168
Gorictree Ltd v Jenkinson [1984] IRLR 391, EAT 514
Gough v Thorne [1966] 1 WLR 1387 268
Grant v Australian Knitting Mills [1936] AC 85 209, 215
Grant v South West Trains Ltd [1998] IRLR 206 3, 478
Great Northern Railway Co v Swaffield (1874) LR 9 Ex 132 287
Great Northern Railway v Witham (1873) LR 9 CP 16 121
Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliros Salvage
(International) Ltd [2001] All ER (D) 152 164
Greater Nottingham Co-Operative Society Ltd v Cementation
Piling and Foundations Ltd [1988] 2 All ER 971 261
Green v Howell [1910] 1 Ch 595 317
Greenhalgh v Arderne Cinemas Ltd [1946] 1 All ER 512;
distinguished [1951] Ch 286; [1950] 2 All ER 1120 355, 358, 395
Greenwood v British Airways plc [1999] IRLR 600 487
Greer v Downs Supply Co [1927] 2 KB 28 296
Greer v Sketchley Ltd [1979] IRLR 445 450
Griffiths v Peter Conway Ltd [1939] 1 All ER 685 216
Grimaldi v Fonds des Maladies Professionelles [1990] IRLR 400 475
Grootcon (UK) Ltd v Keld [1984] IRLR 302 513
Gunton v London Borough of Richmond-upon-Thames [1995] IRLR 50 497
HM Attorney-General v Blake [2000] 3 WLR 625 202
HM Prison Service v Salmon [2001] IRLR 425 485, 493
HSBC Bank v Madden, See Post Office v Foley; HSBC Bank v Madden—
Haddon v Van Den Bergh Foods Ltd [1999] IRLR 672 507, 534
Haden Ltd v Cowen [1982] IRLR 314, CA 524
Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch 341 194, 219
Haley v London Electricity Board [1965] AC 778 268, 269, 281
Hall (HM Inspector of Taxes) v Lorimer [1994] IRLR 171 426
Hambrook v Stokes Bros [1925] 1 KB 141 257, 280
Hamilton v Argyll and Clyde Health Board [1993] IRLR 99 510
Hamlyn v Houston and Co [1905] 1 KB 81 321
Hammond-Scott v Elizabeth Arden Ltd [1976] ITR 33 512, 535
Hampson v Department of Science [1989] ICR 1791 481

Business Law
xxxiv
Handels og Kontorfunktionaerenes Forbund i Danmark (acting on
behalf of Larson) v Dansk Handel and Service (acting on
behalf of Fotex Supermarket) [1997] IRLR 643 477
Handels og Kontorfunktionaernes Forbund i Danmark (acting on
behalf of Hertz) v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening [1991] IRLR 31 477
Handels og Kontorfunktionaernes Forbund i Danmark (acting on
behalf of Hoj Pedersen) v Faellesforeningen for Danmarks
Brugsforeringer (acting on behalf of Kvickly Skive) (1999) unreported 477
Hare v Murphy Bros [1974] 3 All ER 940 188, 189
Hare v Schurek [1993] CCLR 47 569
Harlingdon and Leinster Enterprises Ltd
v Christopher Hull Fine Art Ltd [1990] 1 All ER 737 209
Harris v Nickerson (1873) LR 8 QB 286 113
Harris v Select Timber Frame Ltd [1994] HSIB 222 P 16 515
Harris v Sheffield United Football Club [1987] 2 All ER 838 126
Harris v Wyre Forest DC [1989] 2 All ER 514 266
Harrison v Michelin Tyre Co Ltd [1985] 1 All ER 919 540, 550, 551, 558
Harrods v Lemon [1931] 2 KB 157 291
Hartley v Ponsonby (1857) 7 E & B 872 127
Harvey v Facey [1893] AC 552 112
Hawkins v Ian Ross (Castings) Ltd [1970] 1 All ER 180 546, 558
Hayes v Malleable Working Men’s Club [1985] IRLR 367 476
Hayle and Clunie v Wiltshire Healthcare NHS Trust
(1998) No 140 1250/98 470
Hayward v Cammell Laird Shipbuilders Ltd (No 2)
[1988] AC 894; (1988) 132 SJ 750 459
Healy v Howlett [1917] 1 KB 337 231
Heasmans v Clarity Cleaning Co Ltd [1987] IRLR 286 551, 559
Hedley Byrne & Co v Heller and Partners [1964] AC 465;
[1963] 3 WLR101 171, 262, 265, 266, 280
Hegarty v EE Caledonia Ltd [1996] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 413 259, 280
Heinz (HJ) Co v Kenrick [2000] IRLR 144 489
Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd [1967] 2 All ER 14;
[1968] 1 QB 549 287, 378
Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd [1994] 3 All ER 506 262
Henry v London General Transport Services Ltd
[2001] IRLR 132, EAT; [2002] EWCA Civ 488, CA 442, 454
Henry Head v Ropner Holdings [1952] Ch 124 363
Henthorn v Fraser [1892] 2 Ch 27; 61 LJ Ch 373, CA 120

Table of Cases
xxxv
Herne Bay Steamboat Co v Hutton [1903] 2 KB 683 188
Herrington v BRB [1972] AC 877; [1972] 2 WLR 537 31
Heydon’s Case (1584) 3 Co Rep 7a 39
Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders’
Association [1915] 1 Ch 881 356
High Table Ltd v Horst [1997] IRLR 513, CA 523
Highway Foods International Ltd, Re [1995] BCC 271 235
Hill v CC of West Yorkshire [1989] AC 53, HL 255
Hilton International Hotels (UK) Ltd v Protopapa [1990] IRLR 316 506
Hilton v Thomas Burton (Rhodes) Ltd [1961] 1 WLR 705 553, 559
Hindle v Percival Boats Ltd [1969] 1 WLR 174 524, 536
Hippisley v Knee Bros [1905] 1 KB 1 291
Hivac Ltd v Park Royal Scientific Instruments Ltd [1946] Ch 169 449, 455
Hochster v De La Tour (1853) 2 E & B 678 191, 192
Hoenig v Isaacs [1952] 2 All ER 176 186
Hogg v Cramphorn [1967] 1 Ch 254 362, 379
Hollier v Rambler Motors [1972] 2 QB 71; [1972] 1 All ER 399 152
Holloway v Cross [1981] 1 All ER 1012 245
Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes [1974] 1 All ER 161 120
Home Counties Dairies Ltd v Skilton [1970] 1 All ER 1227 450, 455
Home Office v Holmes [1984] 3 All ER 549;
[1984] ICR 678; [1984] IRLR 299 480, 481
Honeywell and Stein Ltd v Larkin Bros Ltd [1934] 1 KB 191 556, 559
Horsfall v Thomas [1962] 1 H & C 90 169
Hotson v East Berkshire AHA [1987] 2 All ER 909 272, 281
Houghton and Co v Northard Lowe and Wills [1927] 1 KB 246 383
House of Fraser plc v ACGE Investments Ltd [1987] AC 387 358
Howard Smith v Ampol Petroleum [1974] AC 821 362, 379
Hudgell, Yeates and Co v Watson [1978] 2 All ER 363 324
Hudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co Ltd [1957] 2 QB 348 540, 557
Hudson v Shogun Finance Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 100;
(2001) The Times, 4 July 165, 236
Hughes v Lord Advocate [1963] AC 837 276, 281, 547
Hughes v Metropolitan Rly Co (1877) 2 App Cas 439 131
Hunter-Jaap v Hampshire Credit Consultants Ltd (1986) unreported 570
Huntpast Ltd v Leadbetter [1993] CCLR 15 563
Hutton v Warren (1836) 1 M & W 466; (1836) 150 ER 517 148
Hutton v Watling [1948] Ch 398 149

Business Law
xxxvi
Hyde v Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334; (1840) 49 ER 132 115, 118
ICI v Shatwell [1965] AC 656 277, 282
IJL, GMR and AKP v UK (2000) Appl Nos 29522/95;
30056/96; 30574/96; (2000) 33 EHRR 11 66
IRC v Frere [1965] AC 402 41
IRC v Fry (2001) The Times, 10 December 119
Iceland Frozen Foods v Jones [1982] IRLR 439 507
Igbo v Johnson Matthey Chemical Ltd [1986] IRLR 215 495, 502, 534
Industrial Development Consultants v Cooley [1972] 2 All ER 162 315
Ingmar GB Ltd v Eaton Leonard Inc (Formerly Eaton
Leonard Technologies Inc) (2001) Lawtel 12 September 295
Ingram v Little [1960] 3 All ER 332 165, 166
Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual
Programmes Ltd [1988] QB 433; [1988] 1 All ER 348 151
Ipcon Fashions Ltd, Re (1989) 5 BCC 773 376
Irani v Southhampton and South West Hampshire HA
[1985] ICR 590 498, 533
Irvine and Co v Watson and Sons [1880] 5 QBD 414 297
Irving v Post Office [1987] IRLR 289 552, 554, 559
Isle of Wight Tourist Board v Coombes [1976] IRLR 413, 446
JEB Fasteners v Marks Bloom and Co [1983] 3 All ER 289 264, 280
Jackson v Union Marine Insurance Co [1874] LR 8 CP 125 188
Jaensch v Coffey (1984) 54 ALR 417; (1984) 155 CLR 549,
High Court of Australia 257
James McNaughten Paper Group Ltd
v Hicks Anderson & Co [1991] 2 QB 295 264
James v Eastieigh BC [1990] 3 WLR55 472, 492
James v Hepworth and Grandage Ltd [1968] 1QB 94 546, 558
Janata Bank v Ahmed [1981] IRLR 457 451
Jarrett v Barclays Bank plc (1996) The Times, 18 November 567
Jarvis v Swan’s Tours Ltd [1973] 1 QB 233; [1973] 1 All ER 71 197
Jayes v IMI (Kynoch) Ltd [1985] ICR 155 277
Jenkins v Kingsgate (Clothing Productions) Ltd [1981] IRLR 228 457
Jepson and Dyas-Elliot v The Labour Party [1996] IRLR 116 469
Jiménez Melgar v Ayuntamiento de los Barrios [2001] IRLR 848 477, 492
John v MGN Ltd [1996] 3 WLR 593 4
Johnson v Peabody Trust [1996] IRLR 387 524

Table of Cases
xxxvii
Johnson v Unisys Ltd [2001] IRLR 279 497, 533
Johnson and Johnson Medical Ltd v Filmer [2002] ICR 292, EAT 487
Johnstone v Bloomsbury HA [1991] 2 WLR 1362 442, 454, 539
Jones v Post Office [2001] IRLR 384 487
Jones v University of Manchester [1993] IRLR 218 481
Jones v Vernons Pools Ltd [1938] 2 All ER 626 140
Joscelyne v Nissen [1970] 2 QB 86; [1970] 2 WLR 509 5, 166
Joyce v Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth HA [1996] 7 Med LR 1 272
Jubilee Cotton Mills v Lewis [1924] AC 958 351
Junior Books Ltd v Veitchi Co Ltd [1983] AC 520 254, 261, 262, 280
Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen Case C–450/93
[1996] ICR 314; [1995] IRLR660 469
Kapadia v London Borough of Lambeth [2000] IRLR 699 488, 494
Keighley, Maxted and Co v Durant [1901] AC 240 286
Kelner v Baxter (1866) LR 2 CP 174 286
Kendall (Henry) & Sons v William Lillico & Sons Ltd [1968] 3 WLR 110 213, 215
Kenny v Hampshire Constabulary [1999] IRLR 76 487, 494
Kenny v South Manchester College [1993] IRLR 265 527
Keppel Bus Co Ltd v Sa’adbin Ahmad [1974] 1 KB 577 551
Keppel v Wheeler [1927] 1 KB 577 290
Kerr v Morris [1987] Ch 90 317
Ketley v Scott [1981] ICR 241 575
Khodaparast v Shad [2000] 1 All ER 545 4
Kidd v DRG (UK) Ltd [1985] ICR 405; [1985] IRLR 190 481
King v Smith [1995] ICR 59 545
King v The Great Britain China Centre [1991] IRLR 513 473
King v University Court of the University of St Andrews [2002] IRLR 253 497
Kings Norton Metal Co v Eldridge, Merrit and Co (1897) 14 TLR 98 166
Kirby v Manpower Services Commission [1980] ICR 420; [1980] 1 WLR 725 481
Kirkham v Attenborough [1897] 1 QB 201 230
Kleinwort Benson v Malaysian Mining Corp [1989] 1 All ER 785 141
Knightley v Johns [1982] 1 All ER 851 274
Knowles v Liverpool CC [1993] 1 WLR 1428 541, 557
Kowalska v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg [1990] IRLR 447, ECJ 457
Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740 188, 190
L’Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394 150, 151
Lagunas Nitrate Co v Lagunas Syndicate [1989] 2 Ch 392 380

Business Law
xxxviii
Lamb v Camden LBC [1981] QB 625 274
Lambeth LBC v CRE [1990] IRLR 231 483, 484
Lamson Pneumatic Tube Co v Phillips [1904] 91 LT 363 180
Lancaster v Birmingham CC (1999) unreported 543
Lane v Shire Roofing Co (Oxford) Ltd (1995) unreported 426, 453
Langston v Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers
[1974] IRLR 182 444
Latimer v AEC Ltd [1952] 2 QB 701 268, 281, 545, 558
Law Hospital NHS Trust v Rush [2001] IRLR 611 488
Law v Law[1905] 1 Ch 140 315
Lawrence v Regent Office Care Ltd [1999] IRLR 148 460
Lawson and Others v Edmonds [2000] IRLR 18 440
Leaf v International Galleries [1950] 2 KB 86; [1950] 1 All ER 693 161–63, 172
Lee v Chung and Shun Sing Construction and
Engineering Co Ltd [1990] IRLR 236 426
Legal & General Assurance Ltd v Kirk [2002] IRLR 124 263
Legal Costs Negotiators Ltd, Re (1998) unreported 398
Leigh and Sillivan Ltd v Aliakmon Shipping Co Ltd
[1986] AC 785; [1986] 2 WLR 902 254, 279
Leonard v Southern Derbyshire Chamber of Commerce [2001] IRLR 19 488
Les Affréteurs Réunis SA v Leopold Walford (London) Ltd [1919] AC 801 134, 148
Leslie v Shiell [1914] 3 KB 607 138
Leverton v Clwyd CC [1989] 2 WLR 41 460, 461, 491
Levez v TH Jennings (Harlow Pools) Ltd [1999] IRLR 36 466
Levez v TH Jennings (Harlow Pools) Ltd (No 2) [1999] IRLR 764 466
Lewen v Denda [2000] IRLR 67 459
Lewin v Rothersthorpe Road Garage (1984) 148 JP 87 245
Lewis v Avery [1972] 2 All ER 229; [1973] 1 WLR 510 166
Limpus v London General Omnibus Co [1862] 1 H & C 526 550
Linden Gardens Trusts Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd [1994] 1 AC 85 134
Link Stores Ltd v Harrow London BC [2001] 1 WLR 1479 244
Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd [2001] IRLR 472 552, 558
Lister v Romford Ice and Cold Storage Co Ltd [1957] AC 555 451, 455
Litster v Forth Dry Dock and Engineering Co Ltd
[1989] 2 WLR 634 514, 527, 528, 536
Lloyd v Grace, Smith and Co Ltd [1912] AC 716 552, 555
Lloyds Bank plc v Waterhouse [1990] Fam Law 23 167
Lloyds Bank v Bundy [1975] QB 326; [1974] 3 WLR 501;
[1974] 3 All ER 757, CA 177

Table of Cases
xxxix
Lo-Line Electric Motors Ltd, Re; Companies Act 1985, Re
[1988] Ch 477; [1988] 3 WLR 26 375, 377
Lommers v Minister Van Landbouw Natuurbeheer en
Visserij [2002] IRLR 430 459
London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham v Farnsworth [2000] IRLR 691 486
London Clubs Management Ltd v Hood [2001] IRLR 719 486, 494
London Fire and Civil Defence Authority
v Betty [1994] IRLR 384 510
London School of Electronics, Re [1986] Ch 211 397
London Underground Ltd v Edwards (No 2) [1998] IRLR 364 480
London United Investments plc, Re [1992] Ch 578 402
Lopez v Maison Bouquillon Ltd (1996) 515
McArdle, Re [1951] Ch 669; [1951] 1 All ER 905 124
McDermid v Nash Dredging and Reclamation Ltd
[1987] AC 906; [1987] 3 WLR 212 538
Macdonald v Startup (1843) 6 Man & G 593 187
McDougall v Aeromarine of Emsworth Ltd [1958] 3 All ER 431 231
McFarlane v EE Caledonia [1994] 2 All ER 1 539
McKenzie v McKenzie [1970] 3 WLR 472, CA 78
McKew v Holland and Cubbitts (Scotland) Ltd [1969] 3 All ER 1621 274
McLoughlin v O’Brian [1982] 2 WLR 982; [1982] 2 All ER 298 258, 280
McMeecham v Secretary of State for Employment [1997] IRLR 353 428, 453
McPherson v Watt [1877] 3 App Cas 254 291
McWilliams v Arrol (Sir William) Ltd [1962] 1 WLR 295 546, 558
Macari v Celtic Football and Athletic Co Ltd [1999] IRLR 787 446, 454
Macarthys Ltd v Smith [1980] 3 WLR 929; [1980] ICR 672 17, 461
Macaura v Northern Assurance [1925] AC 619 344
Macfisheries Ltd v Findlay [1985] ICR 160, EAT 525
Macro (Ipswich) Ltd, Re [1994] 2 BCLC 354 397
Magee v Pennine Insurance Co Ltd [1969] 2 QB 507 163
Mahesan v Malaysian Governmment Officers’ Co-operative Housing
Society [1979] AC 374; [1979] All ER 405 292
Mahlburg v Land Mecklenberg-Vorpommern [2000] IRLR 265 476
Mahon v Osborne [1939] 2 KB 14 270
Malik v BCCISA (In Liq) [1997] IRLR 462 447, 497, 498, 533
Managers (Holborn) Ltd v Hohne [1977] IRLR 230 522, 536
Manchester Liners Ltd v Rea [1922] AC 74 216
Mandla v Dowell Lee [1983] AC 548 471, 481, 492

Business Law
xl
Marc Rich Co AG v Bishop Rock Marine Co Ltd
(The Nicholas H) [1994] 1 WLR 1071 255, 279
Maritime National Fish Ltd v Ocean Trawlers Ltd [1935] AC 524 189
Market Investigations Ltd v Minister of Social Security [1969] 2 QB 173 426
Marriot v Oxford and District Co-operative Society (No 1) [1970] 1 QB 186 520, 535
Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA
(No 2) [1993] 3 WLR 1054, CA 484
Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire AHA
[1986] QB 401; [1986] 2 WLR 780 468
Martin v Yeoman Aggregates Ltd [1983] ICR 314; [1983] IRLR 49, EAT 503, 534
Maxwell Fleet and Facilities Management Ltd (No 2), Re [2000] IRLB 637 528
Maxwell v Department of Trade and Industry [1974] 2 All ER 122 403
May and Butcher v The King [1934] 2KB 17 207
Meade-Hill and National Union of Civil and Public Servants
v British Council [1995] IRLR 478 480
Mears v Safecar Security Ltd [1982] IRLR 183 437
Meek v Allen Rubber Co Ltd and Secretary of State for
Employment [1980] IRLR 21 530
Meek v Port of London [1913] 1 Ch 415 443
Melon v Hector Powe Ltd (1980) 124 SJ 827; [1981] 1 All ER 313 526, 536
Menier v Hooper’s Telegraph Works (1874) LR 9 Ch App 350 393
Mennell v Newell and Wright (Transport Contractors) Ltd [1997] IRLR 519 515
Mercantile Credit v Garrod [1962] 3 All ER 1103 312, 320
Mercantile Union Guarantee Corp v Ball [1937] 2 KB 498; [1937] 3 All ER 1 137
Merrett v Babb [2001] 3 WLR 1 267, 280
Merritt v Merritt [1970] 2 All ER 760 139
Mersey Docks and Harbour Board v Coggins and Griffiths
(Liverpool) Ltd [1947] AC 1 432
Metropolitan PoliceComr v Charles [1977] AC 177 564
Metsoja v Pitt and Co Ltd (1989) 153 JP 485 571
Microbeads AC v Vinhurst Road Markings [1975] 1 WLR 218 209
Miles v Clarke [1953] 1 WLR 537 318
Miles v WakefieldMDC [1987] IRLR 193 444
Miliangos v George Frank (Textiles) Ltd [1976] 3 WLR 477; (1976) 120 SJ 450 31
Milligan v Securicor Cleaning Ltd [1995] ICR 867 528
Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd v Gunning [1986] 1 WLR 546;
[1986] ICR 145 459, 470
Montgomerie v UK Mutual Steamship Association [1891] 1 QB 370 295
Montgomery v Johnson Underwood Ltd [2001] IRLR 275 428, 453

Table of Cases
xli
Moorcock, The (1889) 14 PD64; [1886–90] All ER Rep 530 148
Moore & Co and Landauer & Co Ltd, Re [1921] 2 KB 519 210, 221, 222
Moorgate Services Ltd v Kabir (1995) The Times, 25 April 576
Morgan Crucible Co plc v Hill Samuel Bank Ltd [1991] 1 All ER 148 264
Morgan v Staffordshire University [2002] IRLR 190, EAT 489
Morganite Crucible v Street [1972] 1 WLR 918 529
Morris v Breaveglen Ltd t/a Anzac Construction Co [1993] IRLR 350 538
Morris v Martin and Sons Ltd [1966] 1 QB 792 551, 558
Morrish v Henlys (Folkestone) Ltd [1973] IRLR 61 449
Morton Sundour Fabrics v Shaw [1966] 2 KIR 1 521
Motorola v Davidson & Melville Craig [2001] IRLR 4 429, 453
Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialists Ltd [1986] QB 507; [1985] 3 WLR 993 261
Mullin v Richards [1998] 1 All ER 920 267
Murphy v Bord Telecom Eireann Case 157/86
[1988] ICR 445; [1988] IRLR 267 464
Murphy v Brentwood DC [1990] 2 All ER 908 254, 262, 267, 280
Murray and Another v Foyle Meats [1999] IRLR 56 525
Museprime Properties Ltd v Adhill Properties Ltd
[1990] 2 EG 196; (1990) 61 P & CR 111 170
Mutual Life and Citizens Assurance Co v Evatt [1971] AC 793 263, 280
Nagarajan v London Regional Transport [1999] IRLR 572 482, 493
Nash v Inman [1908] 2KB 1 137
National Dock Labour Board v Pinn and Wheeler Ltd [1989] BCLC 647 346
National Westminster Bank v Morgan [1985] AC 686; [1985] 1 All ER 821 177, 178
Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes v Varley
[1976] IRLR 408; (1976) 11 ITR 328, EAT 465
Neale v Merrit [1930] WN 189 118
Nethermore (St Neots) v Gardiner and Taverna [1984] IRLR 240 427
Nettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 267
Newham LBC v Singh [1988] RTR 135 245
Newtons of Wembley Ltd v Williams [1964] 3 WLR 888;
[1964] 3 All ER 532; [1965] 1 QB 56 235, 236
Noone v North West Thames RHA (No 2) [1988] IRLR 530 473, 485, 492
Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Co
[1894] AC 535 181
Norman v Bennett [1974] 1 WLR 1229; [1974] 3 All ER 351 245
North Ocean Shipping Company v Hyundai Construction
Co (The Atlantic Baron) [1979] QB 705 175

Business Law
xlii
North Riding Garages v Butterwick [1967] 2 QB 56 523, 536
North Wales Motor Auctions Ltd v Secretary of State [1981] CCLR 45 570
North Yorkshire CC v Fay [1985] IRLR 247, CA 513
Northern Engineering Industries plc, Re [1994] 2 BCLC 704 358
Northern Joint Police Board v Power [1997] IRLR 610 471
Norwest Holst Ltd v Secretary of State for Trade [1978] Ch 201;
[1978] 3 WLR 73 399
Nova Plastics Ltd v Froggatt [1982] IRLR 146 449
O’Brien v Associated Fire Alarms Ltd [1969] 1 All ER 93 522, 536
O’Brien v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd (2001) The Times, 8 August, CA 151
O’Brien v Prudential Assurance Co Ltd [1979] IRLR 140, EAT 513
O’Kelly v Trusthouse Forte plc [1983] IRLR 369 427, 453
O’Neil v Governors of St Thomas Moore RCVA Upper School
(1996) The Times, 7 June 514
O’Neill v Phillips [1999] 2 All ER 961 398
O’Neill v Symm and Co Ltd [1998] IRLR 225 486
O’Reilly v National Rail and Tramway Appliances Ltd
[1966] 1 All ER 499 540, 557
Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel Ltd [1949] 1 KB 532 151
Omnium D’Enterprises v Sutherland [1919] 1 KB 618 192
Ooregeum Gold Mining Co of India Ltd v Roper [1892] AC 125 363
Ord v Bellhaven Pubs Ltd [1998] BCC 607 346
Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams [1957] 1 All ER 325; [1957] 1 WLR 370 146
Osman v UK (1999) unreported 252
Overbrooke Estates Ltd v Glencombe Properties Ltd
[1974] 3 All ER 511 288
Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering Co
(The Wagon Mound (No 1)) [1961] 2 WLR 126 172, 275, 281, 547
P v S and Cornwall CC [1996] IRLR 347 479
PEL Ltd v Modgill [1980] IRLR 142 483, 493
Pacific Motor Auctions Ltd v Motor Credits
(Hire Finance) Ltd [1965] 2 WLR 881; [1965] 2 All ER 105 235
Page v Smith [1995] 2 WLR 644 257
Palmanor Ltd v Cedron [1978] IRLR 303 506
Palmer v Southend-on-Sea BC [1984] IRLR 119 501
Panorama Developments v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd
[1971] 3 All ER 16 287, 383

Table of Cases
xliii
Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] 3 All ER 65 175
Pape v Cumbria CC [1991] IRLR 463 544
Paris v Stepney BC [1951] AC 367 268, 269, 281, 545, 558
Parr v Whitbreadpic [1990] IRLR 39 511, 534
Parsons (H) (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham & Co [1978] 1 All ER 525 195
Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204; [1968] 2 All ER 421 113, 114
Patefield v Belfast City Council [2000] IRLR664 476
Pavlides v Jensen [1956] Ch 565 394
Payzu v Saunders [1919] 2 KB 581 196
Peabody Donation Fund v Sir Lindsay Parkinson and Co Ltd
[1984] 3 WLR 953; [1984] 3 All ER 529 254, 279
Pearce v Governing Body of Mayfield Secondary School [2001] IRLR 669 478
Pearse v City of Bradford Metropolitan Council [1988] IRLR 370, EAT 480
Pearson v NW Gas Board [1968] 2 All ER 629 270
Pearson v Rose and Young [1951] 1 KB 275 233
Peck v Lateu (1973) The Times, 18 January 37
Pedley v Inland Waterways Association Ltd [1977] 1 All ER 209 388
Pender v Lushington [1877] 6 Ch D 70 356, 392
Penrose v Martyr (1858) EB & E 499 353
Pepper and Hope v Daish [1980] IRLR 13, EAT 506, 534
Pepper v Hart [1993] 1 All ER 42, CA 40, 47
Pepper v Webb [1969] 1 WLR 514 448, 455
Perceval-Price v Department of Economic Development [2000] IRLR 380 459, 460
Perera v Civil Service Commission [1983] ICR 428 480
Pergamon Press Ltd, Re [1971] Ch 388 403
Peter Darlington Partners Ltd v Gosho Co Ltd [1964] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 149 211
Peyton v Mindham [1971] 3 All ER 1215 325
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists
[1953] 1 QB 401; [1953] 1 All ER 482 112
Phillips v Brooks [1919] 2 KB 243 165, 166, 172
Photo Productions v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC 827;
[1980] 1 All ER 556 153, 194
Pickering v Liverpool Daily Post and Echo Newspapers
[1991] 2 WLR 513, CA 81
Pickford v Imperial Chemical Industries plc [1998] IRLR 435 543, 557
Pickstone v Freemans plc [1988] IRLR 357 463, 464, 491
Pilling v Pilling [1887] 3 De GJ & S 162 312
Pink v White and Co Ltd [1985] IRLR 489, EAT 524
Pinnel’s Case (1602) 5 Co Rep 117a 119, 129, 132

Business Law
xliv
Planche v Colburn (1831) 5 Car & P 58; 8 Bing 14; 131 ER 305 186, 200
Poland v Parr and Sons [1927] 1 KB 236 551, 554, 558
Polemis and Furness, Withy and Co, Re [1921] 3 KB 560 275
Polkey v AE Dayton Services Ltd [1987] 3 WLR 1153; [1987] 3 All ER 974 508, 534
Poole v Smith’s Car Sales (Balham) Ltd [1962] 2 All ER 482 230
Post Office v Foley; HSBC Bank v Madden [2000] IRLR 827 507, 508, 534
Poussard v Spiers and Pond (1876) 1 QBD 410 147
Powell v Brent London Borough [1987] IRLR 446, CA 498
Powell v Kempton Park Racecourse [1899] AC 143 41
Preston v Wolverhampton Healthcare NHS Trust [1998] 1 All ER 528;
[1998] IRLR 197, HL; [2000] IRLR 506 466
Price v Civil Service Commission [1977] 1 WLR 1417 480, 481
Priestley v Fowler (1837) 3 M & W 1 537
Produce Marketing Consortium Ltd, Re [1989] BCLC 520 381
Prudential Assurance Co Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd (No 2)
[1980] 2 WLR 339 394
Quinn v Calder Industrial Materials Ltd [1996] IRLR 126 442, 443
Quinn v Schwarzkopf Ltd [2001] IRLR 67 486
R v (1) Mental Health Review Tribunal, North & East London Region
(2) Secretary of State for Health ex p H [2001] 3 WLR 512 13
R v A [2001] 3 All ER 1 12
R v Birmingham CC ex p EOC [1989] AC 1155 472
R v Inhabitants of Sedgley (1831) 2 B & AD 65 41
R v Kupfer [1915] 2 KB 321 324
R v Maginnis [1987] 2 WLR 765; [1987] 1 All ER 907, CA 39
R v Ministry of Defence ex p Smith [1996] IRLR 100 478
R v Parliamentary Comr for Administration
ex p Balchin [1997] JPL 917 93
R v Parliamentary Comr for Standards
ex p Al Fayed (1997) 147 NLJ 1689 93
R v R [1992] 1 AC 599 36
R v Registrar of Companies ex p AG [1991] BCL 476 352
R v Registrar of Joint Stock Companies ex p Moore [1931] 2 KB 197 352
R v Saunders [1996] 1 Cr App R 463 66
R v Secretary of State for Defence ex p Perkins (No 2) [1998] IRLR 508 3
R v Secretary of State for Employment
ex p EOC [1995] 1 AC 1; [1994] 2 WLR 409 431, 458

Table of Cases
xlv
R v Secretary of State for Employment
ex p Seymour-Smith [1999] IRLR 253 431
R v Secretary of State for Employment ex p Seymour-Smith
and Another [1995] ICR 889; [1995] IRLR 464 468
R v Secretary of State for Employment ex p Seymour-Smith
and Perez (No 2) [2000] IRLR 263 432, 458, 469, 500, 519, 535
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department
ex p Brind [1991] 2 WLR 588, CA 8
R v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
ex p Lonrho plc [1989] 1 WLR 525 401
ex p McCormick (1998) The Times, 10 February 402
ex p UNISON (1996) CO/3673/95, 15 May 528
R v Seelig [1991] BCC 569 402
R v Shivpuri [1986] 2 WLR 988 31
R v Spencer [1985] 2 WLR 197, CA 32
R & B Customs Brokers Ltd v United Dominions Trust [1988] 1 WLR 321;
[1988] 1 All ER 847 154, 211
RCO Support Services v Unison [2002] IRLR 401 527, 536
Raffles v Wichelhaus (1864) 2 H & C 906; (1864) 159 ER 375 164
Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board Eastern District [1987] AC 224;
[1987] IRLR 26 465, 491
Ratcliffe v North Yorkshire DC [1995] ICR 387; [1995] IRLR 429, HL 465
Rawe v Power Gas Corp [1966] ITR 154 529
Rayfield v Hands [1960] Ch 1 356
Reading v Attorney General [1951] AC 507 452, 455
Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of
Pensions and National Insurance [1968] 2 QB 497 425, 427, 453
Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1; 57 LJ Ch 113, CA 169
Reed v Stedman [1999] IRLR 299 447
Reeves v Commissioner of Police [2000] 1 AC 360 274
Regal (Hastings) v Gulliver [1942] 1 All ER 37 379
Reid v Metropolitan Police Comr [1974] QB 551 234
Reid v Rush and Tomkins Group plc [1989] IRLR 265 539
Rennison and Sons v Minister of Social Security (1970) unreported 310
Reynolds v Times Newspaper Ltd [1998] 3 WLR 1010 5
Richmond Gate Property Co Ltd, Re [1965] 1 WLR 335 292
Rickards v Oppenheim [1950] 1 KB 616; [1950] 1 All ER 420 218

Business Law
xlvi
Rideout v TC Group [1998] IRLR 628 487, 494
Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40 498
Riley v Tesco Stores Ltd [1980] IRLR 103 501
Ringtower Holdings plc, Re (1989) 5 BCC 82 397
Rinner-Kuhn v FWW Spezial-Gebaudereinigung GmbH [1989] IRLR 493 459
Robb v London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham [1991] IRLR 72 498
Robert Cort and Sons Ltd v Charman [1981] IRLR 437 501
Roberts v Leonard (1995) 14 Tr LR 536 244
Robertson and Rough v Forth Road Bridge Joint Board 1994 SLT 556 259
Robertson v British Gas Corp [1983] IRLR 302 438
Robertson v Dicocco [1972] RTR 431 245
Robertson v Securicor Transport Ltd [1972] IRLR 70 503, 534
Robinson v Crompton Parkinson Ltd [1978] ICR 401;
[1978] IRLR 61, EAT 510
Robinson v Post Office [1974] 1 WLR 1176 271, 276
Roe v Minister of Health [1954] 2 QB 66 269, 281
Rogers v Parish (Scarborough) Ltd [1987] QB 933 212
Rondel v Worsley [1969] 1 AC 161 265
Rose & Frank Co v Crompton Bros [1925] AC 445 140
Rose v Plenty [1976] 1 WLR 141 550, 554, 558
Ross v Caunters [1980] Ch 297 265
Routledge v Grant (1828) 4 Bing 653 116, 117
Routledge v McKay [1954] 1 All ER 855; [1954] 1 WLR 615 145, 146
Rowland v Divall [1923] 2 KB 500 208, 232
Royscot Trust Ltd v Rogerson [1991] 3 All ER 294 172
Rugamer v Sony Music Entertainment Ltd; McNicol
v Balfour Beatty Rail Maintenance Ltd [2001] IRLR 644 488
Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth [1995] 3 WLR 118 197
Ryan v Mutual Tontine Westminster Chambers Association
(1893) 1 Ch 116 5, 200
Rylands v Fletcher (1865) 3 H & C774 251
Sachs v Miklos [1948] 2 KB 23 287
Safeway Stores plc v Burrell [1997] IRLR 200 525
Sagar v Ridehalgh and Sons Ltd [1931] 1 Ch 310 443
Said v Butt [1920] 3 KB 497 296
Saif Ali v Sidney Mitchell [1980] AC 198 265
Sainsbury (J) Ltd v Savage [1981] ICR 1 502
Salgueiro da Silva Mouta v Portugal [2001] Fam LR 2, ECtHR 478

Table of Cases
xlvii
Salomon v Salomon and Co Ltd [1897] AC 33 306, 342, 343, 346, 348
Salomon v The Hamborough Co (1671) 22 ER 763 342
Salsbury v Woodland [1970] 1 QB 324 555, 559
Sam Weller and Sons Ltd, Re [1990] Ch 682 397
Sandhu v Department of Education and Science and London Borough
of Hillingdon [1978] IRLR 208; (1978) 13 ITR 314, EAT 513
Satterthwaite (AM) & Co v New Zealand Shipping Co
[1972] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 544 37
Saunders v Anglia Building Society (1970) 115 SJ 145 167
Saunders v Richmond-upon-Thames BC [1978] ICR 75 483
Saunders v Scottish National Camps Association Ltd [1980] IRLR 174 519
Saunders v UK Case 43/1994/490/572
(1997) 23 EHRR 313; (1996) The Times, 18 December 402
Scammel v Ouston [1941] 1 All ER 14 111
Schawell v Reade [1913] 2 IR 64 145
Schroeder Music Publishing Co v Macauley [1974] 3 All ER 616 182
Scriven Bros v Hindley and Co [1913] 3 KB 564 164
Scullard v Knowles and South Regional Council for
Education and Training [1996] IRLR 344 460, 461
Secretary of State for Defence v Macdonald [2001] IRLR 43 478
Seide v Gillette Industries [1980] IRLR 427, EAT 471
Selectmove Ltd, Re [1994] BCC 349 129, 132
Sevenoaks Stationers (Retail) Ltd, Re [1990] 3 WLR 1165 376, 377
Shadwell v ShadweU (1860) 9 CBNS 159; (1860) 142 ER 62 129
Shanklin Pier v Detel Products Ltd [1951] 2 KB 854;
[1951] 2 All ER 471 134
Sharifi v StrathclydeRC [1992] IRLR 259, EAT 484
Sharp v Dawes (1876) 2 QBD 26 386
Shawkat v Nottingham City Hospital NHS Trust (No 2) [2001] IRLR 555 525, 536
Shearer vBercain [1980] 3 All ER 295 363
Shepherd and Co Ltd v Jerrom [1986] IRLR 358 495
Sheppard v NCB [1966] 1 KIR 101 529
Sheriff v Klyne Tugs (Lowestoft) Ltd [1999] IRLR 481 484
Sherratt v Geralds The American Jewellers Ltd (1970) 114 SJ 147 244
Shipton, Anderson & Co, Re [1915] 3 KB 676 188
Siboen, The;The Sibotre [1976] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 293 175
Sidebottom v Kershaw Leese and Co [1920] 1 Ch 154 356
Sidhu v Aerospace Composite Technology Ltd [2000] IRLR 607 475
Sigsworth, Re [1935] Ch 89 39

Business Law
xlviii
Simaan General Contracting Co v Pilkington Glass Ltd
(No 2) [1988] QB 758 261
Sime v Sutcliffe Catering [1990] IRLR 228 432
Simmonds v Dowty Seals Ltd [1978] IRLR 211, EAT 505, 534
Simon v Brimham Associates [1987] ICR 596; [1987] IRLR 307, CA 471
Simpkins v Pays [1955] 1 WLR 975; [1955] 3 All ER 10 140
Sinclair v Neighbour [1967] 2 QB 279 451
Slater v Finning Ltd [1996] 3 All ER 398; [1996] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 353 216
Smith v Baker and Sons [1891] AC 325 537, 538
Smith v Crossley Bros Ltd (1951) 95 SJ 655 540
Smith v Eric Bush [1989] 2 All ER 514 154, 266
Smith v Gardner Merchant Ltd [1998] IRLR 510 478
Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597 164
Smith v Land & House Property Corporation (1884) 28 Ch D 7 169
Smith v Leech Brain and Co [1962] 2 QB 405 547, 558
Smith v Stages and Darlington Insulation Co Ltd [1989] IRLR 177 538, 557
Smith v Vange Scaffolding and Engineering Co Ltd [1970] 1 WLR 733 542, 557
Smith and Grady v UK [1999] IRLR 734 478
Smith and New Court Securities Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers
(Asset Management) Ltd [1996] 4 All ER 769 171
Snoxell and Davies v VauxhaU Motors Ltd [1977] ICR 700; [1977] 3 All ER 770 465
Society of Lloyds v Twinn (2000) The Times, 4 April 118
South Ayrshire Council v Morton [2002] IRLR 256 461, 491
Southern District Finance v Barnes [1995] 27 HLR 691 580
Southern Foundries Ltd v Shirlaw [1940] AC 701 356
Sovereign House Security Services Ltd v Savage [1989] IRLR 115 504
Spartan Steel and Alloys Ltd v Martin and Co [1973] QB 27 261, 280
Specialarbejderforbundet i Danmark v Dansk Industri
(acting for Royal Copenhagen A/S) [1995] IRLR 648 458, 459
Spencer and Griffin v Gloucestershire CC [1985] IRLR 393 529
Spencer v Harding (1870) LR 5 CP 561 121
Spice Girls Ltd v Aprilia World Service BV
[2000] EMLR 174; [2002] EWCA Civ 15, CA 168
Spring v Guardian Assurance plc [1995] 2 AC 296 273, 447
Springer v Great Western Railway Co [1921] 1 KB 257 287
Spurling v Bradshaw [1956] 2 All ER 121; [1956] 1 WLR 461 152
Square D Ltd v Cook [1992] IRLR 34 542
Stanford Services Ltd, Re (1987) 3 BCC 326; [1987] PCC 343; [1987] BCL 607 376

Table of Cases
xlix
Stanley v International Harvester Co of Great Britain Ltd
(1983) The Times, 7 February 30
Stein v Blake [1998] BCC 316 392
Steinberg v Scala (Leeds) [1923] 2 Ch 452 137
Stevedoring & Haulage Services Ltd v Fuller & Others
[2001] IRLR 627 430, 453
Stevenson Jordan and Harrison Ltd
v MacDonald and Evans (1952) 1 TLR 101 424
Stevenson v McLean (1880) 5 QBD 346 115
Stevenson v Rogers [1999] 1 All ER 613 154, 211
Stewart v West African Air Terminals [1964] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 371 275, 281
Stilk v Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317; (1809) 170 ER 1168 127–30
Storey v Allied Brewery [1977] IRLIB 139 513
Stovin v Wise [1996] AC 923; [1996] 3 All ER 801 255
Strathclyde RC v Wallace [1998] IRLR 146 465
Strathclyde RDC v Porcelli [1986] IRLR 134 474
Strathearn Gordon Associates Ltd
v Comrs of Customs and Excise (1985) VATTR 79 308
Stringfellow v McCain Foods GB Ltd [1984] RPC 501 314
Superlux v Plaisted [1958] CLY 195 451
Sutherland v Hatton [2002] IRLR 225 544, 557
Sweet v Parsley [1969] 1 All ER 347, CA 41
Systems Floors (UK) Ltd v Daniel [1982] IRLR 54 436
TSB Bank plc v Harris [2000] IRLR 157 447, 454
Tai Hing Cotton Mill Ltd v Liu Chong Hing Bank Ltd [1986] AC 80 262, 263
Tamplinv James (1879) 15 Ch D 215 164
Tanner v Kean [1978] IRLR 160 504
Taylor v Alidair [1978] IRLR 82 509
Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B & S 826; 122 ER 309 187
Taylor v Kent CC [1969] 2 QB 560 529, 536
Taylor v Parsons Peebles NEI Bruce Peebles Ltd [1981] IRLR 119, EAT 510, 534
Taylor v Rover Cars Co Ltd [1966] 1 WLR 1491 541, 557
Teheran-Europe Corp v ST Belton Ltd [1968] 2 QB 545 216
Tele Danmark A/S v Handels-Og Kontorfunktiunaerernes
Forbund [2001] 1 IRLR 853 477, 492
Tennants Textile Colours Ltd v Todd [1989] IRLR 3 464
Thomas v National Coal Board [1987] ICR 757 462
Thomas v Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851 126

Business Law
l
Thomas Witter v TBP Industries [1996] 2 All ER 573 172, 173
Thompson v LM & S Rly [1930] 1 KB 41 151
Thompson v Percival (1834) 3 LJ KB 98 322
Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1971] 2 QB 163; [1971] 1 All ER 686 151
Tiverton Estates Ltd v Wearwell Ltd
[1974] 2 WLR 176; [1974] 1 All ER 209, CA 31
Tool Metal Manufacturing Co v Tungsten Electric Co [1955] 2 All ER 657 131
Tottenham Green Under-Fives Centre v Marshall (No 2) [1991] ICR 320 484
Tower Boot Co Ltd v Jones [1997] ICR 254 475, 554
Tower Cabinet Co Ltd v Ingram [1949] 2 KB 397 323
Toyota (GB) Ltd v North Yorkshire CC
(1998) Lawtel, 11 March 243
Tregonowan v Robert Knee and Co [1975] ICR 405 513
Tremain v Pike [1969] 3 All ER 1303 276, 282
Trentham Ltd v Archital Luxfer [1993] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 25, CA 123
Trevor v Whitworth (1887) 12 App Cas 409 366
Trimble v Goldberg [1906] AC 494 315
Trotman v North Yorkshire County Council [1999] IRLR 98 553
Tsakiroglou & Co v Noblee and Thorl [1962] AC 93 189
Turley v Allders Department Stores Ltd [1980] IRLR 4 476
Turner v Green [1895] 2 Ch 205 168
Turpin v Bilton [1843] 5 Man & G 455 290
Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 1 B & S 393; 121 ER 762 125, 135
Twine v Bean’s Express Ltd [1946] 1 All ER 202 554
UK Automatic Energy Authority v Claydon [1974] ICR 128 523
Underwood v Burgh Castle Brick & Cement Syndicate [1922] 1 KB 343 229
United Bank Ltd v Akhtar [1989] IRLR 507 506
United Dominions Trust v Taylor 1980 SLT 28, Sh Ct 566
United Rlys of the Havana & Regla Warehouses Ltd, Re [1961] AC 1007 31
Universe Tankships Inc v ITWF [1982] 2 All ER 67 175
Vacwell Engineering Co Ltd v BDH Chemicals Ltd [1969] 3 All ER 1681 215
Vaid v Brintel Helicopters Ltd (1994) Ind Rel Bulletin 508, EAT 505
Van Duyn v Home Office [1975] Ch 358; [1974] 1 WLR 1107 18, 458
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Belasringadministratie
Case 26/62 [1963] ECR 1; [1963] CMLR 105 17
Vellino v Chief Constable of Greater Manchester (2000) Westlaw 825301 256
Vernon v Bosley (No 1) [1997] 1 All ER 577 256, 260

Table of Cases
li
Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newham Industries Ltd
[1949] 1 All ER 997 195
Vitol SA v Norelf Ltd [1995] 3 WLR 549 193
WL Thompson Ltd v Robinson Gunmakers Ltd [1955] Ch 177 219
Wadcock v London Borough of Brent [1990] IRLR 223 498
Wade v Simeon (1846) 2 CB 548; 135 ER 1061; 15 LJ CP 114 124
Wadman v Carpenter Farrer Partnership [1993] IRLR 347 475
Wagon Mound (No 1), The, See Overseas Tankship
(UK) Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering Co—
Walker v Crystal Palace Football Club [1910] 1 KB 87 423
Walker v Northumberland CC (1994) The Times, 24 November 543, 557
Wallersteiner v Moir (No 2) [1975] QB 373 393
Walley v Morgan [1969] ITR 122 520
Walters v Bingham [1988] FTLR 260; (1988) 138 NLJ 7 317
Waltons and Morse v Dorrington [1997] IRLR 489 542
Ward (RV) Ltd v Bignall [1967] 1 QB 534 220
Ward v Byham [1956] 2 All ER 318 126–28
Warner Bros v Nelson [1937] 1 KB 209 5, 201
Warren v Henly’s Ltd [1948] 2 All ER 935 554, 559
Waters v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2000] IRLR 720 540
Watford Electronics Ltd v Sanderson CFL Ltd [2001] 1 All ER (Comm) 696 156
Watt v Hertfordshire CC [1954] 1 WLR 835 269, 281
Watteau v Fenwick [1893] 1 QB 346 289
Waugh v Carver (1793) 2 KB 1 307
Weathershield Ltd (t/a Van and Truck Rentals) v Sargent [1999] IRLR 94 474
Webb v EMO Air Cargo Ltd [1993] IRLR 27 476
Webb v EMO Air Cargo Ltd (No 2) [1995] IRLR 645 476
Welby v Drake (1825) IC & P 557 130
Wells v F Smales & Son (Fish Merchants) (1985) unreported 464
West Midlands Co-operative Society v Tipton [1986] AC 536;
[1986] 2 WLR 306 502
Westbourne Galleries, Re [1972] 2 WLR 1289 396
Western Excavating (ECC) Ltd v Sharp
[1978] QB 761; [1978] 2 WLR 344 504, 506, 534
Western Web Offset Printers Ltd v Independent Media Ltd
(1995) 139 SJLB 212 196
Westminster CC v Cabaj [1996] IRLR 399, CA 509
Wheatley v Silkstone and Haigh Moor Coal Co (1885) 371

Business Law
lii
Whiffen v Milham Ford Girls’School [2001] IRLR 468 482
Whitbread and Co v Thomas [1988] ICR 135; [1988] IRLR 43; 511
White (formerly Frost) v Chief Constable of
South Yorkshire Police [1999] IRLR 110 259, 260
White and Carter (Councils) v McGregor [1961] 3 All ER 1178 192
White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire (1999) unreported 280, 539
White v Jones [1995] 2 WLR 187, CA 265, 280
White v Lucas (1887) 3 TLR 516 285
Whittaker v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance [1967] 1 QB 156 424
Whitwood Chemical Co v Hardman [1891] 2 Ch 416 201
Wickens v Champion Employment [1984] IRLR 365 427, 428
Wileman v Minilec Engineering Ltd [1988] ICR 318; [1988] IRLR 144, EAT 481
William Hill Organisation Ltd v Tucker [1998] IRLR 313 444
Williams v Carwadine (1883) 5 C & P 566 115
Williams v Compair Maxam Ltd [1982] IRLR 83; [1982] ICR 156, EAT 511
Williams v Fawcett [1985] 1 All ER 787 32
Williams v Natural Life Health Foods Ltd [1998] 2 All ER 577 261
Williams v Roffey Bros [1990] 1 All ER 512 128, 129, 132, 176, 185, 186
Williams v Watsons Luxury Coaches Ltd [1990] IRLR 164 495
Williams v Williams [1957] 1 All ER 305 127, 128
Willis Faber and Co Ltd v Joyce (1911) LT 576 289
Wilsher v Essex AHA [1988] 2 WLR 557 272, 281
Wilson v First County Trust [2001] EWCA Civ 633; [2002] QB 74;
[2001] 3 WLR 42; [2001] 3 All ER 229; [2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 131 13, 575
Wilson v Racher [1974] ICR 428 496
Wilson v Rickett Cockerell [1954] 1 QB 598; [1954] 1 All ER 868 213
Wilson v Tyneside Window Cleaning Co [1958] 2 QB 110 542
Wilsons and Clyde Coal Ltd v English [1938] AC 57 538, 555, 557
Wilsorky v Post Office [2000] IRLR 834 509
Wiluszynski v Tower Hamlets LBC [1989] IRLR 259 445
Wingrove v UK (1997) 24 EHRR 1 65
Winn v Bull (1877) 7 Ch D 29 118
With v O’Flanagan [1936] Ch 575 168
Woodchester Lease Management Services Ltd v Swain & Co [1999] 1 WLR 263 579
Woods v Durable Suites Ltd [1953] 1 WLR 857 544
Woods v WM Car Services (Peterborough) [1982] ICR 693; [1982] IRLR 413 505
Woolfson v StrathclydeRC [1978] 38 P & CR 521 346
Wormell v RHM Agriculture (East) Ltd [1986] 1 WLR 336 215

Table of Cases
liii
X v Bedfordshire CC [1995] 2 AC 633 256
Yates Building Co v J Pulleyn & Sons [1975] 119 SJ 370 121
Yenidje Tobacco Co Ltd, Re [1916] 2 Ch 426 314, 325, 395
Yianni v Edwin Evans and Sons [1982] QB 438 266
Yonge v Toynbee [1910] 1 KB 215 290, 299
Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd [1944] KB 718; [1944] 2 All ER 293 31, 32
Young v Charles Church (Southern) Ltd (1996) 33 BMLR 103 259
Young v Edward Box and Co Ltd (1951) 1 TLR 789 550, 552
Yuen Kun Yeu v AG of Hong Kong [1987] 3 WLR 776; [1987] 2 All ER 705 254
Yugo Tours Ltd v Wadsley (1988) The Guardian, 3 June 245
Zafar v Glasgow CC [1998] IRLR 37 473, 492
Zanzibar v British Aerospace Ltd (2000) The Times, 28 March 172
Zarcynska v Levy [1978] IRLR 532, EAT 474

lv
TABLE OF STATUTES
Access to Justice Act 1999 62, 88
Anti-Terrorism, Crime
and Security Act 2001 10, 66
Arbitration Act 1950 74
Pt 1 71
Arbitration Act 1975 71
Arbitration Act 1979 71, 75
Arbitration Act 1996 71, 72, 75, 101
Pt 1 71
s 1 71, 72
s 5 71
s 5 (3) 71
ss 9–11 73
ss 15, 17, 18 73
ss 20 (4), 24 73
ss 28–30, 32 72
s 33 72, 74
s 35 72
ss 39, 43, 45 73
ss 67–69 74
Bills of Exchange Act 1882 105
s 27 125
Business Names Act 1985 313
s 4 313
Children Act 1989 55, 60, 67
Civil Liability (Contributions)
Act 1978 321, 548
Civil Procedure Act 1997 56
Companies Act 1862 348
Companies Act 1980 365, 412
Companies Act 1985 24, 26, 264,
332, 339, 341, 342, 343,
347, 351, 389, 413
Pt VIII 365
Pt XIV 375
s 3A 354
s 4 354, 389
s 9 355, 389
s 10 351
s 11 352, 360
ss 12, 13 351
s 14 136, 356, 360
s 24 345
ss 25, 26 (1), (2), 27 353
s 28 353, 389
ss 29, 33 353
s 34 313, 353
s 35 367, 377, 385
s 36 (C) 286
s 53 389
s 80 362
s 80A 390
s 88 363
s 99 362
s 100 359
s 101 352, 360
ss 103, 108, 111, 113 363
s 117 352, 367
s 118 352
s 121 365
ss 125–27 358
s 125 358, 389
s 125 (2), (4), (5) 358
s 127 (2), (3) 358
s 130 359
ss 131, 132 363
ss 135–41 364
s 135 364, 389
ss 136, 137 364
s 142 387
ss 151, 153, (1) 367
ss 155–58 367
s 159 362, 366
s 160 366
ss 162–81 366
s 162 362
ss 164–66 366
ss 171–75 366

Business Law
lvi
s 182 360
s 183 369
s 190 353
s 193 369
s 229 345, 350
s 235 383
s 235(1)–(3) 384
s 236(1), (3) 384
s 237(1)–(3) 384
s 246 350
s 251(4)(b) 384
ss 252, 258 390
s 262(1) 385
ss 263, 264 365
s 277 366
s 286 382
s 286(2) 382
s 303 373, 388, 417
s 314 363
s 325 353
s 351 354
s 353 353
s 366 386, 387
s 366A 386, 390
s 367 387
s 368 387–89
s 369 387, 389, 390
s 369(4) 389
s 370 391
s 371 386, 387
s 372 391
s 376 388
s 378 389
s 378(1), (2) 389
s 379A 390
s 381A 387, 389, 390
s 381A(2) 390
s 381B 385
s 381B(3) 390
s 382 392
ss 384, 385 383
s 386 383, 390
ss 387, 389 384
ss 389A, 390, (1), (1A) 385
s 392 385
s 392A 387
ss 392A(1), 394 385
ss 395, 396, 404 370
s 407 353, 370
s 425 407
s 430 389
s 431 400, 401, 418
s 431(3), (4) 400
s 432 400, 401
s 433 400
s 434 402
s 434(1) 400
ss 434(2), 436 401
s 437 375, 401
ss 437(3)(c), 439, 441 401
s 442 401, 402
ss 443, 444 402
ss 446–50 403
s 454 402
s 458 375, 381
s 459 344, 355, 373, 396–99,
402, 418
s 461 397, 398
s 461(1), (2) 398
s 716 310
s 736 350
s 744 372
Companies Act 1989 343, 354, 355,
377, 384–86
s 14 355
s 26 384
ss 35, (2), 35A, 35B 354
ss 92–107 371
s 117 390
s 367 386

Table of Statutes
lvii
s 741 372
s 744 382
Company Directors Disqualification
Act 1986 332, 339, 341, 374–76,
382, 402, 403, 417
s 1 376
ss 2–4 374
s 4(1)(b) 375
s 6 375, 376
s 8 375, 401, 402
s 9 375
ss 10–12 376
s 13 377
Sched 1 375
Competition Act 1998 179
Consolidation Act 1948 24
Consumer Arbitration Act 1988 80
Consumer Credit Act 1974 13, 105, 236,
561–72, 575, 576,
578–83, 585
Pt IV 568
s 8(2), (3) 563
s 9(1) 562
s 11 565
s 14 564
s 15 563
ss 16, 17 568
s 18(1) 565
s 19 564
ss 25, 30–32, 39, 40 570
ss 44, 46(1), 47(1) 571
ss 48–51 571
s 52(1) 572
s 55 573
s 55(1), (2) 572
s 56(2) 583
s 57 574
s 60, (1) 573
s 61 13, 573
ss 62, 63 574
s 65 573
s 65(1) 572, 574
s 67 576
s 67(b) 577
s 69 565, 577
ss 70–73 577
s 74 576
s75 566, 567
s 77(1) 576
s 78(1), (4) 576
ss 87–89 579
ss 90, 91 580
s 94 582
s 99(1), (4), (5) 578
ss 100, 101 578
s 127 575
s 127(3) 13, 14, 575
s 129 579, 580
s 130 580
s 133 581
ss 137–40 575
ss 157–59 573
s 167 570
s 170 572
s 172(1), (3)(b) 576
s 189 563, 567, 569, 571
Consumer Protection
Act 1987 239–42, 244, 249
Pt I 205, 248
Pt II 205, 242, 249
ss 1, 2(2), 3 240
s 4 241, 248
s 5 240
ss 6(4), 7 241, 248
s 10 242
s 13 242, 243
s 20 243
ss 20(2), 24, 26 244
s 45 240

Business Law
lviii
Contacts (Rights of Third
Parties) Act 1999 104, 135, 136,
144, 208
ss 1–3 135
ss 5, 6, 10 136
Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988—
s 11 452
County Courts Act 1984 26
Courts and Legal Services
Act 1990 78
Criminal Appeal Act 1968 54
s 33 55
Criminal Appeal Act 1995 54
ss 1, 2 54
Criminal Justice Act 1972—
s 36 53, 54
Criminal Justice Act 1988 54
Criminal Justice Act 1993 341, 410, 411
Pt V 409, 418
s 52 409, 419
s 52(2) 411
s 52(3) 410
s 53 411, 419
ss 54, 55 410
ss 56, 57 410, 411, 419
s 58 411
Sched 1 411
Criminal Justice and Public
Order Act 1994 475
Criminal Procedure and
Investigations Act 1996—
ss 44, 47 52
Sched 1 52
Deregulation and Contracting
Out Act 1994 25, 26, 390
Disability Discrimination
Act 1995 83, 485–87, 489,
492, 494, 553
s 1 487, 488, 494
s 4 486
s 5 486, 489
s 5(1) 486
s 5(3) 486, 487
s 5(9) 486
s 6 486, 487
Sched 1 489
Divorce Reform Act 1969 98
Domestic Proceedings and
Magistrates’ Courts Act 1978 55, 61
Electronic Communications
Act 2000 105
Employers’ Liability (Compulsory
Insurance) Act 1969 537
Employers’ Liability (Defective
Equipment) Act 1969 541, 557
Employment Act 1980 507
Employment Act 1989 484
Employment Act 2002 437, 464, 500, 534
ss 35–38 437
Sched 2 508
Employment Protection
(Consolidation) Act 1978 421, 427
s 140(1) 503
Employment Relations
Act 1999 432, 477, 499
ss 10–12 508
s 19 422, 470
s 23 430
s 34 517
Employment Rights Act 1996 85, 422,
436, 477, 497, 499, 500, 502,
503, 506, 510–12, 515,
519–21, 524, 526, 533, 534
Pt I 434
Pt II 445
s 1 430, 438, 454
s 2 435, 504
s 11 437
ss 43A-J 515
s 49 496
s 52 530

Table of Statutes
lix
s 86 496, 533
s 86(2) 496
s 92 506, 534
s 92(3) 506
s 92(4) 507
s 95 502
s 95(1)(c) 504
s 97 533
s 97(1), (2) 501
s 98 507, 509, 534
s 98(1) 527
s 98(1)(b) 513
s 98(2) 511
s 98(2)(d) 512
s 98(3) 509
s 99 514, 528
ss 100, 101A, 103A 515
ss 104, 104A 515
s 105 528
ss 105(7A), 107 515
s 111 501
ss 112–24 516
ss 118, 123 517
s 132 530
ss 136, 139 520
s 139(1) 521
s 140(1) 531
s 141 528
s 141(4) 526
s 142 530
ss 147–49 525
s 163(2) 521
s 164 530
s 203 503
s 212 432, 434, 454
s 218(2) 526
s 230 423
Employment Rights (Dispute
Resolution) Act 1998 499
Employment Tribunals
Act 1996 83
Equal Pay Act 1970 17, 83, 431,
457–60, 463, 465, 466,
482, 491, 493
s 1(1) 459
s 1(2)(a) 462
s 1(2)(b) 462, 463
s 1(2)(c) 463
s 1(3) 465
s 1(4) 462, 491
s 1(5) 463, 491
s 1(6) 459–61
s 2(A)(1)(a) 464
European Communities
Act 1972 17, 63
s 2(1) 18
s 2(2) 18, 26
s 3 32
Factors Act 1889 233, 284
ss 1(1), 2(1), 4 233
ss 5, 7 234
Factory Act 1961 555
Family Law Act 1996 69, 98
Pt 2 99, 100
Family Law Act 2000 99
Family Law Reform Act 1969 136
Financial Services Act 1986—
s 94 375
s 177 375, 403, 412
Financial Services and Markets
Act 2000 332, 339
Food and Drugs Act 1955 513
Gaming Act 1968 179
Health and Safety at Work
Act 1974 83, 421, 422
Hire Purchase Act 1964 561
Pt III 236
s 27 165, 166

Business Law
lx
Human Rights Act 1998 8, 10, 11,
29, 45, 63, 68, 79, 252,
402, 471, 472, 478,
479, 492
s 2 10
s 3 10–13
s 3(1) 492
s 4 11, 13
s 5 14
s 6 10, 11, 479
s 7 10, 479
ss 8, 19 10
Sched 1 8
Infants Relief Act 1874 136, 138
Insolvency Act 1986 325, 331, 332,
337, 339, 341
Pt I 407
Pt V 325, 337
s 8 407
s 84 389
s 89 404
s 89(4) 404
s 122 396, 398, 405
s 122(g) 395
s 123 405
s 124 402
ss 142, 175 406
s 213 345, 376, 381, 382
s 214 345, 380–32, 417
s 214(1) 381
s 214A 333, 345
Sched 6 406
Interpretation Act 1978 40
Judicature Act 1873 4
Judicature Act 1875 4
Lands Tribunal Act 1949 84
Late Payment of Commercial
Debts (Interest) Act 1998 219
Law of Property (Miscellaneous
Provisions) Act 1989 105
Law Reform (Contributory
Negligence) Act 1945 276, 282
Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts)
Act 1943 190, 203, 232
Limitation Act 1980 241, 277, 547
s 29 125
Limited Liability Partnership
Act 2000 305, 306, 309, 328,
335, 338, 342, 343, 345
s 1 328
s 1(4) 332
s 1(5) 328
s 4(1)–(3) 330
s 5 331
s 6 338
s 6(1) 331
s 10 332
Limited Partnership Act 1907 306, 308
Local Government Act 1972 26
Local Government Act 1974 91
Magistrates’ Courts Act 1978 56
Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 26
Marine Insurance Act 1906 105
Mental Health Act 1983 41, 84, 324, 337
ss 72, 73 13
Merchant Shipping Act 1988 15, 16
Minors’ Contracts Act 1987 136, 138
Misrepresentation Act 1967 171, 172
s 2(1) 171, 172, 183
s 2(2) 172, 183
s 3 173
National Minimum Wage
Act 1998 430, 439, 441, 442,
454, 457, 516
s 25 515

Table of Statutes
lxi
ss 34, 35 440
s 54 440, 454
Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 153
Parliament Act 1911 23
Parliament Act 1949 23
Parliamentary Commissioner
Act 1967 91–93
s 10(3) 94
s 12(3) 92
Partnership Act 1890 24, 305, 307, 311,
316, 323, 325, 331, 338
s 1 307, 335
s 2(2) 307
s 4 309
s 5 311, 320, 344
s 9 321
s 10 321
s 17 322
s 19 312
s 20 317, 318
s 21 317
s 22 319
s 23 318, 324
s 24 316, 335
s 24(5) 308
s 24(8) 314
s 25 317
ss 28–30 315, 335
s 30 318
s 31 319
s 32(a), (b) 323
ss 32(c), 33(1), (2), 34 324
s 35 314, 324
s 38 325
s 39 318
s 44 326
s 46 305
Patents Act 1977—
ss 39–41 452
Police and Criminal Evidence
Act 1984 43
s 76(2) 402
Prevention of Fraud (Investments)
Act 1958 93
Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary
Provisions) Act 1989 10
Protection from Harassment
Act 1997 475
Protection of Birds Act 1954 113
Public Interest Disclosure
Act 1998 515
Race Relations Act 1976 83, 421, 431,
467, 471, 474, 480, 482, 485,
486, 492, 493, 553, 554
s 1(2) 483
s 2 482
s 3(1), (4) 471
s 4 474, 483
s 5 483
s 32 475, 554
Road Traffic Act 1988 12, 513
s 172 11, 12
s 172(2)(a) 11
Royal Assent Act 1967 24
Sale and Supply of Goods
Act 1994 206, 211, 212, 224, 236
Sale of Goods Act 1893 24, 150, 207
s 11 147
Sale of Goods Act 1979 24, 139, 147,
148, 160, 205, 206, 208,
211, 214, 219, 221, 223,
236, 240, 247, 248
s 2 228
s 2(1) 206, 207
s 3 136
s 7 191, 232
ss 8(1), (2), 9 207
s 11(4) 222

Business Law
lxii
ss 12–15 236, 582
s 12 208, 225, 232
s 12(1) 155, 160, 208, 232
s 12(2) 209
ss 13–15 225, 227, 248
s 13 198, 209–11, 221, 222
s 14 154, 211, 212, 222
s 14(2) 211–14, 217, 221
s 14(2A) 211, 212, 215
s 14(2B) 211–14
s 14(2C) 213
s 14(3) 215–17, 221
s 14(6) 211–13
s 15 211, 217, 222
s 15(2) 217
s 15A 221, 222
s 16 228–30
s 17 229
s 18 229, 230, 231
s 19, (1) 220
s 20(1) 228, 231
s 20(2) 231
s 20A 228, 231
s 21 232
ss 22, 23 234
s 24 235
s 25 235, 236
s 25(1) 235
s 27 218
s 29(5) 187
s 30(4) 222
s 34, (1) 224
s 35 212, 222, 224
s 35(2), (4) 224
s 35(6) 225
s 35A 222
s 36 221
ss 41–43 219
ss 44–46 220
s 49 202, 218
s 49(1) 228
s 50 196
s 50(1)–(3) 219
s 51 196
ss 51(2), (3) 222
s 52(1) 221
s 53 223
s 61 228, 230
s 61(1) 206
Sale of Goods (Amendment)
Act l994 206, 234
Sale of Goods (Amendment)
Act 1995 206
Sex Discrimination Act 1975 83, 421,
431, 467–69, 474,
476, 478–80, 482–86,
492, 493, 500, 553, 554
s 1(1) 478
s 1(1)(b) 482
s 2(b) 479
s 3(1) 470
s 4 482
s 5(3) 471, 478
s 6 474, 483
s 7 483
s 29 473
s 41 474, 475, 554
Sex Discrimination Act 1986 468
Solicitors’ Act 1974 26
Statute of Frauds 1677—
s 4 105
Supply of Goods and Services
Act 1982 155, 205, 236, 237, 248
ss 2–5 236, 237
ss 6–10 236, 582
ss 13–15 237
Sched 2 236
Supply of Goods (Implied
Terms) Act 1973—

Table of Statutes
lxiii
ss 8–11 582
Supreme Court Act 1981 26
s 48(2) 53
Terrorism Act 2000 66
Trade Descriptions Act
1968 114, 154, 205, 244,
245, 249, 570
s 1 244, 245
s 1(1)(b) 245
ss 2(1), 3 244
ss 6, 14, 24 245
Trade Union Reform and Employment
Rights Act 1993 435, 437, 449, 531
s 33, (4) 526
ss 188–98 531
Trade Union and Labour
Relations (Consolidation)
Act 1992—
ss 20, 152(1) 514
s 153 512
s 161 518
s 179 141, 438
ss 188–92 511
s 188, (4) 531
s 193 532
s 207 508
s 237 500
s 238 500, 514
Tribunals and Inquiries
Act 1958 82
Act 1971 82
Act 1992 82
s 10 87
Unfair Contract Terms
Act 1977 104, 150, 153–57, 160,
178, 199, 222, 225, 226,
237, 248, 263, 267
s 2 153, 263
s 2(2) 263
s 3 154
s 4 155
s 5 153
s 6 216
ss 6(1)–(3), 7, 11 155
s 12(1) 154, 211, 225
Sched 2 155, 226
Wages Act 1986 83, 445
War Crimes Act 1990 40
Youth Justice and Criminal
Evidence Act 1999—
s 41 12, 13
s 41(3) 12, 13

lxv
,
TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS
Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) 1998 SI 1998/3132 56, 59, 77, 78
r 4.1 57
Pt 26 58
r 26.4 69
Pt 27 75
r 27.14 76
Pt 39 76
Pt 52 62
Collective Redundancies and Transfer of Undertakings
(Protection of Employment) (Amendment)
Regulations 1995 SI 1995/2587 511, 528, 531, 532
Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations
1993 SI 1993/3053 199, 284, 285, 293,
294, 300, 302
regs 3–5 293, 302
regs 3, 4 293
regs 6–12 293, 302
regs 13–16 293, 302
reg 14 293
regs 17–19 293, 302
reg 17 294, 295
reg 20 293, 294, 302
Companies Act 1985 (Electronic Communications)
Order 2000 SI 2000/3373 412, 413, 419
Companies (Tables A to F) Regulations 1985 SI 1985/805 352
Table A 373, 399, 413, 419
Table A, Art 37 387
Table A, Arts 41, 43 391
Table A, Art 70 377, 386
Table A, Art 72 377
Table A, Art 84 372, 378
Companies (Single Member Private Limited Companies)
Regulations 1992SI 1992/1699 343, 348
Company and Business Names Regulations 1981 SI 1981/1699 353
Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations 1989 SI 1989/1125 571
Consumer Credit (Advertisements) (Amendment) Regulations 1999
SI 1999/3177 572
Consumer Credit (Agreements) Regulations 1983 SI 1983/155 573, 585
Consumer Credit (Agreements) (Amendment)
Regulations 1999 SI 1999/3177 573, 585
Consumer Credit (Content of Quotations) and Consumer Credit
(Advertisements) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 SI 1999/2725 572

Business Law
lxvi
Consumer Credit (Enforcement, Default and
Termination) Regulations 1983 SI 1983/1561 579
Consumer Credit (Exempt Agreements) Order 1989 SI 1989/869 568
Consumer Credit (Exempt Agreements) (Amendment)
Order 1999 SI 1999/1956 568
Consumer Credit (Increase of Monetary Limits) Order 1998 SI 1998/996 563
Consumer Credit (Quotations) Regulations 1989 SI 1989/1126 572
Consumer Credit (Quotations) (Revocation) Regulations 1997 SI 1997/211 572
Consumer Credit (Rebate on Early Settlement) Regulations 1983 SI 1983/1562 582
Consumer Credit (Total Charge for Credit Agreements and
Advertisements) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 SI 1999/3177 563, 572
Consumer Protection (Cancellation of Contracts Concluded away
from Business Premises) Regulations 1987 SI 1987/2117 576, 577
Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations
2000 SI 2000/2334 205, 238, 248
Consumer Transactions (Restrictions on Statements) Order 1976 SI
1976/1813 225, 227
Consumer Transactions (Restrictions on Statements) Order
1998 SI 1998/127 225
Deregulation (Model Appeal Provisions) Order 1996 SI 1996/1678 26
Deregulation (Resolutions of Private Companies) Order 1996 SI
1996/1471 25, 26, 390
Disability Discrimination (Meaning of Disability) Regulations
1996 SI 1996/1455 487
Employment Protection (Part-Time Employees) Regulations
1995 SI 1995/31 431, 437
regs 2(3), 3, 4 431
Employment Relations Act 1999 (Commencement No 3 and
Transitional Provision) Order 1999 SI 1999/3374 517
Fixed-Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment)
Regulations 2002 SI 2002/2034 433, 434, 453
General Product Safety Regulations 1994 SI 1994/2328 205, 242, 243, 249
reg 2 242, 243
regs 3, 7 242
regs 14, 17 243

Table of Statutory Instruments
lxvii
Industrial Tribunals Extension of Jurisdiction (England and
Wales) Order 1994 SI 1994/1623 497
Limited Liability Partnership Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1090 328, 331–33, 338, 339
Maternity and Parental Leave Regulations 1999 SI 1999/3312 477
National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 SI 1999/584 440
reg 10(1) 440
National Minimum Wage (Amendment) Regulations 2000 SI 2000/1989 440
Part-Time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable
Treatment) Regulations 2000 (SI 2000/1551 422, 431, 470, 492, 516
Price Indications (Method of Payment) Regulations
1991 SI 1991/199 244
Rules of the Supreme Court—
Ord 81 309
Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations
2002 (Draft) 155, 206, 211, 214, 216, 223, 225,
227, 236, 237, 247, 248, 582
Sex Discrirnination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations
1999 SI 1999/1102 479
Sex Discrimination (Indirect Discrimination & Burden
of Proof) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/282 473, 479, 492
Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment)
Regulations 1981 SI 1981/1794 526, 528, 536
reg 8 514, 528
reg 8(2) 513, 527
reg 8(5) 528
Unfair Dismissal and Statement of Reasons for Dismissal
(Variation of Qualifying Period) Order 1999 SI 1999/1436 500
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations
1994 SI 1994/3159 18, 156, 226, 227
reg 4(1) 226
Scheds 2, 3 226

Business Law
lxviii
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations
1999 SI 1999/2083 18, 150, 156, 160, 227
regs 5, 6(2), 7 157
regs 10–12 157
Sched 2 157
Working Time Regulations 1998 SI 1998/1833 430, 515, 539

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