1. POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST
MOBILISATION
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

2. OUTLINE
•Integrationist nationalism
•Colonial nationalism
•Separatist nationalism
•Common features
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

3. INTEGRATIONIST NATIONALISM
nation
A
state A+
state A
state C
state B
Small states combine to form a larger one,
purportedly corresponding with the “nation”
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

4. INTEGRATIONIST NATIONALISM
•
•
•
•
THE PROTOTYPE? REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE:
Pre-1789 France as a mixture of
–Territories ruled directly from Paris
–Territories with substantial autonomy or
under external influence
Revolution: territorial centralisation
Identification with French culture
Powerful impact of “jacobin” model elsewhere
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

5. INTEGRATIONIST NATIONALISM
EXAMPLE:
FRANCE IN
1789
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

6. INTEGRATIONIST NATIONALISM
EXAMPLE: FRANCE
AFTER 1790
(DEPARTEMENTS)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

7. INTEGRATIONIST NATIONALISM
OTHER EXAMPLES:
•Germany (-1871)
•Italy (-1870)
•United States (-1787, and later)
•Switzerland (-1848)
In all cases, but in varying degrees:
elites seek to (1) neutralise outside influences and (2)
build internal unity
Commonly occurring development: later authoritarian
phase (“purification” of national territory)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

8. INTEGRATIONIST NATIONALISM
EXAMPLE:
GERMANY TO
1871
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

9. INTEGRATIONIST NATIONALISM
EXAMPLE: ITALY IN
IN THE 1840s
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

10. INTEGRATIONIST NATIONALISM
EXAMPLE: ITALY, 1870
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

11. INTEGRATIONIST NATIONALISM
CULTURAL INTEGRATION:
• Commonly follows process of political
unification, or achievement of political
independence
• Rests on notions of:
–Centralised state (no local autonomy)
–Single culture
–Major exceptions to first of these (USA,
Germany)
• May find extreme expression in authoritarian
nationalism, fascism, etc.
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

12. INTEGRATIONIST NATIONALISM
IRREDENTISM:
• Extension of “national territory” to include all
areas that “rightfully” belong
• Many examples:
–Germany in 1930s
–Ireland (Northern Ireland, to 1998)
–India (Azad Kashmir), Pakistan (Jammu and
Kashmir)
• In general, weakens over time (impact of
borders on language and culture)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

13. COLONIAL NATIONALISM
GENERAL FORM:
• Movement for independence of colonial
population (“creoles”)
• Depends on mechanics of relationship with
metropolitan power (eg Virginia etc. v Britain;
New Spain v. Spain; Brazil v. Portugal)
• Depends also on capacity of colonial
population to control indigenous population
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

14. COLONIAL NATIONALISM
SOME EARLY EXAMPLES:
• North America
–Colonies rebel against Great Britain (1775-83)
–Later unify as USA (1787)
• Spanish America
–Colonies rebel against Spain (1810-)
–Establish independence (Argentina etc.)
–Further secessions (Uruguay, Paraguay etc.)
• Ireland
–“Grattan’s Parliament”, 1782 (but different pattern
to the other cases)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

15. COLONIAL NATIONALISM
INDIGENOUS ISSUE:
• Sizeable indigenous population survives
(Peru, Bolivia), or large mestizo population
(rest of Spanish America, except Chile,
Argentina, Uruguay): continuing issue (eg
election of Morales in Bolivia)
• Moderate indigenous population survives
(Maori in New Zealand): strong culture and
legal position
• Indigenous population now insignificant (USA,
Canada, Australia)—but apologies by Rudd
and Harper, 2008
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

16. COLONIAL NATIONALISM
“CREOLE” DIVISIONS:
• White population of South Africa divided
between Afrikaners and English speakers (but
overall small minority)
• European-origin population of Canada divided
between English speakers and French
speakers; division strengthens (negligible
indigenous threat)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

17. SEPARATIST NATIONALISM
state A
nation
A
state B
nation
B
nation
B
Peripheral regions secede from larger states
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

18. SEPARATIST NATIONALISM
NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE
•
•
•
•
EUROPEAN EXAMPLES:
Ottoman empire: secession of
–Greece (1822), Serbia (1878), Romania
(1878), Bulgaria (1908)
Habsburg monarchy: break-up in 1918
–Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia
United Kingdom: secession of
–Ireland (1922)
Post-communist collapse in 1990s:
–USSR, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

19. SEPARATIST NATIONALISM
EXAMPLE:
AUSTRIAHUNGARY
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

20. SEPARATIST NATIONALISM
POLAND
CZ-SLOV.
AUSTRIA
EXAMPLE:
AUSTROHUNGARIAN
NATIONALITIES
HUNGARY
ROMANIA
YUGOSLAVIA
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

21. SEPARATIST NATIONALISM
•
•
•
•
SMALLER EUROPEAN NATIONS:
In the case of certain smaller European nations,
national movement followed a distinctive path
(Miroslav Hroch, 1985)
In these cases, the “nation” had an “incomplete social
structure” (nobility and landed classes belonged to
another nation)
These nations were also sometimes described as
“historyless”, “ethnic trash” (Engels)
Examples: Czech, Lithuanian, Estonian, Finnish,
Norwegian, Flemish and Slovak nationalism
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

22. SEPARATIST NATIONALISM
SMALLER EUROPEAN NATIONS: NATIONALIST
PHASES
• Phase A (pre-industrial): elements within
elites develop interest in local history, folklore
• Phase B (transitional): middle class leadership
of nation emerges, makes political demands
• Phase C (modern): mass nationalism:
leadership mobilises followers behind
nationalist demands
(Hroch, 1985)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

23. SEPARATIST NATIONALISM
ANTI-COLONIAL FORM:
• Asia
–Indian independence (1947), etc.
–Further secessions, eg Pakistan (1947),
Bangladesh (1971)
• Africa
–Nigeria (1960), etc. (indigenous population)
–South Africa: complex path
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

24. SEPARATIST NATIONALISM
“CREOLE” ISSUE:
• South Africa, Rhodesia: significant white
populations survive, fight rearguard action
• India: Anglo-Indian population loses
significance
• Europe: different patterns
–Estonia, Latvia, Czechoslovakia
(disappearance of Germans)
–Ireland, Finland (remainder of former
privileged ruling group survives)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

25. SEPARATIST NATIONALISM
AUTHENTICITY OF INDIGENOUS CULTURE
• Widespread willingness to accept
metropolitan language in Asia and especially
Africa
• Insistence on indigenous language in Europe,
except e.g. Ireland (some other examples)
• Occasional struggles over language norms (eg
Norway (Bokmål v Nynorsk), Greece
(Katharevousa v. Dimotiki)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

26. COMMON FEATURES
NATIONALIST ACTORS:
• Three identifiable in principle:
–Metropolitan power (remote: e.g. imperial
capital in Europe; or adjacent: capital of
local state)
–Regional centre (economically, socially and
politically privileged; “high” culture)
–Regional periphery (economically, socially
and politically marginal; separate culture)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

27. COMMON FEATURES
NATIONALIST ACTORS:
• Variable significance of three actors:
–Metropolitan power encounters very little
opposition (integrationist nationalism)
–Regional centre the major victor, but two
other actors relevant (colonial nationalism)
–Regional periphery the victor, but two other
actors relevant (separatist nationalism)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

28. COMMON FEATURES
EXAMPLE: SMALLER EUROPEAN
NATIONS: 19th c. Estonia
Nobility
(German)
alliance
Townsfolk
(German)
Peasants
(Estonian)
conflict
conflict
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION
Metropole
(Russia)

29. COMMON FEATURES
EXAMPLE: LATIN AMERICA
Spaniards
Creoles
Mestizos
alliance
conflict
conflicts
Indians,
Blacks
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION
Metropole
(Spain)

30. COMMON FEATURES
NATIONALIST PROGRAMME:
• Nation as an entity whose distinctiveness is to
be preserved, and whose mission to humanity
is to be promoted
• Nation as a community with a shared past,
perhaps with a common descent and racial
background, and with a homeland of its own
• Political ambition to secure the unity of the
nation in relation to potentially disruptive
forces within its own borders, and to establish
its independence in relation to external rivals.
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

31. THE END …
NEXT: EXPLAINING NATIONALISM
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION