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Le Marketing
Quelques notions de base
Le Marketing
Quelques notions de base


           Réflexions préliminaires
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel”




       Publicité “Super Timor” - Côte d’Ivoire - 1982
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel”

           La communication publicitaire
  un problème: les moustiques
  un besoin: éliminer les moustiques
  un produit: Super Timor
  une qualité: “le numéro 1” --> meilleur que les autres


                                         MAIS...
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel”

           La communication publicitaire
  combien d’insecticides sur le marché?
  en quoi “Super Timor” leur est-il supérieur?
  pourquoi le spectateur ferait-il attention à cette pub
  plutôt qu’une autre pub pour insecticide?
  ....
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel”

        Les deux problèmes de Super Timor


  la publicité
  le produit
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
 Réflexions préliminaires

           Problème numéro 1: la publicité


Before Avertising, there was word of mouth. Products and
services that could solve a problem got talked about and
eventually got purchased. The best vegetable seller at the
market had a reputation, and her booth was always
crowded....
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
  Réflexions préliminaires

            Problème numéro 1: la publicité

...During Advertising, the combination of increasing prosperity,
seemingly endless consumer desire, and the power of
television and mass media led to a magical formula: if you
advertised directly to the consumer (every consumer), sales
would go up. A partnership with the right ad agency and the
right banker meant you could drive a company to be almost
as big as you could imagine...
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
  Réflexions préliminaires
...After advertising, we’re almost back where we started. But
instead of products succeeding by slow and awkward word
of mouth, the power of our new networks allow remarkable
ideas to diffuse through segments of the population at rocket
speed.
As marketers, we know the old stuff isn’t working. And we
know why: because as consumers, we’re too busy to pay
attention to advertising, but we’re desperate to find good stuff
that solves our problems.”

                                                     Seth Godin
                                               extrait de “Purple Cow”
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel”

             Problème numéro 1: la publicité

  Chaque jour, à chaque instant, nous sommes assaillis
  de communications publicitaires:


  radio, télévision            magazines, journaux
  internet                     téléphones portables
  affichage de rue              ...
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel”
             Problème numéro 1: la publicité

  La communication publicitaire ne peut plus, à elle
  seule, assurer le succès d’un produit.

  Chaque communication publicitaire, quelque forme qu’elle prenne, doit
  d’abord arriver à capter l’attention du consommateur.

  Lorsqu’elle a capté celle-ci, rien ne garantit qu’elle arrive à le
  convaincre. Porter l’existence du produit à la connaissance du
  consommateur ne suffit plus à vendre. Ce qui nous amène au
  problème numéro 2.
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
  Réflexions préliminaires


            Problème numéro 2: le produit

“Remarkable marketing is the art of building things worth
noticing right into your product or service. Not slapping on
marketing as a last-minute add-on, but understanding that if
your offering itself isn’t remarkable, it’s invisible.”

                                                  Seth Godin
                                            extrait de “Purple Cow”
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
  Réflexions préliminaires

              Problème numéro 2: le produit
“There will always be, one can assume, the need for some
selling. But the aim of marketing is to make selling
superfluous. The aim of marketing is to know and understand
the customer so well that the product or service fits him and
sells itself. Ideally, marketing should result in a customer who
is ready to buy. All that should be needed then is to make the
product or service available.”
                                                     Peter Drucker
                        extrait de “Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices”
                                                cité par Kotler dans “Marketing Management”
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
 Réflexions préliminaires

           Problème numéro 2: le produit
      Deux manières d’envisager la situation...
“In the red oceans, industry boundaries are defined and
accepted, and the competitive rules of the game are known.
Here, companies try to outperform their rivals to grab a
greater share of existing demand. As the market space gets
crowded, prospects for profits and growth are reduced.
Products become commodities, and cutthroat competition
turns the red ocean bloody...
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
  Réflexions préliminaires

“... Blue oceans, in contrast, are defined by untapped market
space, demand creation, and the opportunity for highly
profitable growth. Although some blue oceans are created
well beyond existing industry boundaries, most are created
from within red oceans by expanding industry boundaries, as
Cirque du Soleil did. In blue oceans, competition is irrelevant
because the rules of the game are waiting to be set. ”

                            W. Chan Kim - Renée Mauborgne
                                         extrait de “Blue Ocean Strategy”
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Réflexions préliminaires
     Un exemple concret: l’iPhone d’Apple


                                   Steve Jobs dévoile
                                   l’iPhone lors d’une de
                                   ses        célèbres
                                   “Keynotes” lors de
                                   l ’ é v é n e m e n t
                                   “MacWorld 2007”
                                        (© Apple, Inc.)
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel”

     La force d’Apple et de milliers d’autres
entreprises innovatrices: réinventer un produit (ou
service) existant ou en créer un nouveau, afin de
 créer un nouveau marché ou de bouleverser le
                 marché existant.
  En clair, le marketing est aujourd’hui bien plus
 que la publicité, bien plus que la construction et
  l’entretien de la notoriété d’une marque. C’est
   une démarche qui implique toute l’entreprise.
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
  Réflexions préliminaires


“Marketing is not done only by the marketing department. It
needs to affect every aspect of the customer experience. To
create a strong marketing organization, marketers must think
like executives in other departments, and executives in other
departments must think more like marketers. ”

                              Philip Kotler - Kevin Lane Keller
                                      extrait de “Marketing Management”
Le Marketing
Quelques notions de base


                  Définition
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
  Définition
“Marketing is an organizational function and a set of
processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value
to customers and for managing customer relationships in
ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.

Marketing management is the art and science of choosing
target markets and getting, keeping and growing customers
through creating, delivering, and communicating superior
customer value.”

                             Philip Kotler - Kevin Lane Keller
                                     extrait de “Marketing Management”
Le Marketing
Quelques notions de base


               Concepts clés
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Concepts clés
  Le marketing concerne bien plus que les
           produits ou services:

  biens                    lieux
  services                 propriétés
  événements               organisations
  expériences              information
  personnes                idées

                                           Source: Kotler & Keller, op. cit.
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
 Concepts clés
         La notion de “marché” en marketing
“Marketers use the term “market” to cover various groupings
of customers. They view sellers as constituting the industry
and buyers as constituting the market. They talk about need
markets (the diet-seeking market), product markets (the shoe
market), demographic markets (the youth market), and
geographic markets (the chinese market); or they extend the
concept to cover voter markets, labor markets and donor
markets, for instance.”
                                              Kotler & Keller
                                     extrait de “Marketing Management”
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Concepts clés
       Les différents types de marchés
  consumer markets : le client est le consommateur (on
  parle aussi de marché B2C : business-to-consumer)
  business markets: les clients sont d’autres entreprises
  (on parle aussi de marché B2B: business-to-business)
  global markets: le produit est distribué au niveau
  mondial
  non-profit & governmental markets: les clients sont des
  gouvernements ou des ONG
                                                  Source: Kotler & Keller, op. cit.
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Concepts clés
          Besoins, désirs et demandes
      “Besoin: exigence née de la nature ou de la vie sociale”
                  Le Grand Robert de la Langue Française, 2e édition




                                                 La pyramide de Maslow
                                             Abraham Maslow - 1943 - A theory of human motivation


                                              Classification des besoins humains
                                                  en 5 niveaux hiérarchiques


                                                               Sources: Kotler & Keller, Le Grand Robert, Wikipedia
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Concepts clés

           Besoins, désirs et demandes

  “Les désirs naissent des besoins” (Le Grand Robert). Ils
  sont tournés vers des objets spécifiques qui peuvent
  satisfaire les besoins (Kotler & Keller).
  Les demandes sont des désirs associés à la capacité
  de payer pour les satisfaire.



                                              Sources: Kotler & Keller
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Concepts clés

      Besoins, désirs et demandes: exemple



  Besoin: besoin de démontrer son statut social
  Désir: une Mercedes
  Demande: une Mercedes (si on en a les moyens)



                                             Sources: Kotler & Keller
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
Concepts clés

            Besoins, désirs et demandes

  En marketing, on distingue
  5 sortes de besoins
                                Un produit ou service qui
  Besoins exprimés             ne répondrait qu’au besoin
                               exprimé n’apporterait pas
  Besoins réels                  entière satisfaction au
  Besoins non exprimés              consommateur.

  Besoins de plaisir
                                            Sources: Kotler & Keller
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
 Concepts clés

         Segmentation, cible, positionnement

“Not everyone likes the same cereal, restaurant, college or
movie. Therefore, marketers start by dividing the market into
segments. They identify and profile different groups of buyers
who might prefer or require varying product and service mixes
by examining demographic, psychographic and behavioral
differences among buyers. ”

                                        P. Kotler - K. L. Keller
                                     extrait de “Marketing Management”
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
 Concepts clés

         Segmentation, cible, positionnement

Customer groups represent separate segments if:

   - their needs require and justify a different offer
   - they are reached through different distribution channels
   - they require different types of relationships
   - they have substantially different profitabilities
   - they are willing to pay for different aspects of the offer

                                     A. Osterwalder, Y. Pigneur
                                     extrait de “Business Model Generation”
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
 Concepts clés
         Segmentation, cible, positionnement
“An organization must make a conscious decision about
which segments to serve and which segments to ignore.
Once this decision is made, a business model can be
designed around a strong understanding of specific customer
needs.”
                                 A. Osterwalder, Y. Pigneur
                                  extrait de “Business Model Generation”


Les cibles sont donc les différents segments de clientèle
auxquels l’entreprise a décidé de vendre.
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
 Concepts clés
          Segmentation, cible, positionnement


“For each [target market], the firm develops a market offering
that it positions in the minds of the target buyers as delivering
some central benefit(s). Volvo develops its cars for buyers to
whom safety is a major concern, positioning its vehicles as
that safest a customer can buy. ”

                                           P. Kotler - K. L. Keller
                                        extrait de “Marketing Management”
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
 Concepts clés
               Valeur, “value proposition”

“Value, a central marketing concept, is primarily a
combination of quality, service and price, called the customer
value triad. Value perceptions increase with quality and
service but decrease with price.
We can think of marketing as the identification,
communication, delivery and monitoring of customer value.”

                                         P. Kotler - K. L. Keller
                                      extrait de “Marketing Management”
Qu’est-ce que le marketing?
 Concepts clés
            Valeur, “value proposition”
“The Value Proposition is the reason why customers turn to one
company over another. It solves a customer problem or satisfies a
customer need. Each value proposition consists of a selected bundle
of products and/or services that caters to the requirements of a
specific customer segment. In this sense, the Value Proposition is an
aggregation, or bundle, of benefits that a company offers customers.
Some Value Propositions may be innovative and represent a new or
disruptive offer. Others may be similar to existing market offers, but
with added features and attributes. ”

                                        A. Osterwalder, Y. Pigneur
                                        extrait de “Business Model Generation”

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Marketing: notions de base #ma1rp

  • 2. Le Marketing Quelques notions de base Réflexions préliminaires
  • 3. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel” Publicité “Super Timor” - Côte d’Ivoire - 1982
  • 4. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel” La communication publicitaire un problème: les moustiques un besoin: éliminer les moustiques un produit: Super Timor une qualité: “le numéro 1” --> meilleur que les autres MAIS...
  • 5. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel” La communication publicitaire combien d’insecticides sur le marché? en quoi “Super Timor” leur est-il supérieur? pourquoi le spectateur ferait-il attention à cette pub plutôt qu’une autre pub pour insecticide? ....
  • 6. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel” Les deux problèmes de Super Timor la publicité le produit
  • 7. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires Problème numéro 1: la publicité Before Avertising, there was word of mouth. Products and services that could solve a problem got talked about and eventually got purchased. The best vegetable seller at the market had a reputation, and her booth was always crowded....
  • 8. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires Problème numéro 1: la publicité ...During Advertising, the combination of increasing prosperity, seemingly endless consumer desire, and the power of television and mass media led to a magical formula: if you advertised directly to the consumer (every consumer), sales would go up. A partnership with the right ad agency and the right banker meant you could drive a company to be almost as big as you could imagine...
  • 9. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires ...After advertising, we’re almost back where we started. But instead of products succeeding by slow and awkward word of mouth, the power of our new networks allow remarkable ideas to diffuse through segments of the population at rocket speed. As marketers, we know the old stuff isn’t working. And we know why: because as consumers, we’re too busy to pay attention to advertising, but we’re desperate to find good stuff that solves our problems.” Seth Godin extrait de “Purple Cow”
  • 10. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel” Problème numéro 1: la publicité Chaque jour, à chaque instant, nous sommes assaillis de communications publicitaires: radio, télévision magazines, journaux internet téléphones portables affichage de rue ...
  • 11. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel” Problème numéro 1: la publicité La communication publicitaire ne peut plus, à elle seule, assurer le succès d’un produit. Chaque communication publicitaire, quelque forme qu’elle prenne, doit d’abord arriver à capter l’attention du consommateur. Lorsqu’elle a capté celle-ci, rien ne garantit qu’elle arrive à le convaincre. Porter l’existence du produit à la connaissance du consommateur ne suffit plus à vendre. Ce qui nous amène au problème numéro 2.
  • 12. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires Problème numéro 2: le produit “Remarkable marketing is the art of building things worth noticing right into your product or service. Not slapping on marketing as a last-minute add-on, but understanding that if your offering itself isn’t remarkable, it’s invisible.” Seth Godin extrait de “Purple Cow”
  • 13. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires Problème numéro 2: le produit “There will always be, one can assume, the need for some selling. But the aim of marketing is to make selling superfluous. The aim of marketing is to know and understand the customer so well that the product or service fits him and sells itself. Ideally, marketing should result in a customer who is ready to buy. All that should be needed then is to make the product or service available.” Peter Drucker extrait de “Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices” cité par Kotler dans “Marketing Management”
  • 14. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires Problème numéro 2: le produit Deux manières d’envisager la situation... “In the red oceans, industry boundaries are defined and accepted, and the competitive rules of the game are known. Here, companies try to outperform their rivals to grab a greater share of existing demand. As the market space gets crowded, prospects for profits and growth are reduced. Products become commodities, and cutthroat competition turns the red ocean bloody...
  • 15. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires “... Blue oceans, in contrast, are defined by untapped market space, demand creation, and the opportunity for highly profitable growth. Although some blue oceans are created well beyond existing industry boundaries, most are created from within red oceans by expanding industry boundaries, as Cirque du Soleil did. In blue oceans, competition is irrelevant because the rules of the game are waiting to be set. ” W. Chan Kim - Renée Mauborgne extrait de “Blue Ocean Strategy”
  • 16. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires Un exemple concret: l’iPhone d’Apple Steve Jobs dévoile l’iPhone lors d’une de ses célèbres “Keynotes” lors de l ’ é v é n e m e n t “MacWorld 2007” (© Apple, Inc.)
  • 17. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires : le marketing “traditionnel” La force d’Apple et de milliers d’autres entreprises innovatrices: réinventer un produit (ou service) existant ou en créer un nouveau, afin de créer un nouveau marché ou de bouleverser le marché existant. En clair, le marketing est aujourd’hui bien plus que la publicité, bien plus que la construction et l’entretien de la notoriété d’une marque. C’est une démarche qui implique toute l’entreprise.
  • 18. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Réflexions préliminaires “Marketing is not done only by the marketing department. It needs to affect every aspect of the customer experience. To create a strong marketing organization, marketers must think like executives in other departments, and executives in other departments must think more like marketers. ” Philip Kotler - Kevin Lane Keller extrait de “Marketing Management”
  • 19. Le Marketing Quelques notions de base Définition
  • 20. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Définition “Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Marketing management is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value.” Philip Kotler - Kevin Lane Keller extrait de “Marketing Management”
  • 21. Le Marketing Quelques notions de base Concepts clés
  • 22. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés Le marketing concerne bien plus que les produits ou services: biens lieux services propriétés événements organisations expériences information personnes idées Source: Kotler & Keller, op. cit.
  • 23. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés La notion de “marché” en marketing “Marketers use the term “market” to cover various groupings of customers. They view sellers as constituting the industry and buyers as constituting the market. They talk about need markets (the diet-seeking market), product markets (the shoe market), demographic markets (the youth market), and geographic markets (the chinese market); or they extend the concept to cover voter markets, labor markets and donor markets, for instance.” Kotler & Keller extrait de “Marketing Management”
  • 24. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés Les différents types de marchés consumer markets : le client est le consommateur (on parle aussi de marché B2C : business-to-consumer) business markets: les clients sont d’autres entreprises (on parle aussi de marché B2B: business-to-business) global markets: le produit est distribué au niveau mondial non-profit & governmental markets: les clients sont des gouvernements ou des ONG Source: Kotler & Keller, op. cit.
  • 25. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés Besoins, désirs et demandes “Besoin: exigence née de la nature ou de la vie sociale” Le Grand Robert de la Langue Française, 2e édition La pyramide de Maslow Abraham Maslow - 1943 - A theory of human motivation Classification des besoins humains en 5 niveaux hiérarchiques Sources: Kotler & Keller, Le Grand Robert, Wikipedia
  • 26. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés Besoins, désirs et demandes “Les désirs naissent des besoins” (Le Grand Robert). Ils sont tournés vers des objets spécifiques qui peuvent satisfaire les besoins (Kotler & Keller). Les demandes sont des désirs associés à la capacité de payer pour les satisfaire. Sources: Kotler & Keller
  • 27. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés Besoins, désirs et demandes: exemple Besoin: besoin de démontrer son statut social Désir: une Mercedes Demande: une Mercedes (si on en a les moyens) Sources: Kotler & Keller
  • 28. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés Besoins, désirs et demandes En marketing, on distingue 5 sortes de besoins Un produit ou service qui Besoins exprimés ne répondrait qu’au besoin exprimé n’apporterait pas Besoins réels entière satisfaction au Besoins non exprimés consommateur. Besoins de plaisir Sources: Kotler & Keller
  • 29. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés Segmentation, cible, positionnement “Not everyone likes the same cereal, restaurant, college or movie. Therefore, marketers start by dividing the market into segments. They identify and profile different groups of buyers who might prefer or require varying product and service mixes by examining demographic, psychographic and behavioral differences among buyers. ” P. Kotler - K. L. Keller extrait de “Marketing Management”
  • 30. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés Segmentation, cible, positionnement Customer groups represent separate segments if: - their needs require and justify a different offer - they are reached through different distribution channels - they require different types of relationships - they have substantially different profitabilities - they are willing to pay for different aspects of the offer A. Osterwalder, Y. Pigneur extrait de “Business Model Generation”
  • 31. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés Segmentation, cible, positionnement “An organization must make a conscious decision about which segments to serve and which segments to ignore. Once this decision is made, a business model can be designed around a strong understanding of specific customer needs.” A. Osterwalder, Y. Pigneur extrait de “Business Model Generation” Les cibles sont donc les différents segments de clientèle auxquels l’entreprise a décidé de vendre.
  • 32. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés Segmentation, cible, positionnement “For each [target market], the firm develops a market offering that it positions in the minds of the target buyers as delivering some central benefit(s). Volvo develops its cars for buyers to whom safety is a major concern, positioning its vehicles as that safest a customer can buy. ” P. Kotler - K. L. Keller extrait de “Marketing Management”
  • 33. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés Valeur, “value proposition” “Value, a central marketing concept, is primarily a combination of quality, service and price, called the customer value triad. Value perceptions increase with quality and service but decrease with price. We can think of marketing as the identification, communication, delivery and monitoring of customer value.” P. Kotler - K. L. Keller extrait de “Marketing Management”
  • 34. Qu’est-ce que le marketing? Concepts clés Valeur, “value proposition” “The Value Proposition is the reason why customers turn to one company over another. It solves a customer problem or satisfies a customer need. Each value proposition consists of a selected bundle of products and/or services that caters to the requirements of a specific customer segment. In this sense, the Value Proposition is an aggregation, or bundle, of benefits that a company offers customers. Some Value Propositions may be innovative and represent a new or disruptive offer. Others may be similar to existing market offers, but with added features and attributes. ” A. Osterwalder, Y. Pigneur extrait de “Business Model Generation”

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  22. personnes: politiciens, businessmen, artistes (ex: lady gaga ou Madonna)\npropriétés: ensembles immobiliers, actions ou obligations...\névénements: coupe du monde, jeux olympiques\nexpérience: disneyworld, voyages thématiques\norganisations: entreprises, ONG, institutions publiques --> construire une image globale\ninformation: livres, cours, programmes universitaires, mais aussi certains produits qui ne sont que des infos\nidées: exemple de Bob\n
  23. \n
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  25. \n
  26. Le marketing ne crée pas des besoins. Les besoins préexistent, ils sont repris dans l’ensemble de la pyramide de Maslow. Le marketing, par contre, cherche à influencer les désirs \n
  27. personnes: politiciens, businessmen, artistes (ex: lady gaga ou Madonna)\npropriétés: ensembles immobiliers, actions ou obligations...\névénements: coupe du monde, jeux olympiques\nexpérience: disneyworld, voyages thématiques\norganisations: entreprises, ONG, institutions publiques --> construire une image globale\ninformation: livres, cours, programmes universitaires, mais aussi certains produits qui ne sont que des infos\nidées: exemple de Bob\n
  28. Exprimés: je veux une voiture bon marché\nRéels: en fait, ce qui compte, c’est qu’elle ne coûte pas cher à l’usage (essence, entretien, etc.)\nNon exprimés: je veux un bon service auprès du dealer\nPlaisir: je veux un GPS embarqué\nSecret: je veux que mes amis me voient comme un consommateur avisé qui a su dénicher la bonne affaire\n
  29. Exprimés: je veux une voiture bon marché\nRéels: en fait, ce qui compte, c’est qu’elle ne coûte pas cher à l’usage (essence, entretien, etc.)\nNon exprimés: je veux un bon service auprès du dealer\nPlaisir: je veux un GPS embarqué\nSecret: je veux que mes amis me voient comme un consommateur avisé qui a su dénicher la bonne affaire\n
  30. Exprimés: je veux une voiture bon marché\nRéels: en fait, ce qui compte, c’est qu’elle ne coûte pas cher à l’usage (essence, entretien, etc.)\nNon exprimés: je veux un bon service auprès du dealer\nPlaisir: je veux un GPS embarqué\nSecret: je veux que mes amis me voient comme un consommateur avisé qui a su dénicher la bonne affaire\n
  31. Exprimés: je veux une voiture bon marché\nRéels: en fait, ce qui compte, c’est qu’elle ne coûte pas cher à l’usage (essence, entretien, etc.)\nNon exprimés: je veux un bon service auprès du dealer\nPlaisir: je veux un GPS embarqué\nSecret: je veux que mes amis me voient comme un consommateur avisé qui a su dénicher la bonne affaire\n
  32. personnes: politiciens, businessmen, artistes (ex: lady gaga ou Madonna)\npropriétés: ensembles immobiliers, actions ou obligations...\névénements: coupe du monde, jeux olympiques\nexpérience: disneyworld, voyages thématiques\norganisations: entreprises, ONG, institutions publiques --> construire une image globale\ninformation: livres, cours, programmes universitaires, mais aussi certains produits qui ne sont que des infos\nidées: exemple de Bob\n
  33. personnes: politiciens, businessmen, artistes (ex: lady gaga ou Madonna)\npropriétés: ensembles immobiliers, actions ou obligations...\névénements: coupe du monde, jeux olympiques\nexpérience: disneyworld, voyages thématiques\norganisations: entreprises, ONG, institutions publiques --> construire une image globale\ninformation: livres, cours, programmes universitaires, mais aussi certains produits qui ne sont que des infos\nidées: exemple de Bob\n
  34. personnes: politiciens, businessmen, artistes (ex: lady gaga ou Madonna)\npropriétés: ensembles immobiliers, actions ou obligations...\névénements: coupe du monde, jeux olympiques\nexpérience: disneyworld, voyages thématiques\norganisations: entreprises, ONG, institutions publiques --> construire une image globale\ninformation: livres, cours, programmes universitaires, mais aussi certains produits qui ne sont que des infos\nidées: exemple de Bob\n