Here are the key characteristics of human language: - Productivity/creativity - Language allows for infinite expression of new ideas through novel combinations of words. - Cultural transmission - Language is learned socially through interaction rather than genetically. It evolves over generations. - Displacement - Language can be used to communicate about things absent in space and time, including past/future events and imaginary concepts. - Arbitrariness - The relationship between words and what they refer to is arbitrary and learned through convention rather than natural law. - Duality of patterning - Language has two levels of structure - sounds combine into words, and words combine into sentences. - Specialization - Language relies on specialized vocal

1. • According to Sapir (1921: 8): ‘Language is a purely
human and non-instinctive method of communicating
ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily
produced symbols.’
• Based on Bloch & Trager in their Outline of
Linguistics Analysis (1942: 5): ‘A language is a
system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which
group co-operates.’
• According to Hall in Essay on Language (1968: 158):
‘Language is the institution whereby humans
communicate and interact with each by means of
habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.’
The scientific study of language

2. What are the relationships both of them?
1. Linguistic is a term of language
2. Language exist with some family constructed some terms is linguistic
3. Language was not born instinctively, it was born because there are terms approved
with societies using it for communication and interaction

3. LINGUISTIC
Applied
Linguistic
Descriptive
Linguistic
Theoretical
Linguistic
Lang. Acquisition
Lang. Assessment
Lang. Develompment
Lang. Antropologhy
Lang. Education
Neurolinguistic
Pscyholinguistic
Cognitiv Linguis
Stylistic
Computational ling
Prescription
Corpus linguis
Historicl linguis
phonetic
sociolinguistic
Generative
linguistics

4. The origins of languages
Divine Source The Natural
Sound Source
The – oral
Gesture
Source Teeth, Lips,
Mouth, Larynx
and pharynx
The Human
Brain
THe Physical
Adaption Source

5. Divine Source:
• In Qur’an 31
And He taught Adam the names – all of them. Then he show to the Angels, and said. “Inform
me of the names of these, if you are truthful.”
• In the biblical Tradition, God created Adam and “whatsoever Adam called every living
creature, that ws the name thereof”.
• Following Hindu tradition, language came from Sarasvati, wife of Brahma, creator of Universe.
In an attempt to rediscover this original divine lang, a few experiments have been
carried out, with rather conflicting results.
1. An Egyptian pharaoh named Psammetichus tried the experiment with two newborn babies
more than 2,500 years ago. After two years in the company of goats and a mute shperd the
children were reported to have spontaneously uttered, not an Egyptian word, but something
that was identified as the Phrygian word bekos, meaning “bread”.
2. King James the Fourth of Scotland carried out a similar experiment arouth the year 1500 and
the children weer reported to have started speaking Hebrew. It is unfortunate that all other
cases of children who have been discovered living in isolation, without coming into contact
with human speech, tend not to confiem the results of these types of ‘divine-source’
experiments. Very young children living without access to human lan intheir early years grow
up with now lang at all.

6. The Natural Sound Source
1. This view suggested that primitive words could have been imitations of
natural sounds which early men and women around them.
a. “Bow-wow” theory: when an object flew by, making “caw-caw” sound,
the early human imitated the sound and used it to refer to the object associated
with the sound. In English, we have cuckoo, splash, bang, boom, rattle, buzz,
hiss. it has also been suggested that the original sounds of language came
from natural cries of emotion, such as pain, anger and joy, in English we have
ouch, oops .
b. “Yo-heave-ho” theory proposed the sounds of a person involved in physical
effort could be the source of our language, especially when that physical
effort involved several people and had to be coordinated.

7. The “oral-gesture theory” proposes an extremely specific connection between physical
and oral gesture. It is claimed that originally a set of physical gestures was developed as
a means of communication. It is proposed by Sir Richard Paget (1930)
Then a set of oral gestures, specifically involving the mouth, developed, in which the
movements of the tongue, lips and so on were recognized according to patterns of
movement similar to physical gestures.
The Oral-gesture Source

8. The Physical Adaptation Source
1. Teeth, Lip, Mouth, Larynx and Pharynx
• Other proposal about the origin of human speech concentrates on some of the physical aspects of humans which are not
shared with other creatures, not even with other primates.
• Human teeth are upright, not slanting outwards like those apes, and they are roughly even in height. Such characteristics
are not needed for eating, but they are extremely helpful in making sounds such as f, v and th
• Human lips have much more intricate muscle interlacing than is found in other primates and their resulting flexibility
certainly helps with sounds like p, b and w.
• The human larynx, or the vocal cords differs significantly in position from that of monkeys. This created a longer
cavity, called the pharynx, above the vocal cords, which can act as a resonator for any sounds produced via the larynx.
• One unfortunate consequence is that the position of the human to choke on pieces of food. Monkeys may not be able to
use larynx to produce speech sounds, but they do not suffer from the problem of getting food stuck in the windpipe.
2. The human brain is lateralized, that is, it has specialized functions in each of the two hemispheres. Those functions
which are analytic, such as tool-using and language, are largely confined to the left hemisphere of the brain for most
humans.

10. Characteristics of Human
Language

11. Productivities / creativity / open endedness :
Whatever we speaking or creating along with speaking is productivity
Any one create or discuss a new thing called open endedness.
Cultural transmission :
Human being acquire language from there surrounding ,
culture but not from genes while animal acquire language
through genes.

12. Displacement :
We human being can talk about the things like past , future and things
which we never seen , moon , stars , thing that are imaginary … only
human being have this quality.
Arbitrariness
There is not as direct association between a word and the object that is
denote (to refer).
Languages are arbitrary because there is no necessary or natural
relationship between the words and the concepts they represent. For
example, there is nothing in the word "tree" that connects it to the
concept of a tree. Also, languages are arbitrary because the rules for the
combination of signs in order to produce complete thoughts are different
from one language to the other, and no set of rules can claim to be
correct.

13. Duality or double articulation:
Human language has two level. The first level is of sound and phonemes
and the second level is the combination of sounds , into words and
sentences . In animal there is only one level that is sound.
Specialization :
There is no physical involvement in human language or communication.
They can speak while working, while there is special physical involvement
in their communication. Animal do this without physical involvement.
Discreetness
Sounds in human language are distinct separate from one another.
Sounds of animal can not be separated.

14. Structure Dependence :
Human language is structure dependent . It dependent on grammar.
Pattering:
Means that sounds and word not combined in random way in human
Reciprocalatary / Interchangeability :
There is an exchange ability in language. The speaker may be the
audience . The sender may be the receiver and vice versa
 Rapid fade:
Linguistics feature that are produced , disappear quickly, they don't stay
in the air.