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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                       Page 1 of 26




How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free
Dec 4th in News, PHP by Alex Villmann

All great websites have a great server behind them. In this tutorial, I'll show you how to set up a
dedicated web server (with Apache, MySQL, and PHP) using that old computer you have lying
around the house and some free software.




Author: Alex Villmann

I'm Alex Villmann, a web developer/designer from Oregon. I mostly design websites, but I can
sometimes be caught tinkering with web servers and optimizing MySQL databases. I'm always happy to
provide help with PHP, MySQL, and other related web technologies.

A Quick Overview

In this tutorial, we are aiming to accomplish several things:

      We're going to install the Ubuntu Server operating system. I commonly use Ubuntu because of its
      ease of use and simple administration. It also has a rather large and extremely active community
      behind it, which makes getting support a breeze.
      We're going to install an OpenSSH server. This allows you to administer your server from remote
      computers.
      A LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) stack is going to be installed. This provides the
      backbone that will run your web site. Apache is the industry standard web server on Unix-based
      operating systems; it's what most web hosts use (NETTUTS is using it right now!) and it's what
      we're going to use.
      We're going to install a firewall to protect your server from unauthorized access.

In order to follow this tutorial, you're going to need a few items:




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                        Page 2 of 26



      A computer to use as your server. It doesn't need to be powerful; as long as it's not ancient, it'll
      work fine. Please don't do this on your desktop PC; Ubuntu will completely wipe your computer.
      A CD burner and a blank CD. These are so that you can burn Ubuntu to a disk in order to install
      it.
      Time. Seriously, this process is time-consuming, especially if you run into problems. Try to set
      aside an afternoon to follow this tutorial.

You may be asking why you'd want to have your own web server. There are several reasons, a few of
them being: you can have your own testing ground for your websites; with a little modification, you
could host your own site; and, you will learn a lot about Linux/Unix as you go. With that said, let's get
started!

Download Ubuntu Server

First and foremost, we're going to need a CD with Ubuntu on it. Point your web browser to
http://www.ubuntu.com/, and click download from the menu to the left. You will now be presented with
a box with two tabs: quot;Desktop Editionquot; and quot;Server Editionquot;. Click the quot;Server Editionquot; tab, and select
quot;Ubuntu 8.04 LTSquot;. Next, select a download location from the drop-down box. Finally, hit the quot;Begin
Downloadquot; button.




Now you need to burn the ISO (the file that you downloaded) to a blank CD. If you don't know how to
do this, there is an excellent guide at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BurningIsoHowto

Install Ubuntu Server

Now that you've downloaded and burned the ISO, let's get Ubuntu installed on your server. Put the disk
in the drive, and boot from the CD. In most modern computers, this will happen by default if a disk is in
the drive when you turn it on. If it doesn't, then you need to press a key on your keyboard right when



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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                        Page 3 of 26



you turn it on. For my laptop, it's F12, and for my server, it's F2. It just depends on your computer. You
can find it by looking at the text on your screen right when you turn the computer on, during the BIOS.
You'll see something like quot;Press [KEY] to change boot orderquot;. Press that key, and select your CD drive.

Still with me? Good. Now that you've booted up Ubuntu, you should see the following screen:




Select your language, and hit enter. Now you'll see this screen:




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                           Page 4 of 26




Select quot;Install Ubuntu Serverquot;, and away we go!

The installer will now ask you if you want it to detect your keyboard layout. Personally, I always choose
no, because it's faster to select a standard american keyboard from the list than to have the installer
detect it. Either option is fine, just follow the on-screen instructions.

After you've done that, you'll now see a bunch of loading screens saying things like quot;Detecting CD-
ROM drivesquot; and such. These should pass quickly and without problems. However, during these
screens, the installer will try to auto-configure your network settings. For most cases, this will work
without complaint. However, if it doesn't work for you, just follow the on-screen instructions to get it
working.

After it's done with all of that, it will ask you for a host name. You can usually set this to anything; I
always set mine to quot;web-serverquot;.




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                      Page 5 of 26




The system will now want you to set the time zone for your clock. For me, it's Pacific. Choose the one
that applies to you.

Now, the system will detect more hardware, and you'll be prompted to quot;partion the disk(s)quot;. Select
quot;Guided - use entire diskquot;.




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                     Page 6 of 26




You will now need to select the disk you wish to partition. For most setups, only one disk will be
available; however, for more specialized systems, more options will be available here. Choose the one
that applies to you.




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                                Page 7 of 26




It will ask you if you want to write the changes to the disk. Select quot;Yesquot; and hit enter. The installer will
now proceed to format the drive and set up the partitions.

Now the magic happens. The system will begin to install. While this happens, go get a cup of coffee.
This can take anywhere from 10 minutes to an hour. It just depends on your system. There might be
times that it seems like it's frozen; don't worry, it isn't. Just let it do it's thing. However, if it's stuck on
one thing for upwards of an hour, then yes, it is frozen.




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                          Page 8 of 26




Now that the system is installed, it needs to set up the account you are going to login with. First, give it
your full name and hit quot;Continuequot;.




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                       Page 9 of 26




Now give it your username. It will normally just set it as your first name, but you can change it. One
name you may not use is quot;rootquot;.




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                  Page 10 of 26




You will now be asked to provide a password. It is ESSENTIAL that you choose a strong password, or
your server will not be secure at all. I recommend at LEAST a mixture of numbers, lowercase letters,
and uppercase letters. However, for my servers I use symbols, as well as a mixture of the above. DO
NOT use a password shorter than 7 characters.




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                      Page 11 of 26




Then, re-enter your password to verify that you typed it correctly.

The system will now attempt to configure the quot;Package Managerquot; (we'll get to what that is shortly).
Provide it with your proxy information, or leave it blank if you don't use a proxy, and select quot;Continuequot;.




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                     Page 12 of 26




The system will now scan several servers looking for updates and configuration settings.




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                        Page 13 of 26




After that has completed, you will be presented with several options to install server software. Now,
listen VERY carefully. Select OpenSSH server, and press SPACE, NOT ENTER. If you hit enter, the
install will proceed without installing the OpenSSH server. You could install quot;LAMP serverquot; as well,
but I have no experience with this option, so we're going to install it all with a different command later
on.




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                    Page 14 of 26




The system will now install your selected software, as well as other system components.




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                        Page 15 of 26




Finally, the install will finish. Remove the CD, and hit enter. The computer will reboot. If all goes well,
you will be presented with a screen that looks similar to the following:




Congratulations! You've just finished the hardest part. Ubuntu is now installed, and it is time to turn this
computer into a web server.



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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                      Page 16 of 26



Update Your New Server

Before we go any further, we need to make sure your server is up-to-date. To do this, you need to login.
First, type your username (the one you chose earlier), press enter, and then type your password. As
you're typing your password, you'll notice that nothing seems to be happening. Don't worry, that's the
way it was designed to work. After you've finished typing your password, hit enter, and your screen
should look similar to the one below if all went well:




Now, type:

sudo aptitude update && sudo aptitude dist-upgrade

It will ask you for you password, and again, you won't see anything as you're typing it. After you've
done that, it will ask you if you want to continue. Type quot;yquot; and press enter. Your screen will look
similar to the following:




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                      Page 17 of 26




Your system will now download and install all the latest updates. This will take a while depending on
your internet connection. After it has finished, your computer will need to be rebooted. To do this, type:

sudo shutdown -r now

And let it reboot. Your server is now completely updated.

A Quick Note About quot;Sudoquot;

By now, you may have noticed that all of the commands you have typed have started with quot;sudoquot;. This
is because they require administrator privileges, and that's what quot;sudoquot; does. It runs the command (i.e.
quot;shutdownquot;) as an administrator, allowing it to work properly. This is also why it asks you for your
password. However, after you have typed quot;sudoquot; once and entered your password, you do not have to
enter your password again for five minutes. Not all commands require sudo, only ones that modify parts
of the system. Got all of that? Good.

Install Apache, MySQL, and PHP

It is now time to install some programs. In order to access your sites from the internet, we're going to
need to install a web server (Apache). In additon to the web server, we'll also want a database server
(MySQL) and a server-side language (PHP) so that we can run popular applications such as WordPress.
So, let's get to it!

Installing programs on Ubuntu is a lot different than installing programs on Windows or OS X, in that
Ubuntu will download and install the programs for you with a simple command. This is because Ubuntu
has something called a Package Manager, which manages nearly all the programs on your system. All
we have to do is tell the package manager (called quot;aptitudequot;) that we want it to install Apache, MySQL,
and PHP. To do this, type the following command:

sudo aptitude install apache2 php5-mysql libapache2-mod-php5 mysql-server




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And press enter. Aptitude will download and install of the programs you specified. It will also download
and install any dependencies.




During the install process, MySQL will ask you for a root password. You can set this to anything, just
be sure you make it long and secure. Whatever you do, DO NOT leave this blank.




After that has all finished, you now have a fully working web server. To test it out, first find your
server's IP by typing:

ifconfig | grep inet




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How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS                                      Page 19 of 26




It's usually the first IP returned. In my case, it's 192.168.177.129. Now that you know the IP, open your
web browser and point it to your server IP. If you see the quot;It works!quot; message, then congratulations, it
works.




However, we're not done yet. We don't want Apache or PHP to disclose any information about
themselves, as this information is not needed by your users and could pose a security risk. First, back up
the original Apache configuration file:




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sudo cp /etc/apache2/apache2.conf /etc/apache2/apache2.conf.bak

Now open the configuration file:

sudo nano /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

Scroll down (down arrow) to where it says quot;ServerTokens Fullquot; and change it to read quot;ServerTokens
Prodquot;




Now, scroll down a little further and change quot;ServerSignature Onquot; to quot;ServerSignature Offquot;




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Finally, press Control-O followed by Control-X. That will save the file and exit the text editor.

Now, we need to do the same thing for PHP. First, back up the original PHP configuration file:

sudo cp /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini.bak

Open the configuration file:

sudo nano /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini

Change quot;expose_php = Onquot; to quot;expose_php = Offquot;




Again, press Control-O followed by Control-X. Now that the configuration files are updated, restart
Apache:

sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

You are done setting up Apache, MySQL, and PHP.

Install a Firewall

We now are going to lock down our server a bit more by installing Shorewall, a command-line firewall.
To install it:

sudo aptitude install shorewall

By default, Shorewall is installed with no rules, allowing complete access. However, this is not the
behavior we want. Instead, we're going to block all connections to anything other than port 80 (HTTP)
and port 22 (SSH). First, copy the configuration files to the Shorewall directory:

sudo cp /usr/share/doc/shorewall-common/examples/one-interface/* /etc/shorewall/




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Now, open the quot;rulesquot; file:

sudo nano /etc/shorewall/rules

Add these lines above where it says quot;#LAST LINEquot;

HTTP/ACCEPT         net                 $FW
SSH/ACCEPT          net                 $FW




Then press Control-O and Control-X. Your firewall is now configured to only accept HTTP and SSH
traffic. The last thing we need to do is tell Shorewall to start on boot. So, open up the main Shorewall
configuration file:

sudo nano /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf

Scroll down to quot;STARTUP_ENABLED=Noquot; and set it to quot;STARTUP_ENABLED=Yesquot;




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Press Control-O and Control-X. Now, open the Shorewall default configuration file:

sudo nano /etc/default/shorewall

And change quot;startup=0quot; to quot;startup=1quot;. Press Control-O and Control-X. Finally, start your firewall:

sudo /etc/init.d/shorewall start

Congratulations! Your firewall is now set up and protecting your server.

Add Your Website to Your Web Server

Now that you've got everything all set up, you'd probably like to add a website to it. By default, all of
the files Apache serves up to the internet are located at quot;/var/www/quot;. However, you cannot write to this
folder. Let's make it so you can:

sudo usermod -g www-data [YOUR USERNAME]
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www
sudo chmod -R 775 /var/www

What happened there was you added yourself to the quot;www-dataquot; group, and made the website folder
writable to the members of the quot;www-dataquot; group.

Now, you're going to log into your server using SFTP (not to be confused with FTPS). Some clients that
support SFTP are: WinSCP (Windows, Free), FileZilla (Windows, Linux, OS X, Free), Cyberduck (OS
X, Free), and, my personal favorite, Transmit (OS X, $30)

Connect to your server using your username and password, and, if your client supports it, a default path
of quot;/var/wwwquot; (if it doesn't, simply browse to /var/www once you have logged in): (Transmit pictured)




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You may now add your files to this folder (/var/www) and they will show up on your server when you
browse to it with your web browser.

Now, you may wonder why we're using SFTP instead of FTP. Mainly, because SFTP is already built
into OpenSSH (which you installed earlier). However, it is also a lot more secure than FTP, and makes it
difficult (if not impossible) for malicious users to gain access to your login credentials.

Make Your Server Accesible to the Internet

Most modern home networks are behind a router these days. Because of this, your web server will not be
visible to the internet without a little work. As I don't have every router available to test with, I can only
give you general directions in this area.

There are two ways to open your server up to the internet: a DMZ or Port Forwarding. The main
difference you'll notice is that with a DMZ, your server uses the firewall we installed earlier to protect
itself. However, with Port Forwarding, your server will be protected by your router's firewall.

However, before we go on, you're going to want to give your server a static LAN address. To do that,
login to your router, and look for something along the lines of quot;Static IPsquot; or quot;Static Routingquot;. After you
have given your server a static LAN address, you can do these next parts. Remember, Google is your
friend.

To port foward, there is an excellent website, PortForward.com, that, while ugly, can help you get the
job done for almost any router. The ports that you want to forward are 22 and 80.




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To create a DMZ, you need to login to your router and look for something like quot;DMZ settingsquot;. Once
you find it, add your server to the DMZ, and you'll be set. Again, Google is helpful in situations like
this.

Now, find your public IP, and voila! You can access your server from anywhere as long as your IP
doesn't change.

Managing Your Server Remotely

Beside allowing you to upload files, OpenSSH allows you to login to your server from anywhere as long
as you know it's IP. For Windows, you'll need an SSH client. I recommend Putty. For OS X, SSH is
already installed. Simply open up Terminal, and type quot;ssh you@youripquot;. For Putty, choose SSH, and put
in your IP, username, and password when it asks for it. You'll notice that, once you login, it looks
exactly the same as the screen on the server:




You can do anything from here that you would do actually sitting at the server. To logout from the
server, simply type quot;exitquot; and hit enter.

That's It!

You now have a completely functioning web server. It makes for a great testing ground, and would even
be suitable to host websites with fairly low traffic. There is obviously a lot left to be learned, but
hopefully you have gained a little insight into how web servers work.

If you'd like to read more on the topics I covered, here are some great guides:

      Installing Software
      Setting Up Apache, MySQL, and PHP




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      Shorewall Configuration Guide
      How to Port Forward




http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/     2008/12/09

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setup-a-dedicated-web

  • 1. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 1 of 26 How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free Dec 4th in News, PHP by Alex Villmann All great websites have a great server behind them. In this tutorial, I'll show you how to set up a dedicated web server (with Apache, MySQL, and PHP) using that old computer you have lying around the house and some free software. Author: Alex Villmann I'm Alex Villmann, a web developer/designer from Oregon. I mostly design websites, but I can sometimes be caught tinkering with web servers and optimizing MySQL databases. I'm always happy to provide help with PHP, MySQL, and other related web technologies. A Quick Overview In this tutorial, we are aiming to accomplish several things: We're going to install the Ubuntu Server operating system. I commonly use Ubuntu because of its ease of use and simple administration. It also has a rather large and extremely active community behind it, which makes getting support a breeze. We're going to install an OpenSSH server. This allows you to administer your server from remote computers. A LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) stack is going to be installed. This provides the backbone that will run your web site. Apache is the industry standard web server on Unix-based operating systems; it's what most web hosts use (NETTUTS is using it right now!) and it's what we're going to use. We're going to install a firewall to protect your server from unauthorized access. In order to follow this tutorial, you're going to need a few items: http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 2. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 2 of 26 A computer to use as your server. It doesn't need to be powerful; as long as it's not ancient, it'll work fine. Please don't do this on your desktop PC; Ubuntu will completely wipe your computer. A CD burner and a blank CD. These are so that you can burn Ubuntu to a disk in order to install it. Time. Seriously, this process is time-consuming, especially if you run into problems. Try to set aside an afternoon to follow this tutorial. You may be asking why you'd want to have your own web server. There are several reasons, a few of them being: you can have your own testing ground for your websites; with a little modification, you could host your own site; and, you will learn a lot about Linux/Unix as you go. With that said, let's get started! Download Ubuntu Server First and foremost, we're going to need a CD with Ubuntu on it. Point your web browser to http://www.ubuntu.com/, and click download from the menu to the left. You will now be presented with a box with two tabs: quot;Desktop Editionquot; and quot;Server Editionquot;. Click the quot;Server Editionquot; tab, and select quot;Ubuntu 8.04 LTSquot;. Next, select a download location from the drop-down box. Finally, hit the quot;Begin Downloadquot; button. Now you need to burn the ISO (the file that you downloaded) to a blank CD. If you don't know how to do this, there is an excellent guide at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BurningIsoHowto Install Ubuntu Server Now that you've downloaded and burned the ISO, let's get Ubuntu installed on your server. Put the disk in the drive, and boot from the CD. In most modern computers, this will happen by default if a disk is in the drive when you turn it on. If it doesn't, then you need to press a key on your keyboard right when http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 3. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 3 of 26 you turn it on. For my laptop, it's F12, and for my server, it's F2. It just depends on your computer. You can find it by looking at the text on your screen right when you turn the computer on, during the BIOS. You'll see something like quot;Press [KEY] to change boot orderquot;. Press that key, and select your CD drive. Still with me? Good. Now that you've booted up Ubuntu, you should see the following screen: Select your language, and hit enter. Now you'll see this screen: http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 4. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 4 of 26 Select quot;Install Ubuntu Serverquot;, and away we go! The installer will now ask you if you want it to detect your keyboard layout. Personally, I always choose no, because it's faster to select a standard american keyboard from the list than to have the installer detect it. Either option is fine, just follow the on-screen instructions. After you've done that, you'll now see a bunch of loading screens saying things like quot;Detecting CD- ROM drivesquot; and such. These should pass quickly and without problems. However, during these screens, the installer will try to auto-configure your network settings. For most cases, this will work without complaint. However, if it doesn't work for you, just follow the on-screen instructions to get it working. After it's done with all of that, it will ask you for a host name. You can usually set this to anything; I always set mine to quot;web-serverquot;. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 5. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 5 of 26 The system will now want you to set the time zone for your clock. For me, it's Pacific. Choose the one that applies to you. Now, the system will detect more hardware, and you'll be prompted to quot;partion the disk(s)quot;. Select quot;Guided - use entire diskquot;. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 6. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 6 of 26 You will now need to select the disk you wish to partition. For most setups, only one disk will be available; however, for more specialized systems, more options will be available here. Choose the one that applies to you. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 7. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 7 of 26 It will ask you if you want to write the changes to the disk. Select quot;Yesquot; and hit enter. The installer will now proceed to format the drive and set up the partitions. Now the magic happens. The system will begin to install. While this happens, go get a cup of coffee. This can take anywhere from 10 minutes to an hour. It just depends on your system. There might be times that it seems like it's frozen; don't worry, it isn't. Just let it do it's thing. However, if it's stuck on one thing for upwards of an hour, then yes, it is frozen. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 8. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 8 of 26 Now that the system is installed, it needs to set up the account you are going to login with. First, give it your full name and hit quot;Continuequot;. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 9. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 9 of 26 Now give it your username. It will normally just set it as your first name, but you can change it. One name you may not use is quot;rootquot;. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 10. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 10 of 26 You will now be asked to provide a password. It is ESSENTIAL that you choose a strong password, or your server will not be secure at all. I recommend at LEAST a mixture of numbers, lowercase letters, and uppercase letters. However, for my servers I use symbols, as well as a mixture of the above. DO NOT use a password shorter than 7 characters. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 11. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 11 of 26 Then, re-enter your password to verify that you typed it correctly. The system will now attempt to configure the quot;Package Managerquot; (we'll get to what that is shortly). Provide it with your proxy information, or leave it blank if you don't use a proxy, and select quot;Continuequot;. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 12. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 12 of 26 The system will now scan several servers looking for updates and configuration settings. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 13. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 13 of 26 After that has completed, you will be presented with several options to install server software. Now, listen VERY carefully. Select OpenSSH server, and press SPACE, NOT ENTER. If you hit enter, the install will proceed without installing the OpenSSH server. You could install quot;LAMP serverquot; as well, but I have no experience with this option, so we're going to install it all with a different command later on. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 14. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 14 of 26 The system will now install your selected software, as well as other system components. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 15. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 15 of 26 Finally, the install will finish. Remove the CD, and hit enter. The computer will reboot. If all goes well, you will be presented with a screen that looks similar to the following: Congratulations! You've just finished the hardest part. Ubuntu is now installed, and it is time to turn this computer into a web server. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 16. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 16 of 26 Update Your New Server Before we go any further, we need to make sure your server is up-to-date. To do this, you need to login. First, type your username (the one you chose earlier), press enter, and then type your password. As you're typing your password, you'll notice that nothing seems to be happening. Don't worry, that's the way it was designed to work. After you've finished typing your password, hit enter, and your screen should look similar to the one below if all went well: Now, type: sudo aptitude update && sudo aptitude dist-upgrade It will ask you for you password, and again, you won't see anything as you're typing it. After you've done that, it will ask you if you want to continue. Type quot;yquot; and press enter. Your screen will look similar to the following: http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 17. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 17 of 26 Your system will now download and install all the latest updates. This will take a while depending on your internet connection. After it has finished, your computer will need to be rebooted. To do this, type: sudo shutdown -r now And let it reboot. Your server is now completely updated. A Quick Note About quot;Sudoquot; By now, you may have noticed that all of the commands you have typed have started with quot;sudoquot;. This is because they require administrator privileges, and that's what quot;sudoquot; does. It runs the command (i.e. quot;shutdownquot;) as an administrator, allowing it to work properly. This is also why it asks you for your password. However, after you have typed quot;sudoquot; once and entered your password, you do not have to enter your password again for five minutes. Not all commands require sudo, only ones that modify parts of the system. Got all of that? Good. Install Apache, MySQL, and PHP It is now time to install some programs. In order to access your sites from the internet, we're going to need to install a web server (Apache). In additon to the web server, we'll also want a database server (MySQL) and a server-side language (PHP) so that we can run popular applications such as WordPress. So, let's get to it! Installing programs on Ubuntu is a lot different than installing programs on Windows or OS X, in that Ubuntu will download and install the programs for you with a simple command. This is because Ubuntu has something called a Package Manager, which manages nearly all the programs on your system. All we have to do is tell the package manager (called quot;aptitudequot;) that we want it to install Apache, MySQL, and PHP. To do this, type the following command: sudo aptitude install apache2 php5-mysql libapache2-mod-php5 mysql-server http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 18. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 18 of 26 And press enter. Aptitude will download and install of the programs you specified. It will also download and install any dependencies. During the install process, MySQL will ask you for a root password. You can set this to anything, just be sure you make it long and secure. Whatever you do, DO NOT leave this blank. After that has all finished, you now have a fully working web server. To test it out, first find your server's IP by typing: ifconfig | grep inet http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 19. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 19 of 26 It's usually the first IP returned. In my case, it's 192.168.177.129. Now that you know the IP, open your web browser and point it to your server IP. If you see the quot;It works!quot; message, then congratulations, it works. However, we're not done yet. We don't want Apache or PHP to disclose any information about themselves, as this information is not needed by your users and could pose a security risk. First, back up the original Apache configuration file: http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 20. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 20 of 26 sudo cp /etc/apache2/apache2.conf /etc/apache2/apache2.conf.bak Now open the configuration file: sudo nano /etc/apache2/apache2.conf Scroll down (down arrow) to where it says quot;ServerTokens Fullquot; and change it to read quot;ServerTokens Prodquot; Now, scroll down a little further and change quot;ServerSignature Onquot; to quot;ServerSignature Offquot; http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 21. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 21 of 26 Finally, press Control-O followed by Control-X. That will save the file and exit the text editor. Now, we need to do the same thing for PHP. First, back up the original PHP configuration file: sudo cp /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini.bak Open the configuration file: sudo nano /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini Change quot;expose_php = Onquot; to quot;expose_php = Offquot; Again, press Control-O followed by Control-X. Now that the configuration files are updated, restart Apache: sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart You are done setting up Apache, MySQL, and PHP. Install a Firewall We now are going to lock down our server a bit more by installing Shorewall, a command-line firewall. To install it: sudo aptitude install shorewall By default, Shorewall is installed with no rules, allowing complete access. However, this is not the behavior we want. Instead, we're going to block all connections to anything other than port 80 (HTTP) and port 22 (SSH). First, copy the configuration files to the Shorewall directory: sudo cp /usr/share/doc/shorewall-common/examples/one-interface/* /etc/shorewall/ http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 22. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 22 of 26 Now, open the quot;rulesquot; file: sudo nano /etc/shorewall/rules Add these lines above where it says quot;#LAST LINEquot; HTTP/ACCEPT net $FW SSH/ACCEPT net $FW Then press Control-O and Control-X. Your firewall is now configured to only accept HTTP and SSH traffic. The last thing we need to do is tell Shorewall to start on boot. So, open up the main Shorewall configuration file: sudo nano /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf Scroll down to quot;STARTUP_ENABLED=Noquot; and set it to quot;STARTUP_ENABLED=Yesquot; http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 23. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 23 of 26 Press Control-O and Control-X. Now, open the Shorewall default configuration file: sudo nano /etc/default/shorewall And change quot;startup=0quot; to quot;startup=1quot;. Press Control-O and Control-X. Finally, start your firewall: sudo /etc/init.d/shorewall start Congratulations! Your firewall is now set up and protecting your server. Add Your Website to Your Web Server Now that you've got everything all set up, you'd probably like to add a website to it. By default, all of the files Apache serves up to the internet are located at quot;/var/www/quot;. However, you cannot write to this folder. Let's make it so you can: sudo usermod -g www-data [YOUR USERNAME] sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www sudo chmod -R 775 /var/www What happened there was you added yourself to the quot;www-dataquot; group, and made the website folder writable to the members of the quot;www-dataquot; group. Now, you're going to log into your server using SFTP (not to be confused with FTPS). Some clients that support SFTP are: WinSCP (Windows, Free), FileZilla (Windows, Linux, OS X, Free), Cyberduck (OS X, Free), and, my personal favorite, Transmit (OS X, $30) Connect to your server using your username and password, and, if your client supports it, a default path of quot;/var/wwwquot; (if it doesn't, simply browse to /var/www once you have logged in): (Transmit pictured) http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 24. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 24 of 26 You may now add your files to this folder (/var/www) and they will show up on your server when you browse to it with your web browser. Now, you may wonder why we're using SFTP instead of FTP. Mainly, because SFTP is already built into OpenSSH (which you installed earlier). However, it is also a lot more secure than FTP, and makes it difficult (if not impossible) for malicious users to gain access to your login credentials. Make Your Server Accesible to the Internet Most modern home networks are behind a router these days. Because of this, your web server will not be visible to the internet without a little work. As I don't have every router available to test with, I can only give you general directions in this area. There are two ways to open your server up to the internet: a DMZ or Port Forwarding. The main difference you'll notice is that with a DMZ, your server uses the firewall we installed earlier to protect itself. However, with Port Forwarding, your server will be protected by your router's firewall. However, before we go on, you're going to want to give your server a static LAN address. To do that, login to your router, and look for something along the lines of quot;Static IPsquot; or quot;Static Routingquot;. After you have given your server a static LAN address, you can do these next parts. Remember, Google is your friend. To port foward, there is an excellent website, PortForward.com, that, while ugly, can help you get the job done for almost any router. The ports that you want to forward are 22 and 80. http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 25. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 25 of 26 To create a DMZ, you need to login to your router and look for something like quot;DMZ settingsquot;. Once you find it, add your server to the DMZ, and you'll be set. Again, Google is helpful in situations like this. Now, find your public IP, and voila! You can access your server from anywhere as long as your IP doesn't change. Managing Your Server Remotely Beside allowing you to upload files, OpenSSH allows you to login to your server from anywhere as long as you know it's IP. For Windows, you'll need an SSH client. I recommend Putty. For OS X, SSH is already installed. Simply open up Terminal, and type quot;ssh you@youripquot;. For Putty, choose SSH, and put in your IP, username, and password when it asks for it. You'll notice that, once you login, it looks exactly the same as the screen on the server: You can do anything from here that you would do actually sitting at the server. To logout from the server, simply type quot;exitquot; and hit enter. That's It! You now have a completely functioning web server. It makes for a great testing ground, and would even be suitable to host websites with fairly low traffic. There is obviously a lot left to be learned, but hopefully you have gained a little insight into how web servers work. If you'd like to read more on the topics I covered, here are some great guides: Installing Software Setting Up Apache, MySQL, and PHP http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09
  • 26. How to Setup a Dedicated Web Server for Free - NETTUTS Page 26 of 26 Shorewall Configuration Guide How to Port Forward http://nettuts.com/articles/news/how-to-setup-a-dedicated-web-server-for-free/ 2008/12/09