1. Modern Oceanographic
Exploration
(1957 – Present)
Oceanography
Kempsville High School

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International Geophysical Year -
1957
International Impact
International Co-operation
Nations share Oceanic Research
Founding of Antarctic research
stations

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International Geophysical Year -
1957
South Pole Research Station Established

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Research Vessels
1. Glomar Challenger
Examples of Uses:
 Deep Sea drilling
samples
 Seafloor spreading
evidence
 Determine the age of
our Planet
 Discover Natural
Resources

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Research Vessels
2. Joides Resolution
 Vessel belongs to Texas A
& M University
 Ten-year international
study
 Study of the Earth’s
Crust, fossils, Sediments
and Circulation

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3. Project Famous 1974
 Alvin played a pivotal role in Project FAMOUS (French-
American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study).
 Along with the French submersibles Cyana and
Archimede.
 Alvin helped the French and American scientists
confirm the theory of sea-floor spreading along the mid-
Atlantic Ridge.

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Project Famous 1974 cont…
Project Famous 1974
 Study of Plate Tectonics
 Study of Hydrothermal vents
 Sensors (Echo Sounders) located in the stern
 Satellite link to onboard computers
 Alvin allowed researchers to conduct
biological, chemical, geochemical, geological and
geophysical studies.

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Submersibles
Alvin, Archimede and Cyana:
 Modern, smaller with safety escape systems
 Gather current data on the oceans depths or the
benthic area
 ROV = Remotely Operated Vehicle is a robot which is
used by a submersible.
 ROV’s are unmanned, and can enter more dangerous
areas.

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Research Vessel Alvin

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Research Vessel Archimede

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Submersibles
4. Bathyscapes…
 Trieste = Expensive
 Larger, first types of Submersibles
 Larger Crew, slower and no escape pod

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The Trieste

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3 Famous Modern Mariners
1. Fridtjof Nansen
2. Jacques Cousteau
3. Dr. Robert Ballard

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1. Captain Nansen

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Captain Nansen
 Research Vessel Fram ~ 1900
 Involved in Artic Research
 Invented the Nansen bottle which took water from
different depths to determine Salinity, Temperature and
Organisms
 From Norway as Zoologist and Statesman
 He earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922

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2. Jacques Cousteau

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Jacques Cousteau
 Marine Explorer ~ concerned with life in the Oceans
1950’s ~ 1990’s
 Environmentalist ~ Endangered Species
 Biological Research Vessel Calypso
 Invented SCUBA with Emile Gagnon
 Documentary TV Shows in the 1970’s
 French WWII Hero and Spy

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3. Dr. Robert Ballard 1970 ~
Current

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Dr. Robert Ballard 1970 ~
Current
 Navel research Officer
 Marine Geologist & director of Wood’s Hole
 Wrecks Found:
 Titanic
 Bismarch
 Lusitania
 WW II Ships
 Greek Vessels

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Major Institutes of Marine
Study
1. Office of Naval Research
2. Script’s Institute of Oceanography
3. Wood’s Hole Oceanographic Institute

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1. Office of Naval Research
Research and Weather Prediction

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2. Scripts Institute ~ California

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3. Woods Hole ~ Maine

24. The End
Research never
Ends