Group presentation on evaluation and hazard controls of nuclear power plants.

1. Hazard Methodology, Evaluations
and Controls of Nuclear Facilities
Andrew
Antolic
Greg
Doyon
Niyi
Olayinka

2. Background
 Clean Air Act of 1970 and its amendments
 EPA's National Emissions Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants

3. Measuring Tools
 Dosimeters measure an absolute dose
received over a period of time.
 Film-badge dosimeters
 Ion-chamber dosimeters
 Thermo luminescent dosimeter

4. Measuring tools
 Equipment that measures direct radiation
exposure
 Geiger counters
 Scintillation counters
Example of direct radiation exposure
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yp9iJ3pPuL
8&feature=youtube_gdata_player

5. PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT
 1rem= 0.01 Sv
 Dose limits notwithstanding, engineering
controls to achieve occupational doses as low
as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
 PEL (Dose) Per Calendar Quarter

6. PEL
BODY PART CALENDAR 1/4 MONTHLY AVG MONTHY ALARA
Whole body, head 1.25 rem (3 rem) 0.416 rem 0.010 rem
and trunk, active
blood-forming
organs, lens of
eye, or gonads
Dose to Hands 18.75 rem 6.25 rem 0.150 rem
and forearms; feet
and ankles
Skin of whole 7.5 rem 2.5 rem 0.060 rem
body

7. ACCUMULATED LIMIT
 Based upon a 5day week, 8hour day 1.25
rems/quarter translates approximately to
 100/millirems per week (mrems/week), 20
mrems/day, and 2.5 mrems/hour (Action
level)
 Accumulated Limit. occupational exposure
shall not exceed 5 rems multiplied by the
number of years beyond age 18

8. PEL and Radiation Dosage
 Minors (<18yrs)
 Pregnant women
 Maximum yearly dose Limit- US radiation
workers?
 Annual dose at which increased lifetime risk of
cancer evident?
 50 rem- WBC
 100 rem- Radiation sickness

9. Controls for Nuclear Industry
 Engineered controls and emergency back-up
plans
 Make sure if an accident happens it can be
contained
 Nuclear fission stops
 Prevent nuclear explosions
 Fukushima Plant
 http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/specia
l/columns/news_cut/archive/2011/03/how_many_
backup_plans_make_a_n.shtml

10. Controls for Nuclear Industry
 Eliminate worker error
 Properly qualified and trained
 Constant attention
 Worker Rotation
 Work one of three 8-hour shifts or one of two 12-
hour shifts on a rotating basis.
 Prevention control
 Inareas of ionizing radiation, signs MUST be
present
 PPE

11. Controls for Nuclear Industry
 Nuclear Power Plant Safety Act of 2011
 New Legislation introduced by Edward Markey of
Massachusetts
 Require nuclear power plants to have emergency
backup plans and systems that can withstand
longer electricity outages.
 Ensure that nuclear power plants and spent
nuclear fuel pools can withstand and adequately
respond to earthquakes, tsunamis, strong storms,
long power outages, or other events that threaten
a major impact.

12. Conclusion
 Variety of devices for measurements
 Direct and overtime
 Daily exposure to ionizing radiation is common
for workers
 0.05 Sv yearly exposure
 Reactor meltdowns extremely rare
 More controls and emergency plans are
necessary
 Prevention is key

13. QUESTIONS???
Thank You