Generic Presentaion

1. e-Learning Geographye-Learning Geography
Project.Project.
Julian Sammut
Form 3.2

2. Physical & Human Geography.Physical & Human Geography.
Geography is divided into two parts:Geography is divided into two parts:
 Physical Geography – the study of natural features of thePhysical Geography – the study of natural features of the
Earth, andEarth, and
 Human Geography - the study of where and how peopleHuman Geography - the study of where and how people
live.live.

3. Environmental Geography.Environmental Geography.
Environmental Geography is the combination of the Physical &Environmental Geography is the combination of the Physical &
Human Geography. A natural resources is a source of wealthHuman Geography. A natural resources is a source of wealth
coming from our planet. People can use resources for theircoming from our planet. People can use resources for their
advantage. We can use resources in our everyday life to drink,advantage. We can use resources in our everyday life to drink,
clean & wash.clean & wash.

4. Weather & Climate.Weather & Climate.
Weather can be described as the general conditions of the airWeather can be described as the general conditions of the air
around us. The description of weather is based on a number ofaround us. The description of weather is based on a number of
factors; Temperature, Precipitation, Wind speed, Wind direction,factors; Temperature, Precipitation, Wind speed, Wind direction,
Cloud type, Cloud cover, Visibility & General weather.Cloud type, Cloud cover, Visibility & General weather.

5. Weather & Climate.Weather & Climate.
 Temperature- measured using a thermometer.Temperature- measured using a thermometer.
 Precipitation- measured using a rain gauge.Precipitation- measured using a rain gauge.
 Wind speed- how strong the wind is blowing.Wind speed- how strong the wind is blowing.
 Wind direction- recorded using a wind vane.Wind direction- recorded using a wind vane.
 Cloud type- the four main type of clouds areCloud type- the four main type of clouds are
Cumulonimbus, Cumulus, Stratus & Cirrus.Cumulonimbus, Cumulus, Stratus & Cirrus.
 Visibility- the distance in M that can be seen.Visibility- the distance in M that can be seen.
 General weather- words such as Sunny, Rainy & Cloud usedGeneral weather- words such as Sunny, Rainy & Cloud used
to describe the weather.to describe the weather.

6. Weather & Climate.Weather & Climate.
Wind can be described as moving air while temperature canWind can be described as moving air while temperature can
be described as whether it is cold or warm.be described as whether it is cold or warm.
Microclimate is the climate condition of a small area. TheseMicroclimate is the climate condition of a small area. These
are different from general surroundings like schoolyard.are different from general surroundings like schoolyard.
The things which cause Micro-climate are;The things which cause Micro-climate are;
 Physical features- like forests & hills.Physical features- like forests & hills.
 Shelter - like walls, hedges & trees.Shelter - like walls, hedges & trees.
 Surfaces - dark surfaces become warmer than lightSurfaces - dark surfaces become warmer than light
surfaces.surfaces.
 Buildings - can provide shade from the sun & stored heatBuildings - can provide shade from the sun & stored heat
during day and released during night.during day and released during night.
 Aspect - classes facing the sun are warmer than classes inAspect - classes facing the sun are warmer than classes in
the shade.the shade.

7. The Water Cycle.The Water Cycle.
Water can be in the state of Liquid/Gas/Solid. EvaporationWater can be in the state of Liquid/Gas/Solid. Evaporation
happens when the warm wind blows over the ocean seas. Thehappens when the warm wind blows over the ocean seas. The
water on top Evaporates. Therefore the Water changes from thewater on top Evaporates. Therefore the Water changes from the
Liquid to a Gas. Evapotranspiritation happens when waterLiquid to a Gas. Evapotranspiritation happens when water
Evaporates from the trees and plants. As the moist air rises, itEvaporates from the trees and plants. As the moist air rises, it
cools and water droplets form. This is when clouds form, it iscools and water droplets form. This is when clouds form, it is
called Condensation. As the water droplets grow larger and fall tocalled Condensation. As the water droplets grow larger and fall to
the ground. This is called Precipitation. It mostly happens in thethe ground. This is called Precipitation. It mostly happens in the
form of rain.form of rain.

8. The 3 Types Of Rainfall.The 3 Types Of Rainfall.
 Relief rainfall - The moist air is forced to rise over the mountains,Relief rainfall - The moist air is forced to rise over the mountains,
as the air rises, it cools, condenses and rain falls.as the air rises, it cools, condenses and rain falls.
 Frontal rainfall - This happens when a mass of warm air meetsFrontal rainfall - This happens when a mass of warm air meets
with a mass of cooler air, warm air is lighter then cooler air and iswith a mass of cooler air, warm air is lighter then cooler air and is
forced to rise.forced to rise.
 Convectional rainfall - The sun warms up the ground, whichConvectional rainfall - The sun warms up the ground, which
warms up the air above it, the warm air rises, it cools andwarms up the air above it, the warm air rises, it cools and
condenses so rain falls.condenses so rain falls.

9. AnticyclonesAnticyclones
Anticyclones are high pressure weather systems. The air is sinkingAnticyclones are high pressure weather systems. The air is sinking
so there are few clouds. As the air sinks, it warms and thereforeso there are few clouds. As the air sinks, it warms and therefore
condensation doesn’t take place. No condensation means nocondensation doesn’t take place. No condensation means no
clouds and therefore no rain. Anticyclones tend to give fine settledclouds and therefore no rain. Anticyclones tend to give fine settled
weather which may last several days. They can cover huge areas.weather which may last several days. They can cover huge areas.
In summer they bring hot and sunny weather. In winter theyIn summer they bring hot and sunny weather. In winter they
bring clear skies, low temperatures with a risk of fog and frost.bring clear skies, low temperatures with a risk of fog and frost.

10. Depressions.Depressions.
Depressions are Low Pressure weather systems that produceDepressions are Low Pressure weather systems that produce
cloudy and rainy weather conditions. Depressions develop whencloudy and rainy weather conditions. Depressions develop when
warm air meets cold air. The boundary between the different airwarm air meets cold air. The boundary between the different air
masses is called a ‘Front’. Depressions show up clearly on satellitemasses is called a ‘Front’. Depressions show up clearly on satellite
images as great swirls of cloud. Depressions bring a sequence ofimages as great swirls of cloud. Depressions bring a sequence of
weather changes as they pass over head.weather changes as they pass over head.

11. Ground Water & Surface Water.Ground Water & Surface Water.
The water cycle is a never-ending cycle and rain forms part of theThe water cycle is a never-ending cycle and rain forms part of the
water cycle. Rain is essential for life on earth on earth becausewater cycle. Rain is essential for life on earth on earth because
water is important for plants to grow and to animals to live. Whenwater is important for plants to grow and to animals to live. When
rain falls on the ground, some of the water lies on the surfacerain falls on the ground, some of the water lies on the surface
eventually some of this water sinks slowly into the ground . This iseventually some of this water sinks slowly into the ground . This is
called Ground Water. Some of the water ends up in rivers and thiscalled Ground Water. Some of the water ends up in rivers and this
is called Surface Water.is called Surface Water.

12. River Basin.River Basin.
 Rivers - have a defined structure with a number of features whichRivers - have a defined structure with a number of features which
are common to all rivers.are common to all rivers.
 Watershed - is an area of highland forming the edge of the riverWatershed - is an area of highland forming the edge of the river
basin.basin.
 River Basin - is the area of land drained by a river following into aRiver Basin - is the area of land drained by a river following into a
main river.main river.
 Source - is from where the river begins.Source - is from where the river begins.
 Tributary - is a small stream following into the main river.Tributary - is a small stream following into the main river.
 Channel - is where a river flows.Channel - is where a river flows.
 Mouth - is where a river flows into a lake or the sea.Mouth - is where a river flows into a lake or the sea.

13. Rivers Around the world.Rivers Around the world.
Rivers are found in all the continents. The major rivers are:Rivers are found in all the continents. The major rivers are:
 Africa - Nile, Zaire & Zambezi.Africa - Nile, Zaire & Zambezi.
 Asia - Ganges, Volga & Yangtze.Asia - Ganges, Volga & Yangtze.
 Australia - Murray-Darling.Australia - Murray-Darling.
 Europe - Danube & Rhine.Europe - Danube & Rhine.
 North America - St. Laurence, Mississippi & Colorado.North America - St. Laurence, Mississippi & Colorado.
 South America - Amazon.South America - Amazon.

14. Flooding ProblemsFlooding Problems
Floods occur when the river’s capacity to carry water is exceededFloods occur when the river’s capacity to carry water is exceeded
or when the sea level rises. Flooding usually effects coastal areasor when the sea level rises. Flooding usually effects coastal areas
and river basins. There are several natural and human factorsand river basins. There are several natural and human factors
which effect flooding. Some of them are:which effect flooding. Some of them are:
 Excessive precipitation.Excessive precipitation.
 Melting of snow,Melting of snow,
 Failure of man-made dams,Failure of man-made dams,
 Deforestation,Deforestation,
 Urbanisation.Urbanisation.

15. The EndThe End