Macasu, gerrell c.

A final requirement for programming

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Programming
We first define the word “programming”, it is a computer
language programmers use to develop applications, scripts, or
other set of instructions for a computer to execute.

programming is instructing a computer to do something
for you with the help of a programming language. The role of a
programming language can be described in two ways:
 Technical: It is a means for instructing a Computer to perform
Tasks
 Conceptual: It is a framework within which we organize our
ideas about things and processes.


As an individual, I have learned that programming is a
very broad because it composes many scripts, applications and
can be used to run a program that has been part of the
programming language.

A programming language should both provide means to
describe primitive data and procedures and means to combine
and abstract those into more complex ones.
The distinction between data and procedures is not that
clear cut. In many programming languages, procedures can be
passed as data (to be applied to ``real'' data) and sometimes
processed like ``ordinary'' data. Conversely ``ordinary'' data can
be turned into procedures by an evaluation mechanism.


At first, programming is confusing because you have
so much to understand about codes that will enable to run
a program. Programming has applications and program
development, the best example for this is the Internet
bowser…

Programming is a creative process done by
programmers to instruct a computer on how to do a task.
Fundamentally programs manipulate numbers and text.
These are the building blocks of all programs.
Programming languages let you use them in different
ways, e.g adding numbers, etc… or storing data on disk for
later retrieval.


You have to consider languages to run or write your
own program, most demanded language in programming is
the DEV C++ (a full-featured Integrated Development
Environment (IDE)).

C++ is one of the most used programming
languages in the world. Also known as "C with Classes".

New to programming or thinking about it? It might surprise
you to know that there are many programmers who
program just for fun and it can lead to a job.


Switch Case
Switch case statements are a
substitute for long if statements that
compare a variable to several "integral"
values ("integral" values are simply values
that can be expressed as an integer, such as
the value of a char).


basic format for using switch case:
switch ( <variable> ) {
case this-value:
Code to execute if <variable> == this-value
break;
case that-value:
Code to execute if <variable> == that-value
break;
...
default:
Code to execute if <variable> does not equal the value following any of the
cases
break;
}

The value of the variable given into switch is compared to the value
following each of the cases, and when one value matches the value
of the variable, the computer continues executing the program from
that point.


The condition of a switch statement is
a value. The case says that if it has the
value of whatever is after that case then do
whatever follows the colon. The break is
used to break out of the case statements.
An important thing to note about the switch
statement is that the case values may
only be constant integral expressions.

“Break” is a keyword that breaks out
of the code block, usually surrounded by
braces, which it is in. In this case, break
prevents the program from falling through
and executing the code in all the other
case statements.


The default case is optional, but it is
wise to include it as it handles any
unexpected cases. Switch statements
serves as a simple way to write long if
statements when the requirements are
met. Often it can be used to process input
from a user.


This shows how would you use a Switch in a Program
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void playgame()
{
cout << "Play game called";
}
void loadgame()
}
cout << "Load game called";
void playmultiplayer()
{
cout << "Play multiplayer game called";
}

int main()
{
int input;

cout<<"1. Play gamen";
cout<<"2. Load gamen";
cout<<"3. Play multiplayern";
cout<<"4. Exitn";
cout<<"Selection: "; cin>> input;
switch ( input ) {
case 1: // Note the colon, not a semicolon
playgame();
break;
loadgame();
break;
playmultiplayer();
break;
cout<<"Thank you for playing!n";
break;
default: // Note the colon, not a semicolon
cout<<"Error, bad input, quittingn";
break;
}
cin.get();
}

That program will compile, but cannot be run until
the undefined functions are given bodies, but it
serves as a model (albeit simple) for processing
input. If you do not understand this then try mentally
putting in if statements for the case statements. Default
simply skips out of the switch case construction and
allows the program to terminate naturally. If you do not
like that, then you can make a loop around the whole
thing to have it wait for valid input. You could easily make
a few small functions if you wish to test the code.


Looping
Loops are used to repeat a block of
code. Being able to have your program
repeatedly execute a block of code is one of
the most basic but useful tasks in
programming -- many programs or websites
that produce extremely complex output (such
as a message board) are really only
executing a single task many times.


(They may be executing a small number
of tasks, but in principle, to produce a list of
messages only requires repeating the
operation of reading in some data and
displaying it.) Now, think about what this
means: a loop lets you write a very simple
statement to produce a significantly greater
result simply by repetition.


One Caveat: before going further, you should
understand the concept of C++'s true and
false, because it will be necessary when working with
loops (the conditions are the same as with if statements).

Three types of Loops:
for, while, and do..


FOR
For ( variable initialization; condition; variable update ) {
Code to execute while the condition is true
}


The variable initialization allows you to either declare a variable and
give it a value or give a value to an already existing variable.
Second, the condition tells the program that while the conditional
expression is true the loop should continue to repeat itself. The
variable update section is the easiest way for a for loop to handle
changing of the variable. It is possible to do things like x++, x = x +
10, or even x = random ( 5 ), and if you really wanted to, you could
call other functions that do nothing to the variable but still have a
useful effect on the code.

Notice that a semicolon separates each of these sections, that
is important. Also note that every single one of the sections may be
empty, though the semicolons still have to be there. If the condition
is empty, it is evaluated as true and the loop will repeat until
something else stops it.


Example:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std; // So the program can see cout and endl

int main()
{
// The loop goes while x < 10, and x increases by one every loop
for ( int x = 0; x < 10; x++ ) {
// Keep in mind that the loop condition checks
// the conditional statement before it loops again.
// consequently, when x equals 10 the loop breaks.
// x is updated before the condition is checked.
cout<< x <<endl;
}
cin.get();
}

This program is a very simple example of a for loop. x is set to
zero, while x is less than 10 it calls cout<< x <<endl; and it adds 1
to x until the condition is met. Keep in mind also that the variable is
incremented after the code in the loop is run for the first time.


WHILE
The basic structure:
While ( condition ) { Code to execute while the condition is
true } The true represents a boolean expression which could
be x == 1 or while ( x != 7 ) (x does not equal 7). It can be any
combination of boolean statements that are legal.
Even, (while x ==5 || v == 7) which says execute the code while
x equals five or while v equals 7. Notice that a while loop is the
same as a for loop without the initialization and update
sections. However, an empty condition is not legal for a
while loop as it is with a for loop.


Example:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std; // So we can see cout and endl

int main()
{
int x = 0; // Don't forget to declare variables

while ( x < 10 ) { // While x is less than 10
cout<< x <<endl;
x++; // Update x so the condition can be met eventually
}
cin.get();
}

The easiest way to think of the loop is that when it reaches the brace at the end it
jumps back up to the beginning of the loop, which checks the condition again and
decides whether to repeat the block another time, or stop and move to the next
statement after the block.


DO..WHILE

are useful for things that want to loop at least once.

The Structure:
do {
} while ( condition ) ;


Notice that the condition is tested at the end
of the block instead of the beginning, so the
block will be executed at least once. If the
condition is true, we jump back to the beginning
of the block and execute it again. A do..while
loop is basically a reversed while loop. A
while loop says "Loop while the condition is
true, and execute this block of code", a do..while
loop says "Execute this block of code, and
loop while the condition is true".

Example:

#include <iostream>


int main()
{
int x;

x = 0;
do {
// "Hello, world!" is printed at least one time
// even though the condition is false
cout<<"Hello, world!n";
} while ( x != 0 );
cin.get();
}

Keep in mind that you must include a trailing semi-colon after the while in
the above example. A common error is to forget that a do..while loop
must be terminated with a semicolon (the other loops should not be
terminated with a semicolon, adding to the confusion). Notice that this
loop will execute once, because it automatically executes before
checking the condition.


LOOPING STATEMENT 1
#include <iostream>

int main()
{

// nSelection must be declared outside do/while loop
int nSelection;

do
{
cout << "Please make a selection: " << endl;
cout << "1) Addition" << endl;
cout << "2) Subtraction" << endl;
cout << "3) Multiplication" << endl;
cout << "4) Division" << endl;
cin >> nSelection;
} while (nSelection != 1 && nSelection != 2 &&
nSelection != 3 && nSelection != 4);

// do something with nSelection here
// such as a switch statement

return 0;
}


LOOPING STAEMENT 2

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int nSelection;
double var1, var2;

do
{
cin >> nSelection;
}

while (nSelection != 1 && nSelection != 2 &&
nSelection != 3 && nSelection != 4);

if (nSelection == 1)
{
cout << "Please enter the first whole number ";
cin >> var1;
cout << "Please enter the second whole number ";
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1+var2) << endl;
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 3
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1-var2) << endl;
}
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1*var2) << endl;
}
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1/var2) << endl;
}

return 0;
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 3
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int nSelection;
double var1, var2;
while (1)
{
do
{
cout << "5) Exit" << endl;
cin >> nSelection;
} while (nSelection != 1 && nSelection != 2 &&
nSelection != 3 && nSelection != 4 &&
nSelection != 5);

{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1+var2) << endl;
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 4

else if (nSelection == 2)
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1-var2) << endl;
}
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1*var2) << endl;
}
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1/var2) << endl;
}
else
{
return 0;
}
}
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 5
#include <iostream>

using namespace std; // So the program can see cout and endl

int main()
{
// The loop goes while x < 10, and x increases by one every loop
for ( int x = 0; x < 10; x++ ) {
// Keep in mind that the loop condition checks
// the conditional statement before it loops again.
// consequently, when x equals 10 the loop breaks.
// x is updated before the condition is checked.
cout<< x <<endl;
}
cin.get();
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 6
#include <iostream>


int main()
{
int x;

x = 0;
do {
// "Hello, world!" is printed at least one time
// even though the condition is false
cout<<"Hello, world!n";
} while ( x != 0 );
cin.get();
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 7
#include <iostream>

int main ()
{
int n;
cout << "Enter the starting number > ";
cin >> n;

while (n>0) {
cout << n << ", ";
--n;
}

cout << "FIRE!n";
return 0;
}


SWITCH CASE 1

SWITCH CASE
#include <iostream>


int main ()

{

int score;

cout << "What was your score?";

cin >> score;

if (score <= 25)

{

cout << "nOuch, less than 25...!";

}


SWITCH CASE 2

else if (score <= 50)

{

cout << "nYou score aint great mate..";

}


{

cout << "nYour pretty good, wel done man!";

}


{

cout << "nYou got to the top!!!";

}


SWITCH CASE 3

else

{

cout << "nYou cant score higher than 100!!! Cheater!!!!";

}

cin.ignore();

cin.get();

return 0;

}


SWITCH CASE 4

#include <iostream>


int main(){
cout << "Enter a number between 1 and 5!" << endl;
int number;
cin >> number;
if(number == 1){
cout << "one";
}
else if(number == 2){
cout << "two";
}
cout << "three";
}
cout << "four";
}
cout << "five";
}
else{
cout << number << " is not between 1 and 5!";
}
cout << endl;
system("pause");
}


SWITCH CASE 5
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int price_before_discount, RM, dozen, total_price;

cout<< "How much is the price before discount for 1 dozen boxes of tissue?n";
cout<<"RM ";
cin>>price_before_discount;
cout<<"nn";

cout<< "How many dozen boxes of tissue you buy?n";
cin>>dozen;
cout<<"nn";

switch (dozen)
{
total_price = ((price_before_discount*dozen) * (95/100));
case '1': cout<< "Total price is RM ";
cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
break;

cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
break;

cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
break;

case '4' : cout<< "Total price is RM ";
cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
break;

default : cout<< "Total price is RM ";
cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
}

return 0;
}


SWITCH CASE 6

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
int n;
printf("Please enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
switch (n) {
case 1: {
printf("n is equal to 1!n");
break;
}
case 2: {
break;
}
case 3: {
break;
}
default: {
printf("n isn't equal to 1, 2, or 3.n");
break;
}
}
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}


SWITCH CASE 7
#include <iostream>
int main(void)
{
char grade;
cout << "Enter your grade: ";
cin >> grade;
switch (grade)
{
case 'A':
cout << "Your average must be between 90 - 100"
<< endl;
break;
case 'B':
<< endl;
break;
case 'C':
<< endl;
break;
case 'D':
<< endl;
break;
default:
cout << "Your average must be below 60" << endl;
}
return 0;
}


In this looping statement, I used “while” looping, and I choose to show MDAS
just as an example for the program to run. If logical Expression evaluates
to true, the statement executes. The logical Expression is reevaluated. The
body of the loop continues to execute until the logicalExpression is false


I have came up with this by just starting to write this code: #include
<iostream> and then enter the succeeding codes, compiled and run.


I noticed that sometimes if the program does not run, it is because some
braces are not included and I accidentally put braces on the same line and
it causes the program not to read its contents. Programming is
sensitive, when there is missing variable or braces or some words it does
not run.


When I learned that programming is very sensitive and at the same
time very detailed when it comes to entering codes, I make sure that it
is clear means that I put everything important codes in it so that the
program would run.


So much codes that should be entered that even the spaces are needed
programming is very specific that whatever you have entered in to it you
should specify because when the statement is false it wouldn’t let you run
the program, I have experienced it before I arrived at this result.


Because of so many experiences I had before this program run, I found
programming is also interesting for the more you are practicing to make a
program run, the more questions that came up in my mind and try
something that will fit to this or entering new codes to make matrix etc…
that I know is possible.


In this switch case missing out a break statement causes control to fall
through to the next case label. Switches can always be replaced by nested if-
else statements, but in some cases this may be more clumsy.
Each break statement terminates the enclosing switch statement. Control
flow continues with the first statement


Unlike if-then and if-then-else statements, the switch statement can have a
number of possible execution paths, A switch works with
the byte, short, char, and int primitive data types.


The switch statement evaluates its expression, then executes all statements
that follow the matching case label.


The switch statement can include any number of case instances, but no two
case constants within the same switch statement can have the same value.
Execution of the statement body begins at the selected statement and
proceeds until the jump-statement transfers control out of the case body.


Submitted to:
Prof. Erwin Globio

Submitted by:
Macasu, Gerrell C.
BM10203

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