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R. Pepe
EBPM 5-7 gg
Acenocumarolo/Warfarina 3-6 mesi o più
Fondaparinux
CRITICITA’
Via sottocutanea Raggiungimento adeguato INR
Possibile HIT Controlli emocoagulativi seriati
Interferenza farmacologica
Interferenza alimentare
Sanguinamenti maggiori: 1-2% /anno
Complicanze da scarsa aderenza temporale
dell’INR (<70%)
Parameter Dabigatran Rivaroxaban Apixaban
Target Thrombin Factor Xa Factor Xa
Oral bioavailability 6.5% 80–100% ~66%
Plasma protein binding 34–35% 92–95% 87%
Dosing twice daily Fixed, once daily Fixed, twice daily
Prodrug Yes No No
Half-life (h) 12–14
5–9 (young
healthy)
11–13 (elderly)
8–13
Tmax (h) ~6 2–4 1–3
Routine coagulation
monitoring
No No No
Eriksson BI et al, 2011; Frost et al, 2007; Kubitza D et al, 2005; Kubitza D et al, 2005; Ogata K et al, 2010; Stangier et al,
2005; Raghavan N et al, 2009; Xarelto SmPC 2011; Xarelto PI 2011; Pradaxa SmPC 2011; Eliquis SmPC 2011;
Dabigatran PI; ROCKET AF Investigators 2010; Lopes et al, 2010; Ruff et al, 2010.
*CYP, cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes; P-gp, P-glycoprotein. Strong inhibitors of both CYP3A4 and P-gp
include azole antifungals (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole) and protease
inhibitors, such as ritonavir.
Eriksson BI et al, 2011
Parameter Dabigatran Rivaroxaban Apixaban
Renal clearance 80% 33%; additional 33%
cleared after
metabolic degradation
to inactive drug
~25%
Potential drug interactions Rifampicin, quinidine,
amiodarone, potent P-
gp inhibitors
Potent inhibitors of
both CYP3A4 and P-
gp*, strong inducers
of CYP3A4
Potent CYP3A4
inhibitors*
DABIGATRAN RIVAROXABAN APIXABAN
Interazioni
Farmacologiche
P-gp inibitori/induttori
CYP3A4 inibitori/induttori
P-gp inibitori
Interazioni risultanti SOVRAPPONIBILI
Con cautela Inibitori/induttori P-gp:
•claritromicina
•amiodarone
•chinidina
•verapamil
Inibitori/induttori di CYP o P-gp:
•claritromicina
•eritromicina
•rifampicina
•carbamazepina
•fenobarbital
•iperico
Controindicati forte inibitore/induttore P-gp
•ketokonazolo
•itraconazolo
•posaconazolo
•ciclosporina
•carbamazepina
•iperico
•fenitoina
•ritonavir
forte inibitore CYP3A4 e P-gp
•ketoconazolo
•itraconazolo
•voriconazolo
•posaconazolo
•ritonavir
RCP Pradaxa – Xarelto – Eliquis
Rivaroxaban
• inibisce attività FXa libero = IC50 0.7 nM
• inibisce attività protrombinasi = IC50 2.1 nM
• Cvalle (concentrazioni dopo 24 h) con 10 mg  ≈1-1.7 nM
• Cvalle (concentrazioni dopo 24 h) con 20 mg  ≈3.5-5.5 nM
La concentrazione minima efficace nelle 24 h è
sempre sufficiente a inibire adeguatamente il FXa
IC50 = concentrazione inibente il 50% dell’attività enzimatica/coagulante
0
5
10
15
20
25
Numero di studi che valutano direttamente la compliance
Numerodistudi
OD > BID* OD = BID# OD < BID‡
*La compliance del paziente con regime OD è significativamente migliore rispetto al regime BID
#Nessuna differenza significativa nella compliance del paziente tra regime OD e BID
‡La compliance del paziente con regime BID è significativamente migliore rispetto al regime OD
Ricerca Pubmed; Marzo 2001–2011
RE-COVER
1 e 2
EINSTEIN-DVT
EINSTEIN-PE
AMPLIFY Hokusai-VTE
Farmaco Dabigatran
EBPM
Rivaroxaban
da solo
Apixaban
Da solo
Edoxaban
EBPM
Stato dello
studio
ASH 09/11 ASH 10/ACC 12 ISTH 13 ESC 13
Efficacia Non Inferiore Non Inferiore Non Inferiore Non inferiore
Tollerabilità = = > >
Einstein DVT** Einstein PE RE-COVER RE-COVER II AMPLIFY
Drugs Rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban Dabigatran Dabigatran Apixaban
Indication Acute treatment of
DVT (including
initial phase)
Acute treatment of
PE (including initial
phase)
Acute treatment of
VTE (after
parenteral
treatment in initial
phase)
Acute treatment
of VTE (after
parenteral
treatment in initial
phase)
Acute treatment
of symptomatic
DVT and PE
(including initial
phase)
Design Open-label,
assessor-blind
Non-inferiority
Open-label,
assessor-blind
Non-inferiority
Double blind
Non-inferiority
Double blind
Non-inferiority
Double blind,
active controlled
Non-inferiority
Dosing and
duration
15 mg bid for
3 weeks followed
by 20 mg od for 3,
6 or 12 months
15 mg bid for
3 weeks followed
by 20 mg od for 3,
6 or 12 months
150 mg bid for
6 months
150 mg bid for
6 months
10 mg bid for 7
days followed by
5 mg bid for
6 months
Control:
dosing and
duration
Enoxaparin 1
mg/kg BW bid for
at least 5 days
plus VKA (INR 2–3)
for 3, 6 or 12
months
Enoxaparin 1
mg/kg BW bid for
at least 5 days plus
VKA (INR 2–3) for
3, 6 or 12 months
Enoxaparin/UFH
(mean 10 days),
followed by
dabigatran vs VKA
for 6 months
Enoxaparin/UFH
(5–10 days),
followed by
dabigatran vs
VKA for 6 months
Enoxaparin plus
VKA
(INR 2–3) for 6
months
Einstein DVT Einstein PE RE-COVER RE-COVER II AMPLIFY
Study Drug Rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban Dabigatran Dabigatran II Apixaban
N 3,449 Estimated 4,500 2,539 Estimated 2,554 Estimated:
4,816 patients
Primary
efficacy
variable
Symptomatic
recurrent VTE:
composite of DVT,
non-fatal PE or fatal
PE
Symptomatic
recurrent VTE:
composite of DVT,
non-fatal PE or
fatal PE
Recurrent
symptomatic
objectively
confirmed VTE
and related
deaths
Recurrent
symptomatic
objectively
confirmed VTE
and related deaths
Venous
thromboemboli
c recurrence or
death within
treatment
period
Primary
efficacy
results
2.1% rivaroxaban
3.0% LMWH/VKAs
Non-inferiority
reached
NA Dabigatran 2.4%
Warfarin 2.1%
Non-inferiority
reached
NA NA
Primary
safety
Composite of major
and clinically
relevant non-major
bleeding
8.1% rivaroxaban
8.1% LMWH/VKAs
Composite of
major and
clinically relevant
non-major
bleeding
Bleeding events
and other
Major bleeding:
1.6% dabigatran
1.9% Warfarin
Bleeding events
and other
Bleeding upon
occurrence
during study
treatment
Einstein EXT** RE-SONATE RE-MEDY AMPLIFY EXT
Study Drug Rivaroxaban Dabigatran Dabigatran Apixaban
Indication Long-term prevention of
recurrent symptomatic
VTE (after treatment of
index event)
Long-term
prevention of
recurrent
symptomatic VTE
(after 6-18 months
treatment with VKA)
Long-term treatment
and secondary
prevention of VTE
(in patients who had
been treated for 3–6
months)
Prevention of
recurrent VTE and
death (after
completion of their
intended treatment
for DVT or PE)
Design Double blind, placebo-
controlled
Superiority
Double blind,
placebo controlled
Superiority
Double blind
Non-inferiority
Double blind,
placebo-controlled
Superiority
Dosing and
duration
20 mg od for 6 to 12
months
150 mg bid for 6
months
150 mg bid for
18 months
2.5 or 5 mg bid for
12 months
Control:
dosing and
duration
Placebo 6–12 months Placebo for 6
months
Warfarin
(INR 2–3) for
18 months
Placebo for 12
months
Einstein EXT RE-SONATE RE-MEDY
NCT00329238
AMPLIFY EXT
Study Drug Rivaroxaban Dabigatran Dabigatran Apixaban
Number of
patients
1,197 Estimated: 1,395
patients
2,867 Estimated: 2,430
patients
Primary
efficacy
variable
Symptomatic
recurrent VTE:
composite of DVT,
non-fatal PE or fatal
PE
Symptomatic
recurrent VTE,
nonfatal or fatal PE
Symptomatic
recurrent VTE and
deaths related to
VTE during the
treatment period
Recurrent VTE or
death within
treatment period
Results 1.3% rivaroxaban
7.1% placebo
RRR 82%
Superiority reached
NA 1.8% dabigatran
1.3% warfarin
HR 1.44
Non-inferiority
reached
NA
Primary
safety
Major bleeding
0.7% rivaroxaban
0% placebo
Clinical relevant
bleeding, all deaths
and cardiovascular
events on treatment
Major bleedings
0.9% dabigatran
1.8% warfarin
Bleeding upon
occurrence
during study
treatment
1. http://clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed 12 November 2010; 2. EINSTEIN Investigators. N Engl J Med 2010 (TBC); 3. Schulmann S, et al.
N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 10;361:2342–2352.
15
Einstein DVT Einstein EP RE-COVER RE-COVER II AMPLIFY
Safety
(months)
Rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban Dabigatran Dabigatran II Apixaban
Composite
3 months
7,7 Rivaroxaban
8,0 LMWH/VKAs
Composite
6 months
8,4 Rivaroxaban
7,2 LMWH/VKAs
5,6 % Dabigatran
8,8 % VKAs
NA 4,3 % Apixaban
9,7 %
LMWH/VKAs
Composite
12 months
7,6 Rivaroxaban
10,2 LMWH/VKAs
Major
3 months
2,9 Rivaroxaban
3,4 LMWH/VKAs
Major
6 months
3,5 Rivaroxaban
4,2 LMWH/VKAs 1.6% Dabigatran
1.9% LMWH/VKAs
1.2% Dabigatran
1.8%
LMWH/VKAs
0,6 % Apixaban
1.8%
LMWH/VKAs
Major
12 months
1,6 Rivaroxaban
4,9 LMWH/VKAs
E’ noto come un aumento del 10% del tempo al di fuori del
range terapeutico comporti un incremento di mortalità pari
al 29%, di ictus del 12% e una maggiore frequenza di ospedalizzazioni
Jones M, McEwan P. et al., Evaluation of the pattern of treatment, level of anticoagulation control, and outcome of treatment with warfarin in
patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation: a record linkage study in a large British population. Heart 2005;91:472‐7.
Aderenza e persistenza alla terapia (breve emivita)
Funzione renale
Trattamento dei sanguinamenti maggiori
Interazione con i farmaci
Controlli seriati almeno ogni 6 mesi presso:
centri TAO
medico specialista che ha prescritto la terapia
Il MMG
Controllo eventi avversi
Funzione renale
Disturbi digestivi
Pazienti con una clearance della cratinina <30ml/min sono stati
esclusi dai trials con dabigatran e rivaroxaban
Quelli con una clearance della cratinina < 25ml/min sono stati
esclusi dal trial con apixaban
Paz. con una clearance della cratinina fra 30-50 ml/min hanno
ricevuto una dose ridotta in Rocket-AF(15mg/d)
Paz. con livelli serici di creatinina di 1.5 mg/dl o più hanno ricevuto
una dose di apixaban ridotta (2 mg/bid)
E’ utile controllare la funzione renale almeno una volta l’anno
sopratutto nei pazienti fragili e negli anziani
Non ci sono antidoti
Ci sono test di laboratorio?
E’ di una qualche utilità il plasma fresco congelato?
I Complessi Protrombinici Concentrati ?
Il Fatt. VII ricombinante (rFVIIa) ?
Dabigatran: Ecarin Clotting Time (ECT), tempo di Trombina (TCT),
diluited Thrombin Time (dTT). Espressi in termini di rapporto
(paziente/normale)
Rivaroxaban/Apixaban: Protromnbin Time (PT) espresso in termini
di rapporto (paziente/normale)
Sarebbe raccomandabile effettuare un primo test dopo i
primi 2-3 mesi dall’inizio di assunzione del farmaco per avere
un valore basale cui riferirsi in caso di sanguinamento
Gli inibitori diretti della trombina (Dabigatran) sono inattivati
dal Plasma Fresco e dai Complessi Protrombinici Concentrati
Utilizzabile anche l’emodialisi
Gli inibitori del FXa (Rivaroxaban, Apixaban) possono essere
parzialmente antagonizzati dai Complessi Protrombinici
Concentrati almeno a 4 fattori (II,VII,IX,X) al dosaggio 50UI/Kg
in unica somministrazione
Eeremberg ES, Circulation 2011
Anticorpo monoclonale specifico per Dabigatran
Fxa modificato anti Xa diretto
Pepe R. Nuovi Anticoagulanti. ASMaD 2013
Pepe R. Nuovi Anticoagulanti. ASMaD 2013
Pepe R. Nuovi Anticoagulanti. ASMaD 2013
Pepe R. Nuovi Anticoagulanti. ASMaD 2013
Pepe R. Nuovi Anticoagulanti. ASMaD 2013

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Pepe R. Nuovi Anticoagulanti. ASMaD 2013

  • 2. EBPM 5-7 gg Acenocumarolo/Warfarina 3-6 mesi o più Fondaparinux CRITICITA’ Via sottocutanea Raggiungimento adeguato INR Possibile HIT Controlli emocoagulativi seriati Interferenza farmacologica Interferenza alimentare Sanguinamenti maggiori: 1-2% /anno Complicanze da scarsa aderenza temporale dell’INR (<70%)
  • 3. Parameter Dabigatran Rivaroxaban Apixaban Target Thrombin Factor Xa Factor Xa Oral bioavailability 6.5% 80–100% ~66% Plasma protein binding 34–35% 92–95% 87% Dosing twice daily Fixed, once daily Fixed, twice daily Prodrug Yes No No Half-life (h) 12–14 5–9 (young healthy) 11–13 (elderly) 8–13 Tmax (h) ~6 2–4 1–3 Routine coagulation monitoring No No No Eriksson BI et al, 2011; Frost et al, 2007; Kubitza D et al, 2005; Kubitza D et al, 2005; Ogata K et al, 2010; Stangier et al, 2005; Raghavan N et al, 2009; Xarelto SmPC 2011; Xarelto PI 2011; Pradaxa SmPC 2011; Eliquis SmPC 2011; Dabigatran PI; ROCKET AF Investigators 2010; Lopes et al, 2010; Ruff et al, 2010.
  • 4. *CYP, cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes; P-gp, P-glycoprotein. Strong inhibitors of both CYP3A4 and P-gp include azole antifungals (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole) and protease inhibitors, such as ritonavir. Eriksson BI et al, 2011 Parameter Dabigatran Rivaroxaban Apixaban Renal clearance 80% 33%; additional 33% cleared after metabolic degradation to inactive drug ~25% Potential drug interactions Rifampicin, quinidine, amiodarone, potent P- gp inhibitors Potent inhibitors of both CYP3A4 and P- gp*, strong inducers of CYP3A4 Potent CYP3A4 inhibitors*
  • 5.
  • 6. DABIGATRAN RIVAROXABAN APIXABAN Interazioni Farmacologiche P-gp inibitori/induttori CYP3A4 inibitori/induttori P-gp inibitori Interazioni risultanti SOVRAPPONIBILI Con cautela Inibitori/induttori P-gp: •claritromicina •amiodarone •chinidina •verapamil Inibitori/induttori di CYP o P-gp: •claritromicina •eritromicina •rifampicina •carbamazepina •fenobarbital •iperico Controindicati forte inibitore/induttore P-gp •ketokonazolo •itraconazolo •posaconazolo •ciclosporina •carbamazepina •iperico •fenitoina •ritonavir forte inibitore CYP3A4 e P-gp •ketoconazolo •itraconazolo •voriconazolo •posaconazolo •ritonavir RCP Pradaxa – Xarelto – Eliquis
  • 7. Rivaroxaban • inibisce attività FXa libero = IC50 0.7 nM • inibisce attività protrombinasi = IC50 2.1 nM • Cvalle (concentrazioni dopo 24 h) con 10 mg  ≈1-1.7 nM • Cvalle (concentrazioni dopo 24 h) con 20 mg  ≈3.5-5.5 nM La concentrazione minima efficace nelle 24 h è sempre sufficiente a inibire adeguatamente il FXa IC50 = concentrazione inibente il 50% dell’attività enzimatica/coagulante
  • 8. 0 5 10 15 20 25 Numero di studi che valutano direttamente la compliance Numerodistudi OD > BID* OD = BID# OD < BID‡ *La compliance del paziente con regime OD è significativamente migliore rispetto al regime BID #Nessuna differenza significativa nella compliance del paziente tra regime OD e BID ‡La compliance del paziente con regime BID è significativamente migliore rispetto al regime OD Ricerca Pubmed; Marzo 2001–2011
  • 9.
  • 10. RE-COVER 1 e 2 EINSTEIN-DVT EINSTEIN-PE AMPLIFY Hokusai-VTE Farmaco Dabigatran EBPM Rivaroxaban da solo Apixaban Da solo Edoxaban EBPM Stato dello studio ASH 09/11 ASH 10/ACC 12 ISTH 13 ESC 13 Efficacia Non Inferiore Non Inferiore Non Inferiore Non inferiore Tollerabilità = = > >
  • 11. Einstein DVT** Einstein PE RE-COVER RE-COVER II AMPLIFY Drugs Rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban Dabigatran Dabigatran Apixaban Indication Acute treatment of DVT (including initial phase) Acute treatment of PE (including initial phase) Acute treatment of VTE (after parenteral treatment in initial phase) Acute treatment of VTE (after parenteral treatment in initial phase) Acute treatment of symptomatic DVT and PE (including initial phase) Design Open-label, assessor-blind Non-inferiority Open-label, assessor-blind Non-inferiority Double blind Non-inferiority Double blind Non-inferiority Double blind, active controlled Non-inferiority Dosing and duration 15 mg bid for 3 weeks followed by 20 mg od for 3, 6 or 12 months 15 mg bid for 3 weeks followed by 20 mg od for 3, 6 or 12 months 150 mg bid for 6 months 150 mg bid for 6 months 10 mg bid for 7 days followed by 5 mg bid for 6 months Control: dosing and duration Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg BW bid for at least 5 days plus VKA (INR 2–3) for 3, 6 or 12 months Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg BW bid for at least 5 days plus VKA (INR 2–3) for 3, 6 or 12 months Enoxaparin/UFH (mean 10 days), followed by dabigatran vs VKA for 6 months Enoxaparin/UFH (5–10 days), followed by dabigatran vs VKA for 6 months Enoxaparin plus VKA (INR 2–3) for 6 months
  • 12. Einstein DVT Einstein PE RE-COVER RE-COVER II AMPLIFY Study Drug Rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban Dabigatran Dabigatran II Apixaban N 3,449 Estimated 4,500 2,539 Estimated 2,554 Estimated: 4,816 patients Primary efficacy variable Symptomatic recurrent VTE: composite of DVT, non-fatal PE or fatal PE Symptomatic recurrent VTE: composite of DVT, non-fatal PE or fatal PE Recurrent symptomatic objectively confirmed VTE and related deaths Recurrent symptomatic objectively confirmed VTE and related deaths Venous thromboemboli c recurrence or death within treatment period Primary efficacy results 2.1% rivaroxaban 3.0% LMWH/VKAs Non-inferiority reached NA Dabigatran 2.4% Warfarin 2.1% Non-inferiority reached NA NA Primary safety Composite of major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding 8.1% rivaroxaban 8.1% LMWH/VKAs Composite of major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding Bleeding events and other Major bleeding: 1.6% dabigatran 1.9% Warfarin Bleeding events and other Bleeding upon occurrence during study treatment
  • 13. Einstein EXT** RE-SONATE RE-MEDY AMPLIFY EXT Study Drug Rivaroxaban Dabigatran Dabigatran Apixaban Indication Long-term prevention of recurrent symptomatic VTE (after treatment of index event) Long-term prevention of recurrent symptomatic VTE (after 6-18 months treatment with VKA) Long-term treatment and secondary prevention of VTE (in patients who had been treated for 3–6 months) Prevention of recurrent VTE and death (after completion of their intended treatment for DVT or PE) Design Double blind, placebo- controlled Superiority Double blind, placebo controlled Superiority Double blind Non-inferiority Double blind, placebo-controlled Superiority Dosing and duration 20 mg od for 6 to 12 months 150 mg bid for 6 months 150 mg bid for 18 months 2.5 or 5 mg bid for 12 months Control: dosing and duration Placebo 6–12 months Placebo for 6 months Warfarin (INR 2–3) for 18 months Placebo for 12 months
  • 14. Einstein EXT RE-SONATE RE-MEDY NCT00329238 AMPLIFY EXT Study Drug Rivaroxaban Dabigatran Dabigatran Apixaban Number of patients 1,197 Estimated: 1,395 patients 2,867 Estimated: 2,430 patients Primary efficacy variable Symptomatic recurrent VTE: composite of DVT, non-fatal PE or fatal PE Symptomatic recurrent VTE, nonfatal or fatal PE Symptomatic recurrent VTE and deaths related to VTE during the treatment period Recurrent VTE or death within treatment period Results 1.3% rivaroxaban 7.1% placebo RRR 82% Superiority reached NA 1.8% dabigatran 1.3% warfarin HR 1.44 Non-inferiority reached NA Primary safety Major bleeding 0.7% rivaroxaban 0% placebo Clinical relevant bleeding, all deaths and cardiovascular events on treatment Major bleedings 0.9% dabigatran 1.8% warfarin Bleeding upon occurrence during study treatment 1. http://clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed 12 November 2010; 2. EINSTEIN Investigators. N Engl J Med 2010 (TBC); 3. Schulmann S, et al. N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 10;361:2342–2352.
  • 15. 15 Einstein DVT Einstein EP RE-COVER RE-COVER II AMPLIFY Safety (months) Rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban Dabigatran Dabigatran II Apixaban Composite 3 months 7,7 Rivaroxaban 8,0 LMWH/VKAs Composite 6 months 8,4 Rivaroxaban 7,2 LMWH/VKAs 5,6 % Dabigatran 8,8 % VKAs NA 4,3 % Apixaban 9,7 % LMWH/VKAs Composite 12 months 7,6 Rivaroxaban 10,2 LMWH/VKAs Major 3 months 2,9 Rivaroxaban 3,4 LMWH/VKAs Major 6 months 3,5 Rivaroxaban 4,2 LMWH/VKAs 1.6% Dabigatran 1.9% LMWH/VKAs 1.2% Dabigatran 1.8% LMWH/VKAs 0,6 % Apixaban 1.8% LMWH/VKAs Major 12 months 1,6 Rivaroxaban 4,9 LMWH/VKAs
  • 16. E’ noto come un aumento del 10% del tempo al di fuori del range terapeutico comporti un incremento di mortalità pari al 29%, di ictus del 12% e una maggiore frequenza di ospedalizzazioni Jones M, McEwan P. et al., Evaluation of the pattern of treatment, level of anticoagulation control, and outcome of treatment with warfarin in patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation: a record linkage study in a large British population. Heart 2005;91:472‐7.
  • 17. Aderenza e persistenza alla terapia (breve emivita) Funzione renale Trattamento dei sanguinamenti maggiori Interazione con i farmaci
  • 18. Controlli seriati almeno ogni 6 mesi presso: centri TAO medico specialista che ha prescritto la terapia Il MMG Controllo eventi avversi Funzione renale Disturbi digestivi
  • 19. Pazienti con una clearance della cratinina <30ml/min sono stati esclusi dai trials con dabigatran e rivaroxaban Quelli con una clearance della cratinina < 25ml/min sono stati esclusi dal trial con apixaban Paz. con una clearance della cratinina fra 30-50 ml/min hanno ricevuto una dose ridotta in Rocket-AF(15mg/d) Paz. con livelli serici di creatinina di 1.5 mg/dl o più hanno ricevuto una dose di apixaban ridotta (2 mg/bid) E’ utile controllare la funzione renale almeno una volta l’anno sopratutto nei pazienti fragili e negli anziani
  • 20. Non ci sono antidoti Ci sono test di laboratorio? E’ di una qualche utilità il plasma fresco congelato? I Complessi Protrombinici Concentrati ? Il Fatt. VII ricombinante (rFVIIa) ?
  • 21. Dabigatran: Ecarin Clotting Time (ECT), tempo di Trombina (TCT), diluited Thrombin Time (dTT). Espressi in termini di rapporto (paziente/normale) Rivaroxaban/Apixaban: Protromnbin Time (PT) espresso in termini di rapporto (paziente/normale) Sarebbe raccomandabile effettuare un primo test dopo i primi 2-3 mesi dall’inizio di assunzione del farmaco per avere un valore basale cui riferirsi in caso di sanguinamento
  • 22. Gli inibitori diretti della trombina (Dabigatran) sono inattivati dal Plasma Fresco e dai Complessi Protrombinici Concentrati Utilizzabile anche l’emodialisi Gli inibitori del FXa (Rivaroxaban, Apixaban) possono essere parzialmente antagonizzati dai Complessi Protrombinici Concentrati almeno a 4 fattori (II,VII,IX,X) al dosaggio 50UI/Kg in unica somministrazione Eeremberg ES, Circulation 2011
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  • 25. Anticorpo monoclonale specifico per Dabigatran Fxa modificato anti Xa diretto