1. IKA
Imperial
Klans of
America

2. The Ku Klux Klan
• The Ku Klux Klan first emerged in
the southern United States in the late
1860s, just after the end of the
American Civil War and the
abolition of slavery in the United
States.
• Some of the characteristics of the
Klan were white supremacy, white
nationalism, and anti-immigration
sentiments. They were anti-
communist, extremely racist, and
used violence and fear to spread
their influence.

3. • Klan members would wear white
costumes of robes, masks, and long
conical hats to hide their identities and to
inspire fear when people saw them.
• The Klan became known for burning
crosses and for their violence against black
americans, especially through beatings and
lynchings (hangings with no trial).
• The KKK reached it’s peak in the 1920s,
claiming to have about 4-5 million
members.

4. Rise of the KKK was due to the ever
changing of a traditional America.
1925: Membership of 5 million
1926: Marched on Washington.
Attack on urban culture and defends
Christian/Protestant and rural values
Against immigrants from Southern
Europe, European Jews, Catholics and
American Blacks
Sought to win U.S. by persuasion and
gaining control in local/state government.
Violence, internal corruption result in
Klan’s virtual disappearance by 1930 but
will reappear in the 1950s and 1960s.

5. Features of the fascism
Glorified war, had a paramilitary wing (black-shirt)
Placed emphasis on the myth of the
predestinated leader
Made a great use of symbolism
Opposed to international organization
Authoritarian system , profoundly racist Close identity between the party and state
Strongly nationalistic
Violently anticommunist and
anti-semitic
Anti-liberal- democratic

6. Political ideas
Anarchism
Socialism
Communism
Solution : The
Fascism , It can
stop them.
Defend the
Liberal system
in the policy and
capitalism
T
h
e
y
W
a
n
t
e
d
D
e
m
o
c
r
a
c
y
F
i
n
i
s
h
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
D
e
m
o
c
r
a
c
y

7. Italy disgust with the terms of the peaces
treaties(didn´t obtain territories and help)
The fascists represented a means to stop the
socialists and communist. He was backed by
wealthy industrialists and landowners
Supported by the Catholic Church and the
Pope Pius XI
Lack of faith in Italy´s institutions and the
violence of fascists intimidated opponents
Complicity of the the police and the army.
After the March on Rome the King offered
the post of Prime Minister to Mussolini

8. Slide 1
FC.133 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Mussolini tries to build Italy’s power by developing:
Success, limited. largely by poor planning & corruption though
Mussolini still claims Italy is a great power
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is aggressively
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers He ends civil liberties
Italy’s ind’s, esp.
shipping & aircraft
Italy’s military
strength
Public works (e.g.,
Hydro-elect.dams)
Few resources
in Italy
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)
Despite his failures, Mussolini inspires Hitler to seize power (FC. 134)
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
Depression
(FC.132)

9. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Mussolini tries several things to make Italy a great power
Success, limited. largely by poor planning & corruption though
Mussolini still claims Italy is a great power
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers  He ends civil liberties
Builds ind’s, esp.
shipping & aircraft
Build up Italy’s
military strength
Public works (e.g.,
Hydro-elect.dams)
Few resources
in Italy
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)
Despite his failures, Mussolini inspires Hitler to seize power (FC. 133))
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
Depression
(FC.131)

10. MUSSOLINI SAYINGS
“Books are good…

11. MUSSOLINI SAYINGS
“Books are good, muskets are better.”

12. MUSSOLINI SAYINGS
“Books are good, muskets are better.”
“…only blood makes the wheels of history turn.”

13. MUSSOLINI SAYINGS
“Books are good, muskets are better.”
“…only blood makes the wheels of history turn.”
“Mussolini is always right.”

14. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
World War I (FC.127)
A

15. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Political & economic chaos in Italy
World War I (FC.127)
A

16. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Italy & Germany? mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)
A
World War I (FC.127)

17. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Political & economic chaos in Italy
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Revolution 
Growing fear of
what ?
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)
A

18. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Political & economic chaos in Italy
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)
A

19. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
New polit. Philosophy?
A
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

20. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls what?
Rise of Fascism which:
A
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

21. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Private prop. & free
enterprise?
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
A
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

22. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Attitude toward the
nation?
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
A
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

23. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
A
Fascism gets its name
from the ancient Roman
fasces, a bundle of rods
carried before Roman
consuls as a symbol of
their power.
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

24. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Who likes it & why?
A
Fascism gets its name
from the ancient Roman
fasces, a bundle of rods
carried before Roman
consuls as a symbol of
their power.
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

25. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Leader & tactics he uses to gain popularity?
A
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

26. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
A
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

28. A fascist mass rally in Rome. Mussolini’s use of such events would influence Hitler’s theories &
practices concerning the manipulation of mass democratic politics.

29. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
How do Fascists gain control of the Italian govt?
A
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

30. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
A
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

31. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
A
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

32. Benito’s march on Rome

33. Benito and Victor
Emmanuel III. “Your
majesty will forgive my
appearance, but I come
from a battlefield.”

34. Painting glorifying the massive
traffic jam known as the March on
Rome.

35. Believe it or not, this company put out “March on Rome” playset so that kids could re-enact a
somewhat lame event that got bogged down in traffic. Just to be safe, this comes with 4 Benitos,
just in case the other 3 get lost. In this series there are playsets to re-enact a Nazi rally, a
Bolshevik rally, and a Chinese Communist rally.

39. “Without the March on
Rome, there could be no
march on Moscow.”

40. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers  ?
A
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

41. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers  He ends civil liberties
1929- Lateran Treaty  Papacy
recognized state of Italy in return
for $, indep. Vatican state, & right to
teach in schools
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

42. Benito as an heroic warrior and as an heroic warrior on a horse!

43. Benito visiting soldiers in the hospital

44. Benito as an heroic warrior fighting a LION (cub)!

45. Benito as a
building block

46. Benito pretending to be on the covers of Life Magazine (upper left) and Time Magazine
with lots of Italies coming out of his head

47. Benito as five heroic warriors at the same time!

48. Benito as Darth Vader

49. Benito as a giant
mountain of Italians
all agreeing with
himself

50. Benito’s modest (60’ X 40’) office

51. The Alphabet Dancers praising
Benito after his takeove of Sesame
Street.

52. A beautiful woman covering
a gaping tear in her
swimsuit with a picture of
Benito’s big head.

53. -> +1 on die rolls
-> +1 on die rolls
1929- Signing the Lateran Treaty by which the Papacy recognized state of Italy in return for $,
indep. Vatican state, & right to teach in schools and have Bingo nights every Wednesday.
Apparently Benito couldn’t even resist cheating when signing a treaty.

54. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Mussolini tries several things to make Italy a great power
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers  He ends civil liberties
Builds ind’s, esp.
shipping & aircraft
Build up Italy’s
military strength
Public works (e.g.,
Hydro-elect.dams)
1929- Lateran Treaty  Papacy
recognized state of Italy in return
for $, indep. Vatican state, & right to
teach in schools
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

55. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Mussolini tries several things to make Italy a great power
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers  He ends civil liberties
Builds ind’s, esp.
shipping & aircraft
Build up Italy’s
military strength
Public works (e.g.,
Hydro-elect.dams)
1929- Lateran Treaty  Papacy
recognized state of Italy in return
for $, indep. Vatican state, & right to
teach in schools
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

56. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Mussolini tries several things to make Italy a great power
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers  He ends civil liberties
Builds ind’s, esp.
shipping & aircraft
Build up Italy’s
military strength
Public works (e.g.,
Hydro-elect.dams)
1929- Lateran Treaty  Papacy
recognized state of Italy in return
for $, indep. Vatican state, & right to
teach in schools
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)

58. “Good blood doesn’t lie”

61. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed:

62. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)

63. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)

64. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)

65. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million

66. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed:

67. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed: 450 pieces/month

68. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed: 450 pieces/month
•Reality: only 4-5/mo.-> Max. 200= 1/6 WWI Prod.

69. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed: 450 pieces/month
•Reality: only 4-5/mo.-> Max. 200= 1/6 WWI Prod.
•Best artillery were Austrian guns capt. In WWI

70. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed: 450 pieces/month
•Reality: only 4-5/mo.-> Max. 200= 1/6 WWI Prod.
•Best artillery were Austrian guns capt. In WWI
Tanks
•Claimed: 3 armored div’s w/25 ton tanks

71. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed: 450 pieces/month
•Reality: only 4-5/mo.-> Max. 200= 1/6 WWI Prod.
•Best artillery were Austrian guns capt. In WWI
Tanks
•Claimed: 3 armored div’s w/25 ton tanks
•Reality: ~3.5 ton armored car w/only mach. gun,
poor visibility, & no radio -> Infantry had to lead it

72. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed: 450 pieces/month
•Reality: only 4-5/mo.-> Max. 200= 1/6 WWI Prod.
•Best artillery were Austrian guns capt. In WWI
Tanks
•Claimed: 3 armored div’s w/25 ton tanks
•Reality: ~3.5 ton armored car w/only mach. gun,
poor visibility, & no radio -> Infantry had to lead it
-> Borrowed armored cars from police for parades

73. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
• Reality never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed 450 pieces/month
•Reality-> only 4-5/mo.-> Max. 200= 1/6 WWI Prod.
•Best artillery were Austrian guns capt. In WWI
Tanks
•Claimed: 3 armored div’s w/25 ton tanks
•Reality: ~3.5 ton armored car w/only mach. gun,
poor visibility, & no radio -> Infantry had to lead it
-> Borrowed armored cars from police for parades
Air Force
•Claimed: 8530 planes

74. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed: 450 pieces/month
•Reality: only 4-5/mo.-> Max. 200= 1/6 WWI Prod.
•Best artillery were Austrian guns capt. In WWI
Tanks
•Claimed: 3 armored div’s w/25 ton tanks
•Reality: ~3.5 ton armored car w/only mach. gun,
poor visibility, & no radio -> Infantry had to lead it
-> Borrowed armored cars from police for parades
Air Force
•Claimed: 8530 planes
•Reality: 3k (acc. to 1 minister)

75. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed: 450 pieces/month
•Reality: only 4-5/mo.-> Max. 200= 1/6 WWI Prod.
•Best artillery were Austrian guns capt. In WWI
Tanks
•Claimed: 3 armored div’s w/25 ton tanks
•Reality: ~3.5 ton armored car w/only mach. gun,
poor visibility, & no radio -> Infantry had to lead it
-> Borrowed armored cars from police for parades
Air Force
•Claimed: 8530 planes
•Reality: 3k (acc. to 1 minister)->1k (acc. to navy)

76. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed: 450 pieces/month
•Reality: only 4-5/mo.-> Max. 200= 1/6 WWI Prod.
•Best artillery were Austrian guns capt. In WWI
Tanks
•Claimed: 3 armored div’s w/25 ton tanks
•Reality: ~3.5 ton armored car w/only mach. gun,
poor visibility, & no radio -> Infantry had to lead it
-> Borrowed armored cars from police for parades
Air Force
•Claimed: 8530 planes
•Reality: 3k (acc. to 1 minister)-> 1k (acc. to navy)
-> Actually 583-> Flew field to field for mult. reviews

77. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed: 450 pieces/month
•Reality: only 4-5/mo.-> Max. 200= 1/6 WWI Prod.
•Best artillery were Austrian guns capt. In WWI
Tanks
•Claimed: 3 armored div’s w/25 ton tanks
•Reality: ~3.5 ton armored car w/only mach. gun,
poor visibility, & no radio -> Infantry had to lead it
-> Borrowed armored cars from police for parades
Air Force
•Claimed: 8530 planes
•Reality: 3k (acc. to 1 minister)->1k (acc. to navy)
-> Actually 583-> Flew field to field for mult. reviews
3 Spy services

78. BENITO’S MILITARY BUILDUP
Army
•Claimed: 6m. Men (1934)-> 8m. (‘36)-> 12m. (‘39)
•Reality: never more than 3 million
Artillery
•Claimed: 450 pieces/month
•Reality: only 4-5/mo.-> Max. 200= 1/6 WWI Prod.
•Best artillery were Austrian guns capt. In WWI
Tanks
•Claimed: 3 armored div’s w/25 ton tanks
•Reality: ~3.5 ton armored car w/only mach. gun,
poor visibility, & no radio -> Infantry had to lead it
-> Borrowed armored cars from police for parades
Air Force
•Claimed: 8530 planes
•Reality: 3k (acc. to 1 minister)-> 1k (acc. to navy)
-> Actually 583-> Flew field to field for mult. reviews
3 Spy services
-> Arrest each other, put false documents in others’ files

79. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Mussolini tries several things to make Italy a great power
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers  He ends civil liberties
Builds ind’s, esp.
shipping & aircraft
Build up Italy’s
military strength
Public works (e.g.,
Hydro-elect.dams)
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
1929- Lateran Treaty  Papacy
recognized state of Italy in return
for $, indep. Vatican state, & right to
teach in schools

80. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Mussolini tries several things to make Italy a great power
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers  He ends civil liberties
Builds ind’s, esp.
shipping & aircraft
Build up Italy’s
military strength
Public works (e.g.,
Hydro-elect.dams)
Few resources
in Italy
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
1929- Lateran Treaty  Papacy
recognized state of Italy in return
for $, indep. Vatican state, & right to
teach in schools

81. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Mussolini tries several things to make Italy a great power
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers  He ends civil liberties
Builds ind’s, esp.
shipping & aircraft
Build up Italy’s
military strength
Public works (e.g.,
Hydro-elect.dams)
Few resources
in Italy
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
Depression
(FC.131)
1929- Lateran Treaty  Papacy
recognized state of Italy in return
for $, indep. Vatican state, & right to
teach in schools

82. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Mussolini tries several things to make Italy a great power
Success, limited. largely by poor planning & corruption though
Mussolini still claims Italy is a great power
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers  He ends civil liberties
Builds ind’s, esp.
shipping & aircraft
Build up Italy’s
military strength
Public works (e.g.,
Hydro-elect.dams)
Few resources
in Italy
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
Depression
(FC.131)
1929- Lateran Treaty  Papacy
recognized state of Italy in return
for $, indep. Vatican state, & right to
teach in schools

83. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Mussolini tries several things to make Italy a great power
Success, limited. largely by poor planning & corruption though
Mussolini still claims Italy is a great power
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers  He ends civil liberties
Builds ind’s, esp.
shipping & aircraft
Build up Italy’s
military strength
Public works (e.g.,
Hydro-elect.dams)
Few resources
in Italy
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)
Despite his failures, Mussolini inspires Hitler to seize power (FC. 133))
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
Depression
(FC.131)
1929- Lateran Treaty  Papacy
recognized state of Italy in return
for $, indep. Vatican state, & right to
teach in schools

84. FC.132 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY (1919-1925)
Mussolini tries several things to make Italy a great power
Success, limited. largely by poor planning & corruption though
Mussolini still claims Italy is a great power
Allows private prop. &
free enterprise
Is very aggressive
nationalistic
Political & economic chaos in Italy
Popular with middle class who fear Communism will eliminate private property & free enterprise
Benito Mussolini & Fascists in Italy gain popularity by starting riots
to destabilize govt. while posing as champions of law & order.
Local party bosses march on Rome to overthrow govt  Mussolini follows along
Govt. panics & makes Mussolini prime minister (1922)
Mussolini intimidates parliament to give him emergency powers  He ends civil liberties
Builds ind’s, esp.
shipping & aircraft
Build up Italy’s
military strength
Public works (e.g.,
Hydro-elect.dams)
Few resources
in Italy
World War I (FC.127)
Russian Rev. 
Growing fear of
Communism (FC.130)
Italy & Germany mad
about Treaty of
Versailles (FC.128)
Despite his failures, Mussolini inspires Hitler to seize power (FC. 133))
Controls most
aspects of society
Rise of Fascism which:
Depression
(FC.131)