2. A. NEO-CLASSICISM – consequence of strong reaction to Mannerist
and Rococo styles of painting
Neo-Classical school – represented by Jacques Louis David.
-advocated a return to classical antiquity, a revival
of the principles of ancient statuary and painting.
PAINTERS (Neo-Classicists)
-believed that in the representation of man and his world in the canvas,
all elements of the picture must be submitted to a hierarchy dictated by
the intellect.
-disliked shadows because they destroy the flat surface of the painting.
-scorned color for interfering with the severe and imposing lines of their
nobly inspired world.
-produced stillness of form (motion seems to be drained out of the
canvas) as the figure calmly asserts itself in an almost pulseless world.

3.  JACQUES LOUIS DAVID – one of the greatest
portraitists of the French School. (because of
objectiveness and noble conception of the human
form)
- his paintings are
characterized by the superiority of line and volume
over color and of thought over sensation.
- uses cold tones without any
modulation of color scale to stress the statuesque
effect of his human forms.
Important works: The Oath of Horatii, The
Sabines, Portrait of Madame Recamier, Napoleon
Crossing the Alps

4. Napoleon Crossing the Alps
The Oath of Horatii

5. Portrait of
Madame
Recamier

6.  JEAN AUSGUSTE DOMINIQUE INGRESS
– achieves harmony of composition by making
a laborious selection of features provided by his
model.
- stressed stillness of forms drained of all
motions in the flat surface of his canvas.
Outstanding works:
Recumbent Odalisque
Mademoiselle Riviere Turkish Bath

7. B. ROMANTICISM – contemporary of Neo-Classicism.
- emotion and color are the new
objectives.
PAINTERS
- stressed the heroic element often based on
the Romantic poets.
- showed preference to dramatic action than
to absolute beauty.
main elements:
mysterious, fantastic, morbid, pathos and
tragedy
chief devices: brush works and effects of light
and shade (led to painting out-of-doors)

8.  FRENCH REPRESENTATIVES
a) Eugene Delacroix – excelled equally in historical pieces, still life,
landscapes and animal painting.
- sought the principle of expression through use
of all resources of color, based on vibration of shadows.
Main works: Liberty Leading the People, The Lion Hunt,
Women of Algiers
b) Theodore Gericault – works are filled with suffering and death.
The Raft of the Medusa – expressed his rebellion against
Classicism and set off the Romantic revolution.

9. Liberty Leading the People
Women of Algiers
The Raft of the Medusa
The Lion Hunt

10. c) Honore Daumier – caricaturist who satirized
social classes rather than individuals.
- his paintings showed an
impressionistic, linear, and dramatic style and
ability to convey character through facial
expression and gesture.
The Legislative Belly. Perspective Pelagie. (Souvenir
Remembrances of St. View
of the Ministers' Seats of 1834.
de ste Pélagie) 1834. Joliv). 1833.
Mr. Joliv (Adolphe

11.  SPANISH REPRESENTATIVE
Francisco Goya – expressed all the
horrors of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain.
- used a varying scheme of
colors (slate blue, white, and red) for
dramatic effect.
The Execution of May 21, 1808
La Maja Desnuda La Maja Vestida

12.  ENGLISH REPRESENTATIVES
a) John Constable – founder of modern
landscape painting in England.
- concentrated on the
native English landscape.
- his art showed a fusion
of ground foliage and sky into a unit through
the use of large brush marks.
The Haywain Park
Wivenhoe – 1821
Weymouth Bay

13. b) Joseph Turner – subject matter:
light, space, and atmosphere
- master of form and
diffused light
Rain, Steam and Speed – solidity of
form is lost in a colored mist that obscure
the sun
The Slave Ship

14. C. REALISM or NATURALISM – true to unglamorized life.
- founded on the
conviction that the idealized scenes of classical and
neo-classical painters are not true to life.
OUTSTANDING REALISTS
a) Gustave Courbet – spearheaded this movement
- represented simple people in
an unidealized attitude through his arts.
b) Camille Corot – represented landscape art of the
nineteenth century (Mother Nature)
c) Edouard Manet – freed painting from all irrelevant
rational and literary elements
- concentrated on scenes of the
everyday life of his own time.
- created impressionism

15. In an artist’s studio, Courbet
Edouard Manet
A Girl at the Folies Bergere Beautiful Irish
The Luncheon on the Grass
Woman, Courbet
Olympe
The Alarm, Courbet
Girl Combing her Hair, Corot

16. D. IMPRESSIONISM – revolutionary aesthetic
movement; painters began painting out-of-door
instead of solely in the artificial atmosphere of the
studio.
- important break away from the
classical painting which still dominated the
academic then.
OUTSTANDING PAINTERS
a) Claude Monet – Father of Impressionism
outstanding works: Poppies, Water
lilies, Impression, Sunrise
b) Edgar Degas – (art) faithful portrayal of reality
and by an exteriorization of his own virile
personality and individual will.
outstanding works: Rehearsals of the Ballet on
the Stage, The Dancing Class, Absinthe, The Ballet
Girl Fixing Her Slippers.

17. The Rehearsal of the Ballet Girl Fixing her Slippers
Ballet Onstage, probably
1874
Edgar Degas (French, 1834–
1917)
Absinthe The Dancing Class, ca. 1870
Edgar Degas (French, 1834–1917)
Waterlilies, Monet

18. c) Augusto Renoir – essentially a figure painter.
- (paintings) show nude reflecting
a warm glow mingled with pearly iridescence in the pinks
ivories, and bluish tint of flesh to heighten the richness of
texture and to give figures of joy of life.
OUTSTANDING WORKS
The Girl with a Watering Can, Nursemaid and Child
d) Paul Cezanne – Father of Modern Art
- showed well-balanced compositions
where he showed all details perfectly related to one
another.
- said to have foreshadowed Cubistic
style of painting & belonged to the post-impressionist
period.
OUTSTANDING WORKS
Landscape at Viaduct, The Card Players, Still life

19. The Girl with a Watering Nursemaid and
Can, Renoir 1876 Child, Renoir, 1895
Landscape at Viaduct, Cezanne,
TheStill life, Cezanne,1883-87
Card Players, Cezanne,1890-92

20. e) Paul Gaugin – belonged to the post-impressionist
period.
- (art) flattening of figures on
canvas, use of colors (vividness) and expression of
some inner vision of life.
WELL-KNOWN WORKS
I Raro Ti Oviri (Under the
Pandamus Tree), 1891 La Orana Maria Yellow Christ

21. E. EXPRESSIONISM – painters rejected the idealized and
the beautiful as subject of art.
- sought to represent the agony,
suffering, and excitement of the human conditions.
(highly emotional & tend to rouse strong feelings [pity &
horror] )
- colors and compositions are used in
order to give expression to an emotional state.
PAINTERS
a) Vincent Van Gogh – spiritual father of expressionism
- evoked feelings of terror,
anguish, and turmoil.
OUTSTANDING WORKS
Landscape at Arles, Sunflowers, Starry Night, Cypress Tree

22. Starry Night
Cypress Trees
Landscape at Arles Sunflowers

23. b) Henri Matisse – leader of Fauvists (group of
expressionists painters who made use of wild color
and uncouth design in their pictorial color.
- emphasized on
color, design, and pattern.
OUTSTANDING WORKS
Lady in Blue – bold, curvilinear rhythms
Odalisque - compactness and spatial relations
Hindo Pose of a Woman

24. F. Cubism (1906-1914) – made use of arrangements of
geometrical forms to represent what is seen.
- concerned with dercribing
the structure of objects.
- intellectual movement
basic principle: revolt against the traditional idea that
representation ought to conform to what the eye sees
at one particular moment.
PAINTERS:
a) Fernand Leger – showed clear arrangement of solid
geometric basic forms
b) George Braque – first to experiment in Cubistic art

25. Violin and Pipe: "Le Quotidien"
Woman Reading
The Portuguese, 1911 (Basel)December 20, 1913
Paris, after
Serigraph Contrast of Forms, Leger

26. c) Pablo Picasso – most outstanding exponent
of Cubistic art
- characterized distortion of
human forms by wild use of color intended to
heighten emotions
OUTSTANDING WORKS
Night Fishing at Antibes, Les Demoiselleds D’ Avigon
Guernica (masterpiece), The Musicians, 1921
Spanish, 1881-1973 (Spanish, 1881-1973)

27. G. ABRSTRACT ART / NON-OBJECTIVE ART (1910)
- reaction against naturalistic art
- DE STIJL- chief initiator
- object doesn’t recall or evoke reality
- developed into Surrealism, Futurism, Non-
Objectivism, Symbolism, etc.
PAINTERS
a) Wassily Kandisky – main exponent of Non-
objectivism.
- works show complete
elimination of all semblance of natural objects
b) Paul Klee – Non-objectivism painter
- painted in form of drawing/water
color (that of a child’s) work: Abstractions

28. All Saints’ Day, Kandinsky, 1911
The Red Spot, Kandinsky, 1921 Deluge, Kandinsky, 1912

29. c) Piet Mondrian – showed preference for the
simplest form of rectangle coordinated with the purest
color to build up large architectural patterns related to
the functions of the wall.
works: Composition in Red, Yellow, Blue, Composition 2, 1922.
d) Jackson Pollock – originator of Abstract
Expressionism (aka action paintings)
- created decorative schemes where
he used not only his hands, but his whole body also as
he sprawled his canvas on the floor and applied the
paint as he moved over the canvas
works: Ocean Greyness, Number 12, 1952
e) Amadeo Modiglaiani – representative of Futurism
- reveals large flat figures of
taut and simplified arabesque forms.
works: The Apprentice, MME. Hebuterne

30. f) Marc Chagall – painter of the literary and
fantastic pictorial art.
works: The Village and I, Three Candles
g) Juan Gris – showed Cubistic influence
- created measured surface patterns
and broad simplified designs in an architectonic
manner.
works: Fruit Bowl on a Checkered Cloth, Still Life with
Pears
h) Max Ernst – exponent of Surrealism
work: The Elephant of the Celebes
i) Antoine Pevsner – representative of
Constructivism (work: Gray Scale)
j) Frank Kupska – made Discs