Some 6,500 km of CO2 pipelines has been operating for years, primarily in the United States. More recently, a number of these pipelines have been used for CO2 re-use or carbon capture and storage (CCS) operations in Europe and the Americas. Valuable experience and lessons learnt are available from these projects relevant for all phases of CO2 pipeline projects:, from early identification to execution and operation. Based on a wide range of interviews and literature, Ecofys and SNC-Lavalin gathered information on 29 CO2 pipeline projects and then made the results accessible in a database. A reference manual was then written based on this information. This comprehensive document offers an overview of results and lessons learnt, serving as a guide to key issues on CO2 pipelines. The document relates to a number of examples in the database. In this webinar, Frank Wiersma from Ecofys presented an overview of the study, discussing the process, lessons learnt, and findings relevant for the development, realisation and operation of CO2 pipelines. This study was commissioned by the IEA GHG on behalf of the Global CCS Institute.

1. CO2 pipeline infrastructure: Lessons
learned
Webinar – 15 January 2014, 0000 AEDT

2. QUESTIONS
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3. Frank Wiersma
Unit manager Conventional Energy Systems, Ecofys
Frank has over 15 years of experience in the energy and
infrastructure sectors. He has worked on ports and coastal protection
works, LNG production facilities, refineries and offshore wind projects.
Frank’s involvement includes all project phases from feasibility
studies, design, construction to operation and maintenance. He has
carried out assignments in the US, Russia, China, South East Asia
and the Middle East. Frank holds a master’s degree in civil
engineering and a bachelor’s in economics.

4. CO2 pipeline infrastructure Lessons learned database
Webinar Global CCS Institute
14 January 2014
Frank Wiersma, Paul Noothout (Ecofys),
Omar Hurtado and Doug Macdonald (SNC Lavalin)

5. CO2 pipeline infrastructure - Lessons learned database
Contents
1.
Background
2.
Scope
3.
Approach
4.
Challenges
5.
CO2 pipeline database: a first impression
6.
Reference manual: scope and contents
7.
Key findings and conclusions
8.
Questions
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6. Background
CO2 pipelines are nothing new
>Over 80 operational CO2 pipelines worldwide, length > 6,500 km;
>Numerous CO2 pipelines operating since 1980s;
>Most transport CO2 from natural occurrences to EOR operations.
Wealth of existing information
>Published in articles and reports;
>Among owners, businesses and operating companies
Numerous lessons learned, valuable for CCS projects
>Themes ranging from regulation, permitting, planning, design, construction, operation
and maintenance;
>Covering full project life cycle;
>Including broad range of physical environments.
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7. Scope
Objectives
>To collect information on existing CO2 pipeline infrastructure.
>To organise this information in a database.
>To make the lessons learned available to project developers and regulators.
Scope
>Include CO2 pipelines from around the world.
>Existing projects and some in advanced planning stage.
>Focus on what is particular to CO2 pipelines.
>Public information.
Making results accessible
>Database.
>Reference Manual document.
>Webinar.
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8. Approach
1.
Select subset of CO2 pipelines: 29 no.
2.
Checklist
Data elements
4.
Pipeline infrastructure;
Operation & Maintenance;
Risk & Safety;
Regulatory regime;
Sources
3.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
FEED-studies;
Environmental Impact Assessm.
Journal articles;
Project reports;
•
•
•
Pipeline owners;
Pipeline operators;
Pipeline builders.
Literature review
Interviews
Interviews
5.
Organise information in Database
6.
Analyse findings and capture in Reference Manual
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9. Approach
Selection of 29 CO2 pipelines
17
Europe:
10 CO2 pipelines
North-America:
16 CO2 pipelines
1
4
2
3
7
9
6
19
5
8
10 11
18
20
21
26
16
12
25
23
24
Qinshui
Rhourde Nouss-Quartzites
13
1. CO2 Slurry
14 15
2. Quest
3. Alberta Trunkline
4. Weyburn
5. Saskpower Boundary Dam
6. Beaver Creek
7. Monell
8. Bairoil
9. Salt Creek
10. Sheep Mountain
11. Slaughter
12. Cortez
13. Central Basin
14. Canyon Reef Carriers
15. Choctaw
16. Decatur
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22
17. Snøhvit
18. Peterhead
19. Longannet
20. White Rose
21. Kingsnorth
22. ROAD
23. Barendrecht
24. OCAP
25. Jänschwalde
26. Lacq
|
Gorgon
Legend:
Planned
Operational
Cancelled

10. Challenges in data gathering
Data availability varied from project to project
>Oldest projects typically good information available from publications.
>Information on projects from the 1980s more difficult to access hard copies.
>Little willingness to share commercially relevant data on operational projects.
>No willingness to share information on some operational CO 2 pipelines.
>Confidentiality of CCS projects that are in development in competition for grants.
>Detailed studies available for some recently cancelled projects.
Data on some topics proved difficult to collect
>Costs.
>Auxiliary equipment.
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11. CO2 pipeline database: a first impression
Table of Contents
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12. CO2 pipeline database: a first impression
Example: excerpts for Cortez Project, USA
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13. CO2 pipeline database: a first impression
Geographical Web-viewer
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14. Reference manual
Scope
>
Complementary to the database: guide to accessing, pointing to relevant
examples in the database where further information can be found.
>
Provides overview of building blocks of a CO 2 pipeline and issues a
proponent or regulator will have to consider.
>
Highlights key design, construction, operational and regulatory learnings
from existing CO2 pipeline infrastructure.
>
Overview rather than detail - if you are in the CO2 pipeline business
already, this manual probably isn't for you.
>
Target audience
–
Project developers that are interested in building a CO 2 pipeline but
who do not cover detailed engineering calculations or cost estimates.
–
Governments and regulators, addressing different phases of a CO 2
pipeline project, including permitting and regulating.
© ECOFYS |14/01/2014
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15. Reference manual
Outline
1.
Introduction
SECTION A Lessons learned from existing projects
2.
Drivers for CO2 pipeline projects
3.
Pipeline infrastructure and related equipment
4.
Regulatory regime and permitting
5.
Public concern and safety statistics
6.
Research and centres of excellence
SECTION B Guideline for assessment of CO2 pipeline projects
7.
CO2 pipeline project phasing
8.
CO2 pipeline cost
9.
CO2 pipeline permitting
10. CO2 pipeline FEED studies and Design
11. Construction of CO2 pipelines
12. CO2 Pipeline operation, inspection and maintenance
13. CO2 Pipeline decommissioning and abandonment
SECTION C Overall findings and conclusions
14. Key findings and conclusions
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16. Key findings and conclusions
Public Concern
Key issues to focus on in the development of CO2 pipelines are:
>Unfamiliarity of the public and regulatory bodies with CO2 pipelines in many places,
where such projects would be first of kind.
>Risks perceived with CO2 storage are not separated in the public mind from CO2
pipelines.
>Regulatory framework and design standards that are either not as well
developed or less mature than for natural gas pipelines.
Public Concern
>CO2 pipeline themselves tend not to be a focal point of public concern and have
typically not been regarded different than other pipeline projects.
>Instead, public concern is typically related to the power plant or CO 2 storage project
that the pipeline is tied to, if relevant.
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17. Key findings and conclusions
Permitting and Regulation
For most pipelines environmental assessments have been prepared:
>Only a few were mandatory for the pipeline itself.
>Mostly voluntarily or because of the related EOR or CCS project.
Regulations:
>1970s: designs based on codes for natural gas pipelines in the absence of specific
design codes or standards.
>1989 specific regulations for CO2 pipelines introduced in the United States:
–
Not driven by good safety record, but due to risk of a high-consequence
incident if a failure in a CO2 pipeline were to occur.
–
In EU the CCS directive that the framework used for natural gas transportation
pipelines would be adequate to regulate CO2 transport.
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18. Key findings and conclusions
Planning and Design
> In CO2 pipelines for EOR, private companies or consortia may join forces to develop a
project, commercially viable with the revenues from extra oil produced.
> Where multiple CO2 sources and sinks exist, a collection, transmission and
distribution network may developed – some examples in the US.
> Design for CO2 pipelines mostly comparable with natural gas pipelines.
> Broad range of basic specs found:
Low
1.9 - 97
116 - 380
656 - 808
28
External diameter (mm)
152 - 270
305 - 508
600 - 921
26
Wall thickness (mm)
5.2 – 9.5
10 - 13
19 - 27
12
Capacity designed (Mt/y)
0.06 - 2
2.6 - 7
10 - 28
26
Pressure min (bar)
3 - 10
31 - 35
72 - 151
14
Pressure max (bar)
21 – 40
98 - 145
151 - 200
17
Initial feed Compressor
capacity (MW)
|
High
Length (km)
© ECOFYS |14/01/2014
Medium
Number of
data points
available
0.2 - 8
15 - 17
43 - 68
16

19. Key findings and conclusions
Planning and Design
Corrosion poses a risks for CO2 pipelines.
>Dehydration systems.
>Protection measures (cathodic protection and coatings) and inspections.
>Water content monitoring – notoriously unreliable.
>Water content should be kept as low as possible.
>Broad range of values encountered in the projects:
–
<50 ppm for Snøhvit, Kingsnorth, Lacq, Weyburn, OCAP
–
< 630 ppm for Central Basin, Sheep Mountain, Monell, Slaughter, Bairoil, Salt Creek
–
840 ppm = limit theoretically tolerable, for typical conditions in USA.
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20. Key findings and conclusions
Safety Statistics
> Incidents with CO2 pipelines are rare and seem to be less severe than those in
natural gas systems when they do occur.
> Limited statistical data for CO2 pipelines provide no indication that the frequency of
incidents would be materially different from natural gas pipelines.
> However scarcity of data prohibit drawing robust conclusions on this.
Data on Incidents
Records Office of Pipeline Safety (US Department of Transportation) for
USA 1972 – 2012:
•no known reports of civilian injuries or casualties associated with CO 2 pipelines.
•46 reported incidents involving CO2 pipelines, including:
incidents due to relief valve failure;
incidents associated with weld, gasket or valve packing failure;
incidents due to corrosion;
incident due to outside forces damaging the pipeline.
Some anecdotal evidence on a small number of incidents with CO 2 pipelines in
Europe, again no personal injuries or casualties.
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21. Key findings and conclusions
Operational reliability
> Can accommodate and flexibly handle the operational needs of source and
destination.
> CO2 pipelines have been among the most operationally reliable components
of overall projects.
© ECOFYS |14/01/2014
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22. Thank you for your attention!
© ECOFYS |14/01/2014
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23. Q&A Panel
•
Frank Wiersma, Unit manager Conventional Energy Systems,
Ecofys
•
Paul Noothout, Consultant, Ecofys
•
Doug Macdonald, Principal Consultant, Studies and
Developmental Projects, Environment and Water, SNC Lavalin
The webinar will start shortly.

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25. Please submit any feedback to: webinar@globalccsinstitute.com
Full report available at:
www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/co2-pipeline-infrastructure