Unit 4 sem2

1. FOOD
UNIT 4

2. SOME AND ANY
 The words some and any are used for countable
and uncountable nouns. In general, we could say
that some means a few / a little and any means
none in negative clauses or a few / a little in
questions.
 Positive Clauses
 In positive clauses, we usually use some.
 Example: I have bought some bread. I have
bought some apples.

3.  Negative Clauses
 In negative clauses, we use any. Note, however, that any alone is
not a negative - it must be not ... any
 Example: I have not bought any bread. I have not bought any
apples.
 Questions
 In questions, we usually use any.
 Example: Have you bought any bread? Have you bought any
apples?
 Questions with Some
 We usually use any in questions. But if we expect or want the
other to answer ‚yes‘, we use some.
 Example: Have you got any brothers and sisters? → some people
have brothers or sisters, others don't - we cannot expect the
answer to be ‚yes‘

4. EXERCISES SOME/ANY
 http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/
vocabulary/some-any/exercises
 http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/
vocabulary/some-any/exercises?02

5. COUNT NOUNS
 Count nouns are things which can be counted.
That means that there can be more than one of
them. Also, when a count noun is singular and
indefinite, the article “a/an” is often used with it.
(The real meaning of “a” is “one”.)
 “There are two books on the table.”
“There is an elephant in my car.”

6. NON-COUNT NOUNS
 Non-count nouns (or uncounted nouns) are usually
things which cannot be counted, such as rice or
water. Non-count nouns have a singular form, but
when they are indefinite, we either use the word
“some” or nothing at all instead of an article.
 “Could I have some water please?”
“I'd like rice with my steak.”

7. How to tell whether a
noun is count or non-count
 You can usually work out whether a noun is count
or non-count by thinking about it. Count nouns are
usually objects which can be counted. Non-count
nouns are often substances (such as sand, water
or rice) which cannot be easily counted, or they
may be large abstract ideas such as “nature”,
“space” or “entertainment”

8. COUNT/NON-COUNT
EXERCISES
 http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/gramm
ar/count1.htm

9. HOW MANY
 In everyday English, we normally use much / many only
in questions and negative clauses.
 Example: How much money have you got? Carla does
not have many friends. In positive clauses with so, as or
too, we also use much / many.
 Example: Carla has so many friends. She has as many
friends as Sue. Kevin has too much money. In all other
positive clauses, however, we prefer expressions like a
lot of / lots of.
 Example: Carla has a lot of / lots of friends. Kevin has a
lot of / lots of money. In formal texts, however, much /
many are also common in positive clauses. This you will
notice for example when you read English news.

10.  Countable / Uncountable Nouns
 In connection with much / many people often
speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
 Countable nouns have a singular and a plural
form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a
number (that's why they are called 'countable
nouns'). Countable nouns take many.
 Example: 100 friends – many friends
Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular.
These nouns cannot be used with a number (that's
why they are called 'uncountable nouns').
Uncountable nouns take much.
 Example: 100 money – much money Note: Of
course you can count money – but then you would
name the currency and say that you have got
5 euro (but not „5 money“).

11. Exercises on much and
many
 http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/
vocabulary/much-many/exercises
 http://www.better-english.
com/easier/howmuch.htm