1. The Liturgy of
the Eucharist
By Rev. Stephen Gauthier
Greenhouse
CaLLiNG
September 1, 2012

2. The Lord‟s command
 Take, eat…Drink of it, all of you…
(Matthew 26:26-27)
 Do this in remembrance of me.
(Luke 22:19)

3. Gospel accounts
Institution of the Lord‟s Supper

4. Matthew 26:26-28
Now as they were eating, Jesus took bread,
and after blessing it broke it and gave it to
the disciples, and said, “Take, eat; this is my
body.” And he took a cup, and when he
had given thanks he gave it to them,
saying, “Drink of it, all of you, for this is my
blood of the covenant, which is poured out
for many for the forgiveness of sins.

5. Mark 14:22-24
And as they were eating, he took bread,
and after blessing it broke it and gave it to
them, and said, “Take; this is my body.” And
he took a cup, and when he had given
thanks he gave it to them, and they all
drank of it. And he said to them, “This is my
blood of the covenant, which is poured out
for many.

6. Luke 22:19-20
And he took bread, and when he had
given thanks, he broke it and gave it to
them, saying, “This is my body, which is
given for you. Do this in remembrance of
me.” And likewise the cup after they had
eaten, saying, “This cup that is poured out
for you is the new covenant in my blood.

7. Common elements
 Same four actions (“shape of the Liturgy”)
 Took (offertory)
 Blessed/gave thanks* (Eucharistic prayer)
 Broke (Breaking of the bread – fraction)
 Gave (Communion)
 Same description of the elements
 My body
 My blood
*Jews used a “blessing” to “give thanks” (Greek = Eucharist)

8. Feeding of the 5,000
Link to Eucharist

9. Matthew 14:19-20
…and taking the five loaves and the two
fish he looked up to heaven, and blessed,
and broke and gave the loaves to the
disciples, and the disciples gave them to
the crowds. And they all ate and were
satisfied.

10. Mark 6:41-42
And taking the five loaves and the two fish
he looked up to heaven, and blessed, and
broke the loaves, and gave them to the
disciples to set before the people; and he
divided the two fish among them all. And
they all ate and were satisfied.

11. Luke 9:16-17
And taking the five loaves and the two fish
he looked up to heaven, and blessed and
broke them, and gave them to the disciples
to set before the crowd. And all ate and
were satisfied.

12. Of special note…
 Same four basic actions as in the institution
narrative (“shape of the Liturgy”)
 Emphasis on the role played by the disciples
 All were satisfied

13. The Church of the New
Testament

14. Corinth
For I received from the Lord what I also
delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus on the
night when he was betrayed took bread, and
when he had given thanks, he broke it, and
said, “This is my body which is for you. Do this in
remembrance of me.” In the same way also
he took the cup, after supper, saying, “This cup
is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as
often as you drink it, in remembrance of me.”
(I Cor. 11:23-25)

15. Part of “the faith once delivered”
 I received from the Lord what I also
delivered to you
 “Delivered” = “handed on” (Latin = tradition)
 Not mere custom, but something received from
the Lord and faithfully passed on by the apostles
to the church
 …the faith that was once for all delivered to the
saints. (Jude 1:3)

16. At the core of church life
 And they devoted themselves to the
apostles' teaching and the fellowship, to
the breaking of bread and the prayers.
(Acts 2:42)
 When you come together, it is not the
Lord's supper that you eat…(1 Corinthians
11:20)

17. The Apostles John and
Paul
Meaning of the Lord‟s supper

18. John
 No institution narrative
 Teaching on Eucharist provided instead in
context of the feeding of the 5,000
 Church‟s understanding of special place of
John‟s Gospel
 John “the theologian”

19. Feeding of the 5,000
Jesus then took the loaves, and when he
had given thanks, he distributed them to
those who were seated. So also the fish, as
much as they wanted. And when they had
eaten their fill, he told his disciples, “Gather
up the leftover fragments, that nothing may
be lost.” (John 6:11-12)

20. Bread of life
I am the bread of life; whoever comes to
me shall not hunger, and whoever believes
in me shall never thirst. (John 6:35)

21. Living bread from heaven
Your fathers ate the manna in the
wilderness, and they died. This is the bread
that comes down from heaven, so that one
may eat of it and not die. I am the living
bread that came down from heaven. If
anyone eats of this bread, he will live
forever. And the bread that I will give for the
life of the world is my flesh. (John 6:48-51)

22. True food and true drink
The Jews then disputed among themselves,
saying, “How can this man give us his flesh to
eat?” So Jesus said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to
you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man
and drink his blood, you have no life in you.
Whoever feeds on my flesh and drinks my blood
has eternal life, and I will raise him up on the last
day. For my flesh is true food, and my blood is
true drink. Whoever feeds on my flesh and drinks
my blood abides in me, and I in him. As the living
Father sent me, and I live because of the Father,
so whoever feeds on me, he also will live
because of me. (John 6:52-57)

23. Paul
 Teaching in context of correction of
abuses by the Church at Corinth

24. Participation in the body and
blood of Christ
The cup of blessing that we bless, is it not a
participation in the blood of Christ? The
bread that we break, is it not a participation
in the body of Christ? (I Corinthians 10:16)

25. Source of unity
Because there is one bread, we who are
many are one body, for we all partake of
the one bread. (1 Corinthians 10:16-17)

26. Origin of creedal statement on
the “communion of saints”
 Term “saints” ambiguous in both Greek
and Latin
 Holy “people”
 Holy “things”
 Historically, primary meaning = Eucharist
 “Holy things for Holy People” (Eastern Liturgy)
 Book of Common Prayer: the gifts of God for the
people of God

27. Proclaim the Lord‟s death
 For as often as you eat this bread and drink
the cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until
he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26)
 Proclaim = make present

28. The Early Church

29. Jewish worship
 Seder
 Ritual meal
 Temple worship
 Sacrifice
 Synagogue worship
 Readings and teaching
 Prayers

30. Earliest Eucharist
 In the context of a common meal, like a
Seder
 1 Corinthians

31. Developments
 Practical difficulties with common meal
 Christians banned from synagogues and
temple

32. Resulting form
 Liturgy of the Word
 Roots in synagogue worship
 Liturgy of the Table
 Roots in Seder/temple worship

33. Timing
 Early practice = each Sunday
 Lord‟s appearances to the gathered disciples
 On Easter Sunday (John 20:19-23)
 Also to disciples on road to Emmaus (who report
back that very night)
 Then they told what had happened on the road, and how
he was known to them in the breaking of the bread. (Luke
24:35)
 One week later (John 20:26-29)

34. Witness of Justine Martyr
 Church of Rome
 Tradition of Peter and Paul
 About 150 AD
 First Apology (65-67)

35. Two testimonies
 Eucharist immediately following baptism
(65-66)
 Regular Sunday Eucharist (67)

36. Eucharist immediately
following baptism
Justin Martyr

37. Prayers of the People
But we, after we have washed him who has
been convinced and has assented to our
teaching, bring him to the place where those
who are called brothers assembled. There we
offer hearty prayers in common for ourselves and
for the baptized [illuminated] person. We pray
also for all others in every place, that we may be
considered worthy, now that we have learned
the truth, also to be found good citizens and
keepers of the commandments by our works, so
that we may be saved with an everlasting
salvation.

38. Special note…
 Those preparing for baptism were dismissed
before the prayers of the people

39. Kiss of peace
When the prayers are ended, we greet one
another with a kiss.

40. Offertory
Then bread and a cup of wine mixed with
water is brought to the president of the
brethren.

41. Prayer of Thanksgiving/
Eucharistic Prayer and “Amen”
He takes them, giving praise and glory to
the Father of the universe, through the
name of the Son and of the Holy Ghost,
and offers thanks at considerable length for
our being considered worthy to receive
these things at His hands. When he has
concluded the prayers and thanksgivings,
all the people present express their assent
by saying Amen. The word Amen means "so
be it" in Hebrew.

42. Communion
When the president has given thanks and
all the people have expressed their
agreement, those who are called deacons
give to each of those present the bread
and the wine mixed with water over which
the thanksgiving has been pronounced.
They carry away a portion to those who are
absent.

43. Only the baptized may
receive communion
This food is called among us the Eucharist.
No one is allowed to participate but the
man who believes that the things we teach
are true, and who has been washed with
the washing for the remission of sins, and
unto regeneration, and who is living as
Christ has commanded.

44. Why limited to the baptized
We do not receive these as common bread and
common drink. As Jesus Christ our Savior, made flesh
by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for
our salvation, so similarly we have been taught that
the food blessed by the prayer of His word, and from
which our blood and flesh by transmutation are
nourished, is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who
was made flesh. For the apostles, in the memoirs
composed by them, which are called Gospels, have
delivered unto us what was commanded to them:
Jesus took bread, and when He had given thanks,
said, "This do in remembrance of Me, this is My body."
After the same manner, having taken the cup and
given thanks, He said, "This is My blood;" and gave it
to them alone.

45. Regular Sunday Eucharist
Justin Martyr

46. Gathering on Sunday
 On the day called Sunday, all who live in
cities or in the country gather together in one
place.

47. Why Sunday?
Sunday is the day on which we all hold our
common assembly, because it is the first day
on which God worked a change in the
darkness and matter and made the world.
On the same day Jesus Christ our Savior rose
from the dead. He was crucified on the day
before that of Saturn (Saturday); and on the
day… of the Sun, He appeared to His apostles
and disciples.

48. Readings and homily
The memoirs of the apostles or the writings
of the prophets are read, as long as time
permits. When the reader has finished, the
president teaches and urges us to imitate
these good things.

49. Prayers of the people
Then we all rise together and pray. . .

50. Offertory
When our prayer is ended, bread, wine and
water are brought…

51. Prayer of Thanksgiving
(Eucharistic prayer) and “Amen”
…and the president offers prayers and
thanksgivings, according to his ability, and
the people assent, saying Amen.

52. Communion
There is a distribution to each and a
participation of that over which thanks
have been given. . .

53. Collection
Those who are well to do and willing give
what each thinks appropriate. What is
collected is deposited with the president,
who helps the orphans and widows.

54. Early Prayer of Thanksgiving/
Eucharistic Prayer
Hippolytus of Rome (Apostolic Tradition)
About 225

55. Opening dialogue
The Lord be with you.
And with your spirit.
Lift up your hearts.
We lift them to the Lord.
Let us give thanks to the Lord.
That is right and just.

56. Thanksgiving
We thank you, God, through your beloved Son,
Jesus Christ, whom you sent to us in these last times
as Savior, Redeemer and Messenger of your plan,
he who is your inseparable Word, by whom you
created all things and whom in your good pleasure
you sent from heaven into the bosom of a virgin,
and who, having been conceived, became
incarnate and manifested himself as your Son, born
of the Holy Spirit and of the virgin. It is he who,
fulfilling your will and acquiring for you a holy
people, stretched out his hands while he suffered
to deliver from suffering those who trust in you.

57. Words of institution
At the time he voluntarily was giving himself
over to suffering to destroy death and
break the chains of the devil, to trample hell
under foot, to lead the righteous to light, to
establish the rule (of faith) and to manifest
the resurrection, taking bread, he gave you
thanks and said: „Take, eat, this is my body
which is broken for you.‟ In the same
manner the cup, saying: „This is my blood
which is shed for you. When you do this, do
it in remembrance of me.‟

58. Remembrance (anamnesis)
and offering
Recalling his death and resurrection, we
offer you this bread and this cup, thanking
you for having judged us worthy to stand
before you and to serve you as priests.

59. Prayer for the Holy Spirit
(epiclesis)
We ask you to send your Holy Spirit on this
offering of the holy Church. In gathering
them together, grant all those who
participate in your holy mysteries to share in
them so as to be filled with the Holy Spirit for
the strengthening of their faith in the truth,
so that we might praise and glorify you…

60. Doxology and “Great Amen”
…through your Son, Jesus Christ, by whom
are given to you glory and honor with the
Holy Spirit in the holy Church, now and for
ages of ages. Amen.

61. Prayer after communion
God Almighty, the Father of the Lord and
our Savior Jesus Christ, we give you thanks
because you have imparted to us the
reception of the holy mystery: let it not be
for guilt or condemnation, but for the
renewal of soul and body and spirit, through
your only Son, through whom to you, with
him and with the Holy Spirit be glory and
might now and always and for ever and
ever. Amen.

62. Basic elements of the
Eucharistic Prayer
 Thanksgiving
 Words of Institution
 Anamnesis (remembrance = making
present)
 Offering (joining in Christ‟s one offering)
 Epiclesis (prayer for the Holy Spirit)
 Transform gifts/transform recipients
 Cf. prayer of Elijah at Mt. Carmel
 Doxology and Great Amen

63. Connection to broader
Church
Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Philadelphians and
Letter to the Smyrneans
About 110

64. One Eucharist
Take care, therefore, to participate in one
Eucharist (for there is one flesh of our Lord
Jesus Christ and one cup that leads to unity
through his blood – there is one altar, just as
there is one bishop, together with the
presbyters and the deacons, my fellow
servants), in order that whatever you do,
you do in accordance with God.

65. Link to bishop
Let no one do anything that has to do with the
church without the bishop. Only that which is
under the authority of the bishop (or whomever
he himself delegates) is to be considered valid.
Wherever the bishop appears, there let the
congregation be; just as wherever Jesus Christ is,
there is the church catholic. It is not permissible
either to baptize or to hold a love feast without
the bishop. But whatever he approves is also
pleasing to God, in order that everything you do
may be trustworthy and valid.

66. Why link to bishop?
 Witness across time
 Link to the apostles
 Witness across space
 Unity with other Christians

67. The Eucharist today
The Book of Common Prayer

68. Basic structure
 Basic structure
 Liturgy of the Word
 We meet God in His word
 Liturgy of the Table
 We meet God in His sacrament

70. Procession
 History – practical necessity
 Accompanied by singing
 Latin “introit”
 Visible sign of the assembly coming
together
 Church = “called out” (Greek)

71. Acclamation
 We enter God‟s sanctuary with praise
 Blessed be God, the Father, the Son, and
the Holy Spirit/and blessed be his kingdom,
now and forever
 Alleluia, Christ is risen/the Lord is risen
indeed, Alleluia
 Blessed be the Lord who forgives all our
sins/his mercy endures forever

72. Collect for purity
 We need God‟s grace to participate
worthily
 Almighty God, to you all hearts are open,
all desires known, and from you no secrets
are hid: Cleanse the thoughts of our hearts
by the inspiration of your Holy Spirit, that we
may perfectly love you, and worthily
magnify your holy Name; through Christ our
Lord. Amen.

73. Song of adoration
 Natural response to being in God‟s presence
 Glory to God in the Highest (Gloria)
 Originally dawn hymn for Easter
 Lord have mercy (Kyrie)
 Vestiges of litany
 Holy God (Trisagion)

74. Collect of the day
 Prayer for the Lord‟s presence
 The Lord be with you
 And also with you (“and with your spirit”)
 Let us pray
 Invitation to pray individually
 Collect = a collecting of individual prayers
 Common pattern
 Quality of God or deed
 Petition derived from that fact

75. Example – quality of God
Address: O God,
Quality: the protector of all who trust in you,
without whom nothing is strong, nothing
is holy:
Petition: Increase and multiply upon us your
mercy; that, with you as our ruler and
guide, we may so pass through things
temporal, that we lose not the things
eternal;
Closing: through Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives
and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit,
one God, for ever and ever. Amen.

76. Example – Deed
Address: O God,
Deed: you have caused this holy night
to shine with the brightness of
the true Light:
Petition: Grant that we, who have known
the mystery of that Light on earth,
may also enjoy him perfectly in
heaven;
Closing: where with you and the
Holy Spirit he lives and reigns, one
God, in glory everlasting. Amen.

77. Overview - Liturgy of the Word
 Old Testament (Acts during Easter season)
 Psalm
 New Testament (other than the Gospels)
 Gospel
 Creed
 Prayers of the People
 Confession of sin
 Peace

78. Old Testament reading
(Acts during Easter season)
 Originally read sequentially
 Fixed lectionary with development of Church
calendar
 Typically related to Gospel or theme of season
 Isaiah read during Advent
 Common lectionary v. revised common
lectionary
 And beginning with Moses and all the Prophets,
he interpreted to them in all the Scriptures the
things concerning himself. (Luke 24:27)

79. Psalm
 Scripture reading in its own right
 We proclaim together so there is no need
to respond “thanks be to God”
 Selection based on other readings

80. New Testament Reading
(other than Gospel)
 Semi-continuous reading (with exceptions)

81. Alleluia and Gospel
 We rise to show respect for Christ who
speaks to us
 Sign of the cross
 Cross on Gospel book
 Three-fold cross on forehead, lips, heart
 Three-year cycle
 A – Matthew, B – Mark, C- Luke
 John in Eastertide, select feasts, and year B

82. Homily
 Application of God‟s word
 After the reading from the Law and the
Prophets, the rulers of the synagogue sent
a message to them, saying, “Brothers, if
you have any word of encouragement
for the people, say it.”(Acts 13:15)

83. Creed
 A resounding “yes” to the message we
have heard

84. Prayers of the people
 Exercise of priesthood of all believers
 Cf. Justin Martyr on the Eucharist following a
baptism
 Content
 Needs of the congregation
 Needs of “people everywhere”
 First of all, then, I urge that supplications, prayers,
intercessions, and thanksgivings be made for all
people, for kings and all who are in high positions,
that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly
and dignified in every way. (1 Timothy 2:1-2)

85. Confession
 We need to repent to receive the body
and blood of Christ worthily
 Whoever, therefore, eats the bread or
drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy
manner will be guilty concerning the body
and blood of the Lord. Let a person
examine himself, then, and so eat of the
bread and drink of the cup. (I Corinthians
11:27-28)

86. Peace
 We must be at peace with one another
before we approach the Lord‟s table
 So if you are offering your gift at the altar
and there remember that your brother has
something against you, leave your gift
there before the altar and go. First be
reconciled to your brother, and then come
and offer your gift. (Matthew 5:23-24)

87. Overview - Liturgy of the Table
 Great Thanksgiving (Canon/Anaphora)
 Dialogue
 Preface (prayer of thanks and praise)
 Holy, Holy, Holy/Blessed is he
 Prayer of thanksgiving for work of redemption
 Words of Institution
 Anamnesis/offering
 Epiclesis
 Doxology and Amen

88. Overview - Liturgy of the Table
(cont.)
 Our Father
 Breaking of the bread (fraction)
 Invitation to communion
 Communion
 Post-communion prayer
 Blessing (optional)
 Dismissal

89. Preparation (offertory)
 Presentation of bread and wine
 Mixing of wine with water
 West – Christ becoming one with us
 East – Christ is true God and true man
indivisibly

90. Great thanksgiving
 Dialogue
 Invitation to all to enter into the Eucharistic
prayer
 Preface (prayer of thanks and praise)
 Tailored to season/occasion

91. Great Thanksgiving (cont.)
 Holy, Holy, Holy (Latin: sanctus)
 Vision of Isaiah (6:2-3) – heavenly worship
 We join in that heavenly worship
 Therefore we praise you, joining our voices with
Angels and Archangels and with all the company
of heaven, who for ever sing this hymn to proclaim
the glory of your Name:
 Blessed is he (Latin: benedictus)
 Palm Sunday
 We welcome Christ‟s visitation
 Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.
Hosanna in the highest. (Matthew 21:9)

92. Great thanksgiving
 Prayer of thanksgiving for the work of
redemption (Prayer A):
 Holy and gracious Father: In your infinite love
you made us for yourself; and, when we had
fallen into sin and become subject to evil and
death, you, in your mercy, sent Jesus Christ, your
only and eternal Son, to share our human
nature, to live and die as one of us, to reconcile
us to you, the God and Father of all. He
stretched out his arms upon the cross, and
offered himself, in obedience to your will, a
perfect sacrifice for the whole world.

93. Great Thanksgiving (cont.)
 Words of institution
 On the night he was handed over to suffering and
death, our Lord Jesus Christ took bread; and when
he had given thanks to you, he broke it, and gave it
to his disciples, and said, “Take, eat: This is my Body,
which is given for you. Do this for the remembrance
of me.” After supper he took the cup of wine; and
when he had given thanks, he gave it to them, and
said, “Drink this, all of you: This is my Blood of the new
Covenant, which is shed for you and for many for
the forgiveness of sins. Whenever you drink it, do this
for the remembrance of me.”

94. Great Thanksgiving (cont.)
 Anamnesis/offering (Prayer A)
 We celebrate the memorial of our
redemption, O Father, in this sacrifice of
praise and thanksgiving. Recalling his
death, resurrection, and ascension, we
offer you these gifts.

95. Great Thanksgiving (cont.)
 Anamnesis/offering (Prayer B)
 Therefore, according to his command, O
Father,
We remember his death, We proclaim his
resurrection, We await his coming in glory;
And we offer our sacrifice of praise and
thanksgiving to you, O Lord of all;
presenting to you, from your creation, this
bread and this wine.

96. Great Thanksgiving (cont.)
 Anamnesis/offering (Prayer D)
 Father, we now celebrate this memorial of
our redemption. Recalling Christ’s death
and his descent among the dead,
proclaiming his resurrection and ascension
to your right hand, awaiting his coming in
glory; and offering to you, from the gifts you
have given us, this bread and this cup, we
praise you and we bless you.

97. Great Thanksgiving (cont.)
 Epiclesis (Prayer A)
 Sanctify them by your Holy Spirit to be for
your people the Body and Blood of your
Son, the holy food and drink of new and
unending life in him. Sanctify us also that we
may faithfully receive this holy Sacrament,
and serve you in unity, constancy, and
peace; and at the last day bring us with all
your saints into the joy of your eternal
kingdom.

98. Great Thanksgiving (cont.)
 Epiclesis (Prayer B)
 We pray you, gracious God, to send your
Holy Spirit upon these gifts that they may be
the Sacrament of the Body of Christ and his
Blood of the new Covenant. Unite us to
your Son in his sacrifice, that we may be
acceptable through him, being sanctified
by the Holy Spirit.

99. Great Thanksgiving (cont.)
 Epiclesis (Prayer D)
 Lord, we pray that in your goodness and
mercy your Holy Spirit may descend upon
us, and upon these gifts, sanctifying them
and showing them to be holy gifts for your
holy people, the bread of life and the cup
of salvation, the Body and Blood of your
Son Jesus Christ. Grant that all who share
this bread and cup may become one body
and one spirit, a living sacrifice in Christ, to
the praise of your Name.

100. Great Thanksgiving (cont.)
 Doxology and Amen
 All this we ask through your Son Jesus Christ.
By him, and with him, and in him, in the
unity of the Holy Spirit all honor and glory is
yours, Almighty Father, now and for ever.
AMEN.
 In Anglican usage, the elements are
reverenced at this point
 “Middle position” (Rome v. East)

101. Our Father
 Ideal preparation for communion
 Daily bread
 Mutual forgiveness

102. Breaking of the bread
 Because there is one bread, we who are
many are one body, for we all partake of
the one bread. (I Corinthians 10:17)
 Communion in holy things
 Communion of “saints”(= “holy things”)
 Christ our Passover is sacrificed for us;
Therefore let us keep the feast.
(I Corinthians 5:7-8)

103. Invitation to communion
 The Gifts of God for the People of God.
 Translation of Greek – Holy things for holy
people.

104. Communion
 We are invited to taste, not bread and wine, but the
sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ. Therefore,
when you approach, do not come with your wrists
extended or your fingers open, but instead let your
left hand serve as a throne for your right, which is
about to receive the King, and making a hollow in
the palm of your right hand, receive the Body of
Christ, saying afterwards, Amen… Then, after
partaking of the Body of Christ, approach also the
cup of his blood. Do not stretch out your hands, but
bend forward and reverently say Amen, and so be
sanctified by partaking also of the blood of Christ.
 Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, Teachings on the Sacred Mysteries, 348 A.D.

105. Post-communion prayer
Eternal God, heavenly Father, you have
graciously accepted us as living members
of your Son our Savior Jesus Christ, and you
have fed us with spiritual food in the
Sacrament of his Body and Blood. Send us
now into the world in peace, and grant us
strength and courage to love and serve
you with gladness and singleness of heart;
through Christ our Lord. Amen.

106. Closing rites
 Blessing (optional)
 Dismissal
 Formal sending out

107. Communion in special
circumstances
 Not a “Eucharist”
 Focus on connection with broader church

108. Approaches to Christ‟s
presence
 Transubstantiation
 No longer bread and wine
 Consubstantiation
 Both bread and wine and body and blood
 Receptionism
 Christ present spiritually at moment of
reception
 Memorialism
 Purely symbolic

109. Anglican position
 Formally rejects
 Transubstantiation
 Technical issues
 Practical issues
 Memorialism