This document provides information on APA referencing and in-text citations, including: - How to format papers, cite in-text, and write reference entries according to APA style. - General paper formatting guidelines such as double-spacing, font size, and page headers. - How to write in-text citations for different source types such as books, journal articles, and websites. Reference entries must match each in-text citation. - Examples of direct quotes, paraphrases, and summarizing sources in-text along with corresponding reference list entries.

1. APA Referencing and In-text
Citations

2. In this tutorial…
• You will learn how to format your paper
• You will learn how to cite in-text
• You will learn how to write a reference
entry that matches your citation
• You will practise writing reference entries
using sample texts

3. What Is APA?
• This is the system of citations you will use at
JCU, regardless of your field of study.
• APA stands for the American Psychological
Association.
• The current version is the 6th Edition.

4. General Format
• be typed and double-spaced
• be printed on standard-sized paper (A4)
• use 1” margins on all sides (default)
• use 12 pt. Times New Roman font
• include a page header (title) in the upper left-
hand side of every page
• include a page number in the upper right-hand
side of every page
Your paper should:

5. Title Page
Page header:
(use Insert Page Header)
title flush left + page number
flush right.
Title:
(in the upper half of
the page, centered)
name (no title or
degree) + affiliation
(university, etc.)

6. Title
To create a title, type—in the upper half of the page,
centered–
• The full title of the essay,
• Your name and student number
• JCU Singapore
• Instructor‘s name
• Course title
• Due date
• Word length
CHECK with your instructor about specific requirements.

7. Running Head
Your first page uses a ‗running head‘.
To create a running head, type
Running Head: ABBREVIATED TITLE
on the first line, flush-left,
& the shortened title up to 50 characters long.
NOTE: On following pages, you will use the same
abbreviated title, excluding ―Running Head:‖ (still in
upper-case)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFo_KBQtv9o

8. In-text Citation
• Information about the source of ideas in your
paper that influenced your thinking.
Williams (2005) defined social responsibility as
“a business obligation to pursue policies, make
decisions, and take actions that benefit
society” (p. 88).
In-text citation using a quote

9. More In-text Citation Samples
Wong (2012) noted that business
communication becomes better when
interlocutors in the communication process
respect each other’s cultural backgrounds.
Bachan (2012, p. 12) stated that, “Culture
impacts the way people communicate with
each other in an increasingly diverse society.”

10. Can we change the sentence
structure?
Business communication becomes better
when interlocutors in the communication
process respect each other’s cultural
backgrounds (Wong, 2012). = parenthetical
citation
Bachan (2012) stated that, “Culture impacts
the way people communicate with each other
in an increasingly diverse society” (p. 12). =
page is written at the end

11. What about this?
• Bachan (2012) stated that the manner in
which people interact with each other is
influenced by both cultural and social norms.
= quote is changed into a paraphrase (writer’s
own words but meaning is retained)

12. • Use “and” in-text and the ampersand “&” in
parenthetical citations (and the reference list).
Example:
Walters and Mackay (2008) found that even if a
typhoon’s direction is predicted, it can change
its course anytime.
It was found that even if a typhoon’s direction is
predicted, it can change its course anytime
(Walters & Mackay, 2008).

13. Sample in-text citations

14. In-text Citations: Organisations
When citing an organisation, mention it fully the first time in
the signal phrase or the parenthetical citation.
The data collected by the Food and Drug
Administration (2008) confirmed that…
If the organisation has a well-known abbreviation, include
the abbreviation in brackets the first time and then use only
the abbreviation in later citations.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
confirmed … FDA’s experts tested…

15. Reminders
• Any author cited in-text should appear in the
reference list following proper APA formatting.
• The APA Publication Manual (6th ed.) says,
"Each reference cited in text must appear in
the reference list, and each entry in the
reference list must be cited in text" (p. 174).
• Thus, there is no reason to include uncited
sources in the reference list.
Refer to: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/02/whats-a-reference-list-for.html

16. Please study this table
Type of citation First citation in-
text
Subsequent
citations in-text
First citation in-
text in
parenthesis
Subsequent
citations in-text
in parenthesis
One work by
one author
Walker (2007)
said that
happiness is a
state of mind.
Walker (2007)
claimed further
that happiness is
also affected by
external factors.
Happiness is a
state of mind
(Walker, 2007).
Happiness is also
affected by
external factors
(Walker, 2007).
One work by
two authors
Walker and Allen
(2004) said that
people who are
happy are those
people who are
satisfied in life.
Walker and Allen
(2004) also
stated that
happy people
are not easily
carried by
negative
emotions.
People who are
happy are those
people who are
satisfied in life
(Walker & Allen,
2004).
Happy people
are also not
easily carried by
negative
emotions
(Walker & Allen,
2004).

18. In quoting…
• Without pages? Write the paragraph number!
e.g. Basu and Jones (2004) went so far as to
suggest the need for a new “intellectual
framework… form of regulation in cyberspace”
(para. 4).
• Without paragraph (in-text) or page numbers?
Write the heading!
e.g. In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets
(2008) found that “the level of perceived
disability…less by their physical condition”
(Discussion section, para. 1)

19. Image of paragraphs in-text with
paragraph numbers

20. In quoting…
• Without headings, paragraph numbers, or pages?
Write a shortened version of the title/main
heading of the article you are reading.
e.g. Golan, Kuchler, and Krissof (2007) had this to
say, “Empirical studies have found mixed results
on the…and changing consumption behaviour”
(“Mandatory Labeling Has Targeted”, para. 4).
• For this, the complete title is “Mandatory
Labeling Has Targeted Information Gaps and
Social Objectives”.

21. Sample full block quote
For a quote 40
words or more…

22. Long Quotations
• put in a free-standing block
• omit quotation marks
• indent ½ inch from the left margin
• indent any subsequent paragraphs within the
quote ½ inch from the new margin
• use double-spacing
• put the parenthetical citation after the closing
punctuation mark
• USE SPARINGLY

23. Direct Quotation
ANSWERS: Gilquin and Jacobs (2006, pp. 79-106)
Or
(Gilquin & Jacobs, 2006, pp. 79-106)
Question 1: Write an in-text citation as a direct quotation for the following journal article.
Gilquin, G., & Jacobs, G. M. 2006. Elephants who marry mice are very unusual: The use of the relative
pronoun who with nonhuman animals. Society & Animals, 14(1), 79-105.

24. Indirect Quotation (Paraphrase)
• Question 2: Write an in-text citation as a
paraphrase for the following newspaper article.
• Yonke, D. (2008, September 13). Monks on
the road for peace: Tibetan Buddhists bring
message that happiness is an internal event.
The Blade, p. B7.
ANSWERS: Yonke (2008)
or
(Yonke, 2008)

25. In-text Citations: Signal Words
Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.
According to X. (2008), “….” (p. 3).
X. (2008) argued that “……” (p. 3).
X. (2008) has argued that ―……‖ (p. 3).
Use signal verbs such as:
acknowledged, contended, maintained,
responded, reported, argued, concluded,
etc.
Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs
in signal phrases when they discuss past events.

26. Footnotes & Endnotes
The only use for footnotes in APA Style is to
provide additional content that supplements the
text (e.g., to briefly acknowledge a tangential
idea that is nevertheless important to the
discussion or to note copyright permission for
reprinting a lengthy quote). Endnotes are never
used in APA Style, but you’ll find more about
content footnotes in section 2.12 of the APA
Publication Manual.

27. What Are References?
• References = Information at the end of your
paper that enables readers to find the sources
you cited in the body of your paper.
• All your citations must be in your list of
references, and all your references must have
a matching citation in the body of your paper.

28. • A reference
list looks
like this.
Should
be upper-
case!

29. Italicising
•Italicise titles of longer works such as
books and journals.
•Do not italicise, underline, or put quotes
around the titles of shorter works such as
journal articles or essays in edited
collections.

30. Capitalising
•Capitalise all major words in journal titles (includes
titles of newspapers & magazines).
•When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web
pages, capitalise only the first letter of the first
word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a
colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
•Do not capitalise the first letter of the second word
in a hyphenated compound word.

31. Referencing a Book
• If Csikai and Chaitin (2006) are mentioned in-text, i.e.
In palliative care, “medical needs are met by those in
the medical disciplines; nonmedical needs may be
addressed by anyone on the team” (Csikai & Chaitin,
2006, p. 112).
• Then they will appear in the reference list as:
Csikai, M., & Chaitin, S. (2006). The nature of palliative
care among patients with chronic diseases (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Pearson Longman.
= In this case, we are referencing a book, not a specific chapter
of a book.

32. Correct answer is b.
Question 4

33. Referencing e-books
For e-books:
• Author/s. (Year/date). Title of book. Place of
publication: Retrieved from URL.
• Author/s. (Year/date). Title of book. Place of
publication: DOI

34. What is DOI?
• Digital Object Identifier
• Unique identifier that directs readers to
content, regardless of where it resides
• Linking mechanism embedded in the
reference lists of electronic articles that
allows click-through access to each
reference (one click leads to the reference)
• All DOIs begin with “10”

35. In referencing…
• Family names appear first in Vietnam and China.
However, in most countries in Asia, they follow
the Western format.
• Consult the author’s previous publication – check
the author’s reference list!
• For one author entries by the same author,
arrange by year of publication – the earliest first!
e.g. Upenieks, V. (2003)…
Upenieks, V. (2005)…

36. Which one is the family name?
A comma is used to separate the family name from the
given name.
Richard Smith
Smith, Richard
Dick van Dyke
Wendy Palmer-Daniel

37. Author v. Editor
Editor = a person who decides the final content
of a newspaper, magazine, or multi-author
book, by correcting, revising or adapting the
work of authors.
Author = a person who writes a book, article,
or other text, sometimes as a profession.
(Ed.) (Eds.)

38. Referencing a Chapter in an Edited
Book (print)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication).
Title of chapter. In A. Editor, & B. Editor (Eds.),
Title of book (pages of chapter). Place of
publication: Publisher.
Example:
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's
gender role journeys: A metaphor for healing,
transition and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib
(Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-
123). Jakarta, Indonesia: Springer.
= Since this is an edited book, pages are included

39. Correct answer is c.
Question 5

40. Chapter in edited E-books
• Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In E. Editor
(Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). Retrieved from
http://xxxxxxxxx
• Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In E. Editor
(Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). doi:xxxxxxxxxx
Example:
• MacKay, C. (2011). What happens in the
afterlife? In S. Hancocks (Ed.), Life’s
reflections (pp. 200-217). Retrieved from
http://www.religiontoday.com.org

41. Journal Article (print)
Author’s surname, initialised first name.
initialised middle name. (Year of publication).
Title of article. Journal Title, volume number
(issue number), page numbers.
Example:
Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social
development. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 11(2), 7-10.

42. Correct answer is c.
Question 3

43. Journal Article with DOI
(Digital Object Identifier)
Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster
presentations: An annotated
bibliography. European Journal of
Marketing, 41(1), 1245-1273.
doi:10.1108/03090560710821161
•No need to include URL if there is DOI.

44. Newspaper article (print)
• Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity
affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
• Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental
reserves keep brain agile. The New York
Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com
Newspaper article (online)

45. Correct answer is a.
Question 6

46. Web Documents & Pages

47. Quick References:
http://libguides.jcu.edu.au/apa

48. Quick References:
http://apastyle.org/

49. Quick References:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/

50. Where to get more help?
- The appropriate style manual
or guidelines
• Publication Manual of the
American Psychological
Association (6th Edition)
- Your lecturers/tutors
- Your peers (with due care)
- The library and library staff

51. Where to get more help?
• Learning Support services online:
http://www.jcu.edu.sg/Home/CampusLife/tab
id/74/SuperStructureID/235/Default.aspx

52. Gavaskar, S. M. (2012). I live for mangoes. Fresno, CA: Tasty Tomes Press.

53. Nguyen, V. T., & Phan, T. H. (2011). Fifty ways to eat a mango. In J. S. Bough & G. B. DuBois
(Eds.), Fruit today: Recipes from around the world (pp. 24-33). Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam: Pearson Education.

54. Smart, M. (2011). The Smart Group success story. Journal of Invention, 29(8), 39-54.
doi:10.1108/03090560710821161