2. Oxidation of long-chain fatty-acids produces H2O2

3. Decompose/Detoxify H2O2

4. Catalse generates H20 and O2 from H202

5. Can utilize organic compounds as a source of H to make water and then leave that dehydrogenated compound as a left-over.

6. Free ribsomes make proteins for ribosomes that are translated into vesicles and are now peroxisomes

7. Growth = molecules transported into vesicle

8. Can undergo fission

9. Characterized as an isolated organelle

10. Double material to undergo fission

11. Can form de novo (from the beginning) from the ER.

12. Budding of ER and in are the proteins for peroxisomal functions.

13. Mitochondria

14. Outer membrane brings components from cytosol through inter membrane space

15. Review citric acid cycle

16. Beware of process that produce NADH and FADH2

17. Pyruvate acetyl coa

18. Fatty acids to acetyl coa through beta oxidation

19. Were likely incorporated in eukaryotic cells through phagocytic process

20. Can replicate itself in cell

21. Autophagy after 10 days

22. F1 is ATP generating site

24. All have signal sequence that tell where unit should end up.

25. Slide 3

26. SIGNAL SEQUENCES REPRESENT 2 TYPES OF ADDRESSES, SPECIFIC SEQUENCES OF AMINO ACIDS

27. Signal sequences are strands of amino acids found in the unfolded proteins at Amino or Carboxy terminus. Or in middle of protein

28. Recognized in an unfolded state

29. Signal patches are signal sequences that function once when they are brought together and the protein has begun to fold

30. Near amino terminus,

31. Hydrophobic amino acids that have some basic positively charged amino acids, followed by hydrophobic amino acids and more basic positively charged amino acids.

32. Signal sequence for target

33. Lys-Asp-Glu- provide signal to transport protein into the lumen of the ER

34. Import into nucleus signal are found in the middleish

35. Ser-lys-leu is speciic for targeting peroxisomes. (SKL)

36. KDEL sequence = ER retention signal at carboxy terminus

37. Slide 4

38. Mechanisms to bring things back to the ER

39. Some proteins will be constitutively secreted and others are regulatory proteins.

40. Slide 5

41. Anterograde transport from rER to and through golgi occurs by two methods

42. Vesicular tranport

43. Only vesicles will bring them back through retro. transport

44. Cisternal Maturation model

45. Maturation of tubular clusters that bud off ER.

46. Maturation of whole cisternae that allows for a transition state

47. Tubular cluster matures into the cis golgi, medial, trans golgi

48. Anterograde

49. Retrograde

50. Budding of small vesicles off of trans golgi network, through golgi, and into the ER

51. Slide 6

52. Pulse-chase experiments

53. Radio-labeled amino acids to label newly generated proteins w/in the lumen of the ER for about 30 minutes

54. Pulse:

55. Specific period when radio-labeled amino acids were ‘bathed’ onto cells

56. Used pancreatic endocrine cells constantly secrete hormones.

57. Chase

58. Unlabeled amino acids added

59. For a different time period, let the cell rest then fix and analyze where the radio signal is.

60. Slide 11 – what proteins are involved in each step?

61. Mutation experiments for KO proteins

62. Yeast mutagenesis experiments.

63. Mutant yeast population then try to figure out why they are mutants, characterize the mutation, group them, figure out why they have that mutation

64. Normal secretion from yeast is a conserved process so you can irradiate yeast

65. Invertase – developed antibodies to the protein and look where invertase is found, when expressed, and what is its role?

66. ability to secrete = invertase

67. Slide 11

68. We ca change signal sequences for different proteins.

69. Cytosolic sequence and KDEL sequence maintained in the ER.

70. Insert ER sequence for cytosolic proteins

71. Slide 13

72. SRP recognizes ER signal sequence near N terminus.

73. Sequence reognition peptide that recognizes ER SS near N terminus

74. Trans-locon is made of SRP receptor, pore protein, ribosome receptor protein, and a signal peptidase

75. Pore allows protein to enter ER as being translated

76. Rib. Receptor binds to large subunit of ribosomal protein to be held during translation

77. Signal peptidase cuts off signal sequence from protein as being generated.

78. GTP is hydrolyzied in this process for energy

79. Translation wont take place until GTP is hydrolyzed

80. SRP and SRP receptor when hydrolyzed, SRP signal sequence is released and you can begin to translate protein into lumen of the ER

81. From there, sequences will determine where protein goes, secreted, lysosomes, ER etc.