2. Proteoglycan structure in cartilage

3. Aggrecan

4. Hyaluronate core with proteoglycans linked to it.

5. Made of hyaluronate, a GAG, linked to proteoglycans

6. Made of hyaluranate, a GAG, linked to lots of proteoglycans

7. GAGs form proteoglycans

8. Chrondroitin Sulfate

9. One choice is N acetyl galactosamine is the amino sugar

10. Can be used to make GAGs

11. Keratan

12. Another choice in the keratin sulfate is N acetyl gluconate (N acetyl glycosamine)

13. Can be used to make GAGs

14. Link with sugar acids that help form GAGs

15. Galactose

16. Glucyronate

17. Hyaluronate is a galactosamine itself in repeating units

18. Linked up with proteoglycans

19. Integrins

20. Made of two subunits

21. Alpha

22. 9 different alpha subunits identified

23. Beta

24. 24 different ones

25. can also have many forms

26. The EXC receptor

27. Extracaellular

28. Globular region for RGD sequence or binding sites on laminin

29. Alpha Helix

30. Transmembrane region

31. Binding site for talin

32. A5B1 ubiquitous

33. Fibronection component of matrix below lamina

34. LFA-1

35. Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

36. WBC can’t migrate to tissue to deal with infection

37. Neutrophiles move to the site first

38. If they can’t migrate, then the bacteria, or viral, infection has an increasesd chane of infecting host cells.

39. Epithelial hemidesmosomes

40. A6B4

41. Targeted that results in blistering of the skin

42. Mutation in either alpha or betaa subunit.

43. Autoimmune response

44. Picture of adhesion and integrins

45. Blue = cytoplasm

46. Alpha actinin

47. Ras pathway can Pi molecules that drive actin formation

48. Focal adhesion

49. Sites that allow to adhere to EXC Matrix

50. FAK – Focal Adhesion Kinase

51. Drives depolymerization of focal adhesions

52. Drives depolymerization of actin and breakdown of Focal Adhesions (FA)

53. FA must first be made and then broken down

54. In order to be mobile, the cell must remove a FA and reform another at the point it adheres to the ECM

55. IRE – Integrin Receptor Kinase

56. Hemidesmosome

57. Basal lamin has embedded EXM proteins, laminin is the most common’

58. A6B4 is found in hemidesmosomes in epithelial cells

59. mechanical stress functions of the matrix

60. Plectin

61. Associates with the

62. Plaqu

63. Made of plectin proteins

64. Link with integrins

65. BPAG – bullbous phemphigoid antigen

66. First identified in

67. Intermediate filaments are disrupted and

68. Immune system attacks BPAG antigoig

69. Immune cells recognize antigen and recognize it as a threat

70. Tissue Organization

71. Simple

72. Stratified

73. Columnar

74. Cuboidal

75. Squam

76. Basal Lamina

77. E – epithelial

78. Thin layer is basal lamina

79. Loose connective tissue, pictured below

80. 50nm in width

81. spans intermediate zone of whatever the tissue is

82. separates epithelial cells from structural tissue

83. creates permeable layer

84. Functions of the Basal Lamina

85. Structural

86. Permeability Barrier

87. Organization of cytoskeleton

88. Scaffolding function

89. Regeneration

90. Cut skin

91. Ulcer

92. Tissue can heal, but only if basal lamina provides a scaffolding for the division

93. Picture

94. PM

95. Integrins – green

96. Many proteins bind to each other

97. Perlecan links with type IV collagen and lamini

98. Perlecan and nidogen do not link up

99. Cell Adhesion

100. Three classes of adhesion

101. Occluding Junctions

102. Sites hwere cells adhere to one another and inhibit the movement of different molecules either across the CM or between the CMemebrane

103. Tight junctions

104. Apical side of cells

105. Adherin Junctions/Anchoring Junctions

106. Hemidesmosomes

107. Link with intermediate filaments

108. Desmosomes

109. “” on lateral side

110. Adherin junctions

111. Link with components of cytskeleton

112. Communicating Junctions

113. Gap junctions

114. Act like shutters on a camera

115. Driven by specific signaling

116. Highly expressed in cardiac cells

117. Structures of junctions

118. Formation of the adherins junctions

119. Cadherins

120. Function when they bind to cadherins of

121. Homophilic binding

122. E-cadherins

123. Only these will link with another E-cadherin

124. Binding of Ca2+

125. N-cadherins

126. Neuronal cells

127. Require Ca2+ for binding

128. Ca2+ binding sites are bound

129. Protein becomes more rigid

130. More interaction

131. Form a dimer

132. Allow PM to be brought the PM to be brought together.

133. Catenin is the linker protein that binds the PM of the cadherins and links to

134. Actin filaments in belt like structure

135. Desmosomes

136. Plaque proteins organize intermediate filaments

137. Epithelial cells – keratin

138. Desomglein and desmocollin – have both EXC and Cytosolic sides