1. Japanese
women mingle
with Europeans
in Yokohama’s
trading
compound in
this woodcut
print created by
a Japanese
artist in 1861.

2. An Australian Aborigine boomerang
A New Zealand postage stamp featuring the
British empire’s Queen Victoria
A bottle of quinine, which was used to fight
malaria in Panama

3. The emperor Meiji wrote a
poem to provide inspiration
for Japan’s efforts to become
a modern country in the late
1800s:
“May our country,
Taking what is good,
and rejecting what is bad,
Be not inferior
To any other.”

4. Cooperation: Japan as a World Power
After its rapid modernization in the late 1800s, Japan took its
place among the leading powers of the world. It asserted that
power throughout the 1900s, with varying results.
Today, Japan’s economy is second in size only to that of the
United States. Conduct research on Japan and write a
paragraph describing its role in international affairs today.

5. The Meiji Restoration
•Tokugawa Shogunate
overthrown by imperial
forces.
•Emperor Mutsuhito
ruled 1867–1912
•Modernization of Japan
was swift.
Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito

6. In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the
The “Opening” of United States sailed to Japan and anchored
in Edo Bay near Tokyo. He had instructions
Japan from U.S. President Millard Fillmore to open
Perry brought many the country to trade with the United States
gifts, but he also
threatened to
bombard the
Japanese if they
refused to trade
with the U.S. The
Japanese conceded,
leading to what
many called the
“opening of Japan.”
On March 31, 1854,
the U.S. and Japan
signed a treaty that
opened two ports
to American ships
and proclaimed
peace and
friendship between
the two countries Japanese admire gifts brought by U.S. Commodore Perry

7. – Japan didn't trade until 1853, when four
Modernizing
American warships commanded by Commodore
Matthew C. Perry sailed into the bay at Japan
Edo(present-day Tokyo).He wanted to trade with
Japan and so they signed a treaty with Perry in
1854.
– Meiji Leaders/Meiji Restoration
• First five years after Perry, shogun signed treaties
with Britain, France, Holland, Russia, and the
United States. Unhappiness at the treaties led to
the overthrow of the shogun in 1868. A group of
Samurai gave its allegiance to the new emperor,
Mutsuhito, but kept the real power to themselves.
• Mutsuhito was known as the Meiji, or
Enlightened emperor, Japan's new rulers were
called Meiji leaders. They strengthened the
military, and worked to transform the nation into
industrial society.
– They established a system of universal education
designed to produce loyal, skilled citizens who
worked for Japan's modernization.

8. 1
Events Leading Up to the Meiji Restoration
By the 1800s, discontent simmered throughout
Japan.
The government responded by trying to revive old
ways.
The United States forced Japan to grant trading rights
and forced unequal treaties on Japan.
Some Japanese strongly criticized the shogun for not taking a strong
stand against the foreigners. Foreign pressure deepened the social
and economic unrest.
Discontented daimyo and samurai overthrew the shogun and “restored”
the emperor to power. The Meiji restoration, which lasted from 1868 to
1912, was a major turning point in Japanese history.

9. 1
Reforms Under the Meiji
The Meiji reformers wanted to replace the rigid feudal order with a completely new
political and social system and to build a modern industrial economy.
ECONOMIC SOCIAL
GOVERNMENT CHANGE
REFORMS
Adopted the German model
of government Encouraged Japan’s Ended legal distinctions
Set forth the principle that business class to adopt between classes
all people were equal under western methods
Set up schools and a
the law Built factories and sold university
Established a western-style them to wealthy business
bureaucracy families, known as Hired westerners to teach
Used western technology to zaibatsu the new generation
strengthen the military modern technology
Ended the special privilege
of samurai under bushido

10. 1
Japanese Imperialism
As with western industrial powers, Japan’s
economic needs fed its imperialist desires.
In 1905, Japan defeated Russia in
In 1894,Japan defeated China in
the Russo-Japanese War, gaining
the Sino-Japanese War, gaining
control of Korea as well as rights
treaty ports in China and
in parts of Manchuria. Russia was
control over the island of
humiliated
Taiwan.
In 1910, Japan annexed
Korea, absorbing the
kingdom into the Japanese
empire and ruling it for 35
years.

11. • Industrialization
–In late 1870s Japan began to industrialize in an
effort to strengthen its economy.
•
Japan’sa Rising Power
Japan as World Power
–Japanese government revised tax structure to
raise money for investment. It also developed a
–Japan had acquired an efficient
modern currency system, supported the government, a vigorous economy, and a
building of postal, and telegraph networks, strong military.
railroads. and port facilities. –People of Korea had revolted against
–Beginning in the late 1880s, Japan's economy Chinese rule in 1894. So Japan decided to
grew rapidly. Growing population also provided intervene and defeated the Chinese army
a continual supply of cheap labor in the Sino-Japanese war. Although Korea
–By 1914 Japan had become one of the became independent, they were partially
world's leading industrial nations, owned by Japan.
–
hungry for empire and eager to use
–In 1904 the Japanese navy launched a
surprise attack on Port Arthur, a Russian
their new military. port. This was a major victory, because so
few expected Japan to win the Russo-
Japanese War.
–Japan had victory after victory and
eventually had Russia sign a treaty in 1905
that granted control of Korea and other
nearby areas. It annexed Korea as a
colony in 1910 and continued to expand
its empire for the next 35 years.

12. 1
Why Was Japan Able to Modernize So Rapidly?
• Japan was a homogeneous society — that is, it had a common culture
and language that gave it a strong sense of identity.
• Economic growth during the Tokugawa times had set Japan on the road
to development.
• The Japanese had experience learning from foreign nations, such as
China.
• The Japanese were determined to resist foreign rule.
• 得たい E Tai = one people; community;
• Everyone dedicated to the same ideals—as in to rebuild after tsunami

13. In the Japanese woodblock print below, Japanese boats go out to meet one of Commodore
Matthew Perry’s ships in Tokyo Bay. In response to Perry’s expedition, the Japanese
statesman Lord li considered Japan’s strategy toward contact with foreign powers:
“There is a saying that when one is besieged in a castle, to raise the drawbridge is to
imprison oneself. . . . Even though the Shogun’s ancestors set up seclusion laws, they left
the Dutch and Chinese to act as a bridge. . . . Might this bridge not now be of advantage to
us in handling foreign affairs, . . . providing us with the means whereby we may for a time
avert the outbreak of hostilities and then, after some time has elapsed, gain a complete
victory?”

14. In the image, a
Japanese woman
wears Western
clothing.
What role did
westernization play
in helping both
Japan and Siam
avoid colonization
by European
nations?

16. Japan modernized with amazing speed
during the Meiji period. Its success was
due to a number of causes. Japan had a
strong sense of identity, partly because it
had a homogeneous society—that is, its
people shared a common culture and
language. Economic growth during
Tokugawa times had set Japan on the road
to development. Japan also had
experience in learning and adapting ideas
from foreign nations, such as China.
The powerful
banking and
industrial families
were known
as zaibatsu provide
d capital for
business start-ups.

17. Korea in the Middle
Imperialist rivalries put the spotlight on Korea. Located at a crossroads of East
Asia, the Korean peninsula was a focus of competition among Russia, China, and
Japan. Korea had been a tributary state to China for many years. A tributary state
is a state that is independent but acknowledges the supremacy of a stronger
state. Although influenced by China, Korea had its own traditions and
government. Korea had also shut its doors to foreigners. It
did, however, maintain relations with China and sometimes with Japan.
By the 1800s, Korea faced pressure from outsiders. As Chinese power
declined, Russia expanded into East Asia. Then, as Japan industrialized, it too
eyed Korea. In 1876, Japan used its superior power to force Korea to open its
ports to Japanese trade. Faced with similar demands from Western powers, the
“Hermit Kingdom” had to accept unequal treaties.
Japan Rising
In this political cartoon, Japan is
depicted marching over Korea on its
way to Russia.
Why would Russia feel threatened by
Japan’s aggression in Korea?

18. The Japanese
in Korea
In this
illustration,
Japanese
soldiers march
into Seoul,
Korea’s capital
city.
Japan
controlled
Korea from
1905 until
1945.

19. There was
no looting,
no breaking in lines.
Everyone was
very polite
and waited
their turn
in an
orderly manner.
This line is for
Kerosene.
得たい

23. 1
Assessment
Wealthy business families in Japan were known as
a) daimyo.
b) shogun.
c) samurai.
d) zaibatsu.
Japan was able to modernize so quickly in part due to being
a) a heterogeneous society. b) a homogeneous society.
c) a military society. d) an isolated society.
Random Japanese terms:
Shogun Daimyo zaibatsu
Samurai bushido seppuku/hari
kari

24. 1
Assessment
Wealthy business families in Japan were known as
a) daimyo.
b) shogun.
c) samurai.
d) zaibatsu.
Japan was able to modernize so quickly in part due to being
a) a heterogeneous society. b) a homogeneous society.
c) a military society. d) an isolated society.

25. Currency from a British colony in Malaya
In 1867, Phan Thanh Gian, a Vietnamese
official, faced a dilemma. The French were
threatening to invade. As a patriot, Phan
Thanh Gian wanted to resist. But as a devoted
follower of Confucius, he was obliged “to live
in obedience to reason.” And based on the
power of the French military, he concluded
that the only reasonable course was to
surrender:
“The French have immense warships, filled
with soldiers and armed with huge cannons.
No one can resist them. They go where they
A European woman being
transported in a rickshaw want, the strongest *walls+ fall before them.”
in French Indochina

28. • The East Indies and the Philippines are the two
distinct geographic areas that France, Spain, Great
Britain, United State, and the Netherlands had set
Southeast
•
up colonies in that region.
The Islands of Southeast Asia
Asia
– At the beginning of the 1800s, the Dutch controlled
most of the East Indies and Spain controlled the
Philippines.
– The East Indies, present-day Indonesia, had
many natural resources, including rich soil
where farmers grew indigo, and
tea, coffee, pepper, cinnamon, sugar; miners
dug for tin and copper; loggers cut down
ebony, teak, and other hardwood trees. Dutch
Government used a method of forced labor
called the culture system
– to gather all these materials.
– Diponegoro, a Native prince from the East Indian
island of Java, started a revolt against the Dutch in
1825. Though it lasted 10 years, it failed, and the After the Spanish-American War,
Dutch encountered little opposition for the next 80 we had promised to grant the
years. In the early 1900s, Dutch won control of the Philippines their independence,
entire archipelago. but we did not. Aguinaldo led a
rebellion against US and was
brutally suppressed.

29. French Indochina
“French
Indochina”
encompassed a
number of self-
governing
regions in
Southeast Asia,
including
modern-day
Vietnam, Laos
and Cambodia
(labeled as
Kampuchea).

30. 2
Colonization of Southeast Asia
•By the 1890s, Europeans controlled most of Southeast Asia.
They:
• introduced modern technology
• expanded commerce and industry
• set up new enterprises to mine tin and
• harvest rubber
• brought in new crops of corn and cassava
• built harbors and railroads
•These changes benefited Europeans far more
• than the people of Southeast Asia.

31. • In early 1880s, there consisted on a mainland region that
included Burma (Myanmar), and Malaya in the west, Vietnam
in the east, and Siam, Cambodia, and Laos in the Middle. All
though the 1800s, Great Britain and France struggled for
Mainland
•
domination of the area
The British swept in from India in the 1820s. Over the next 60
Southeast
years, they took full control of Burma and neighboring
Malaya.
Asia
• Slowly, France was conquering Indochina, the region that
includes:
– Present-day Vietnam
– Cambodia
– Laos
• They established complete control in the 1880s.
• European rivalries for control of resources brought much
disturbance to mainland Southeast Asia. Western influences
changed traditional ways of life.
• Colonial landowners and trading companies forced
local farmers and workers to grow cash crops, mine
coal, and cut teak trees.

32. 2
Imperial Powers in the Pacific
In the 1800s, the industrial powers began to take an interest in the
islands of the Pacific.
In 1878, the United States secured an unequal treaty from Samoa.
Later, the United States, Germany, and Britain agreed to a triple
protectorate over Samoa.
From the mid-1800s, American sugar growers pressed for power in
Hawaii. In 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii.
At the conclusion of the Spanish-American War, the Philippines was
placed under American control. The United States promised Filipinos
self-rule some time in the future.
By 1900, nary an island was left unclaimed.

33. • Spanish ruled the Philippines which resembled the Dutch rule of the
Dutch East Indies. During 1800s, the Filipinos' resentment grew
until it finally exploded into revolution in 1896.
– When the United States declared war on Spain, they promised if
they helped that the Philippines would be free.
– It became evident in the next few years that the U.S. was not
interested in giving the Philippines their independence, but
wished to continue their relationship as merely a colony.
–

34. Emilio • After the U.S. declared war on Spain, Aguinaldo
saw a possibility that the Philippines might achieve
Aguinaldo its independence; the U.S. hoped instead that
Aguinaldo would lend his troops to its effort against
Spain. He returned to Manila on May 19, 1898 and
declared Philippine independence on June 12.
• When it became clear that the United States
had no interest in the liberation of the
islands, Aguinaldo’s forces remained apart from U.S.
troops.
• On January 1, 1899 following the meetings of a
constitutional convention, Aguinaldo was proclaimed
president of the Philippine Republic. Not
surprisingly, the United States refused to recognize
Aguinaldo’s authority and on February 4, 1899 he
declared war on the U.S. forces in the islands. After
his capture on March 23, 1901, Aguinaldo agreed to
swear allegiance to the United States, and then left
public life.
• His dream of Philippine independence came true on

35. Thailand
• Thailand, whose name means "Land of the Free People," is the only
Southeast Asian country that has never been a colony of a
European power.
• Thailand has borrowed freely from the West without losing its
special Asian identity. Thailand's exquisite beauty and rich culture, a
culture built on more than 5,000 years of tradition.
• It also established contact with European trading powers such as
Holland, Portugal, and Great Britain.
King Mongkut, who ruled from 1851 to 1868, set Siam on the road
to modernization.
Siam was forced to accept some unequal treaties but escaped
becoming a European colony.
Both Britain and France saw the advantage of making Siam a buffer,
or neutral zone, between them.
In the early 1900s, Britain and France guaranteed Siam its
independence.

36. Two Paths in Southeast Asia King Mongkut of
Siam managed to keep his kingdom out of
European control. In other parts of Southeast
Asia, colonized peoples labored to produce
export crops for their colonial rulers. Below,
workers process sugar cane in the Philippines in
the early 1900s.

37. • In the late 1700s, Burma (now Myanmar)
overwhelmed the kingdom.
However, Rama I, founder of the present
ruling dynasty, routed them, changed the
country's name to Siam, and established
Bangkok as the nation's capital. Successive
rulers became preoccupied with European
colonialism.
• That Thailand was never a colony is a
source of great pride, and it can be
attributed to the efforts of two kings who
ruled during the mid-1800s. Thailand
King Mongkut, or Rama IV (popularized in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The
King and I), and Chulalongkorn, or Rama V, are most responsible for introducing
extensive reforms. Slavery was abolished, outmoded royal customs were ended, and
the power of the aristocracy was limited. For the most part, however, only the top
level of Thai society was changed. Life for most Thais remained the same.

38. In the 1800s, the industrialized powers also began to take an interest in the
islands of the Pacific. The thousands of islands splashed across the Pacific
include the three regions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
At first, American, French, and British whaling and sealing ships looked for
bases to take on supplies in the Pacific. Missionaries, too, moved into the
region and opened the way for political involvement.
In 1878, the United States secured an unequal treaty from Samoa, a group of
islands in the South Pacific. The United States gained rights such as
extraterritoriality and a naval station. Other nations gained similar
agreements. As their rivalry increased, the United States, Germany, and
Britain agreed to a triple protectorate over Samoa.
Beginning in the mid-1800s, American sugar growers pressed for power in the
Hawaiian Islands. When the Hawaiian queen Liliuokalani tried to reduce
foreign influence, American planters overthrew her in 1893. They then asked
the United States to annex Hawaii, which it finally did in 1898. Supporters of
annexation argued that if the United States did not take Hawaii, Britain or
Japan might do so. By 1900, the United States, Britain, France, and Germany
had claimed nearly every island in the Pacific.

39. Queen Liliuokalani,
Queen of Hawaii
• Following the death of her brother, King Kalakaua, Liliuokalani is proclaimed the last monarch of
the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaii, first settled by Polynesian voyagers sometime in the eighth century,
saw a massive influx of American settlers during the nineteenth century, most coming to exploit
Hawaii’s burgeoning sugar industry. In 1887, under pressure from U.S. investors and American
sugar planters, King Kalakaua agreed to a new constitution that stripped him of much of his
power.
• However, in 1891, Liliuokalani ascended to the throne and refused to recognize the constitution
of 1887, replacing it instead with a constitution that restored the monarchy’s traditional
authority. Two years later, a revolutionary "Committee of Safety," organized by Sanford B. Dole, a
Hawaiian-born American, staged a coup against Queen Liliuokalani with the support of U.S.
Minister John Stevens and a division of U.S. marines. On February 1, 1893, Stevens recognized
Dole’s new government on his own authority and proclaimed Hawaii a U.S. protectorate. Dole
submitted a treaty of annexation to the U.S. Senate but most Democrats opposed it, especially
after it was revealed that most Hawaiians did not want annexation.
• President Grover Cleveland sent a new U.S. minister to Hawaii to restore Queen Liliuokalani to
the throne under the 1887 constitution, but Dole refused to step aside and instead proclaimed
the independent Republic of Hawaii, which was organized into a U.S. territory in 1900.
• Liliuokalani herself spent much of the remainder of her life in the United States, where she
unsuccessfully petitioned the federal government for compensation for seized property and other
losses. The territorial legislature of Hawaii finally voted her an annual pension of four thousand
dollars and permitted her to receive the income from a small sugar plantation.
• In additional to her political fame, Liliuokalani is also known for composing many Hawaiian songs,
including the popular "Aloha Oe," or "Farewell to Thee."

40. President Dole, of the Hawaiian Republic.
• Liliuokalani, however, was determined to eliminate American influence in the
government. She tried to create a new constitution that would strengthen the
traditional monarchy, but her cabinet refused to cooperate. The American residents
were outraged. They organized the Committee of Safety and appointed members of
the Annexation Club as its leaders. On the morning of January 17, 1893, armed
members of the committee attacked. They took over the government office
building. From its steps they read a proclamation abolishing the monarchy and
establishing a provisional government. The provisional government "would exist
until terms of union with the United States of America have been negotiated and
agreed upon." Sanford B. Dole, an elderly judge with a flowing, white beard, became
its president. Hawaiians who were loyal to their queen tried to come to her defense
and stop the revolution. When they arrived in Honolulu, however, American troops
confronted them. The United States' minister, John L. Stevens, had sent for a
battalion of marines and an artillery company from the cruiser Boston. They were
ordered to protect the provisional government. For the Hawaiians, resistance was
hopeless. Queen Liliuokalani sadly surrendered her throne.

44. Monroe Doctrine
• U.S. and Britain opposed Spain’s plan
to regain former colonies
• Monroe Doctrine-In 1823, James
Monroe and John Quincy Adams
issued warning to European powers
that an attempt to gain land in Latin
America would be considered a
threat to the United States.
• The British navy helped to enforce
the Doctrine.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine:
Western Hemisphere is Ours!
Stay Out!

45. Senator Albert J. Beveridge
• Oct 6, 1862- April 27, 1927
• Orator, Senator, and historian
• 1898, Gave speech on America’s growing as a
world power
• “Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of
the world must and shall be ours. We will
establish trading-posts throughout the world
as distributing-points for American
products…Great colonies governing
themselves, flying our flag and trading with
us, will grow about our posts of trade.”

46. José Martí
• Writer and political
activist
• Considered father of
modernist poetry
• Writings sparked Cuban
revolution against Spain
• Died in battle against
Spaniards

47. Remember the Maine!
To show support for the Cubans, U.S. President William McKinley sent the
battleship the Maine to Havana, the capital of Cuba.
The ship exploded in a harbor near Havana.
Newspapers blamed Spain for the explosion.
The battle cry “Remember the Maine!” swept across the United States.
1898, Congress declared war on Spain.
The Spanish-American War lasted four months and resulted in an American victory.
It was a “Splendid Little War!”

48. The Spanish-American War 1898
• The Spanish-American War of 1898 marked a turning point in United States
foreign policy. Spain ruled Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and other overseas
possessions during the 1890's. In the mid-1890's, Cubans revolted against their
Spanish rulers. Many Americans demanded that the United States aid the rebels.
On Feb. 15, 1898, the United States battleship Maine blew up off the coast of
Havana, Cuba. No one was certain what caused the explosion, but many
Americans blamed the Spaniards. Demands for action against Spain grew, and
"Remember the Maine" became a nationwide war cry. On April 25, 1898, at the
request of President William McKinley, Congress declared war on Spain. The
United States quickly defeated Spain, and the Treaty of Paris of Dec. 10, 1898,
officially ended the war. Under the treaty, the United States received Guam,
Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from Spain. Also in 1898, the United States
annexed Hawaii.
• Spanish-American War marked the emergence of the United States as a world
power. This brief conflict between the United States and Spain took place between
April and August 1898, over the issue of the liberation of Cuba. In the course of the
war, the United States won Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands.
• http://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_music.html

49. The Spanish-American War
• “A Splendid Little War”
• “Remember the Maine!” (and to hell with Spain!)

51. Remember the
Maine!
• Arriving 25 January, Maine anchored in the center of the port, remained on
vigilant watch, allowed no liberty, and took extra precautions against sabotage.
Shortly after 2140, 15 February, the battleship was torn apart by a tremendous
explosion that shattered the entire forward part of the ship. Out of 350 officers
and men on board that night (4 officers were ashore), 252 were dead or missing.
Eight more were to die in Havana hospitals during the next few days. The survivors
of the disaster were taken on board Ward Line steamer City of Washington and
Spanish cruiser Alfonso XII. The Spanish officials at Havana showed every attention
to the survivors of the disaster and great respect for those killed. The Court of
Inquiry convened in March was unable to obtain evidence associating the
destruction of the battleship with any person or persons. The destruction of Maine
did not cause the U.S. to declare war on Spain, but it served as a
catalyst, accelerating the approach to a diplomatic impasse. In addition, the
sinking and deaths of U.S. sailors rallied American opinion more strongly behind
armed intervention. The United States declared war on Spain 21 April.

52. Prelude
February 15
to
1898
War
Yellow Journalism—”You provide the pictures,
I’ll supply the war.”

53. Lieutenant Catlin later testified that he heard
the sound like the "crack of a pistol and (then)
the second (was) a roar that engulfed the
ship's entire forward section."
Indeed the entire forward section of the Maine
had broken almost entirely in half.

54. A Splendid Little War, By Jingo!

55. • America went to war against Spain to free Cuba from
Spanish domination. But the war provided the United States
an opportunity to seize overseas possessions and begin Facts / Statistics
building an American empire. After ousting Spain from Cuba,
the United States seized Puerto Rico. And subsequently it Dates: 1898-1901
annexed the Philippines, Samoa, Guam, and Wake Island, Troops: 306,760
followed by Hawaii.
• . Deaths: 2,446
A New Navy, A New War
After the Civil War, the United States neglected its navy, which ranked twelfth in the world
by 1880. Although the United States had no overseas colonies to protect, business and
government leaders realized that a strong navy was essential to defend trade and growing
international interests. Beginning in 1881, Congress supported a modernization program
that would make the American navy effective. The new ships would have steel
hulls, steam engines, and large, rifled guns. At first, the ships still used sails as a backup to
steam power. But by the 1890s, the U.S. Navy had converted to all-steel and -steam, and
ranked among the top five navies in the world. Naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan
stated, “Americans must now begin to look outward. The growing production of the
country demands it . . . .”
This Means War!
On February 15, 1898, a mysterious explosion sank the battleship USS Maine in Havana
Harbor, triggering a war between the United States and Spain.
The Maine had come to Cuba to protect American citizens while Cuban revolutionaries
were fighting to win independence from Spain. The United States supported their
cause, and after the Maine exploded, demanded that Spain give Cuba freedom.
Instead, Spain declared war, and America quickly followed suit, moving Commodore
George Dewey into position in the Philippines and Commodore Winfield Scott Schley into
Santiago Bay.
War fever was fanned by the press, particularly publishers William Randolph Hearst and
Joseph Pulitzer. Although the United States claimed it had no designs on Cuba, many
believed the war would be an opportunity to seize other overseas possessions and begin
building an American empire. Newspapers printed maps to help Americans follow the war.

56. Admiral George Dewey
•
In 1900 much of America was caught up in what might be termed Dewey Delirium. For the first
time since the Civil War, Americans had set their sights upon a war hero whose allegiance was to
the entire nation, not just the North or South. George Dewey, a commodore at the time, slipped
into Manila Bay in the Philippines on the night of April 30, 1898 and quietly plotted to destroy the
once-formidable Spanish Pacific fleet. Just 4 days earlier, the US had declared war on Spain in
response to events in Cuba. Caught unawares, the Spanish fleet in Manila was destroyed a mere
two hours after Dewey issued his famous order, "You may fire when ready, Gridley." Millions
were on hand in New York harbor to greet Dewey upon his triumphant return to the States.
Congress bestowed upon him the special rank of admiral of the navy. Other honors
followed, including the naming of a chewing gum, Dewey's Chewies, after him. He also enjoyed the
dubious distinction of providing the inspiration for a laxative: The Salt of Salts.
Such adulation prompted Dewey to consider politics. Though he lacked any party affiliation and
had never himself voted, in March 1900 Dewey let it be known that he was making himself
available to the American people as a presidential candidate. "If the American people want me for
this high office, I shall be only too willing to serve them," he declared. He went on to point out that
"since studying this subject I am convinced that the office of the President is not such a very
difficult one to fill..." The Admiral's lack of command of the issues of the day caused few to take
him seriously. One reporter wrote, "A great sailor should have a better chart in a strange sea."
Failing to secure any serious backing for his presidential bid, Dewey served out his days as the head
of the General Board of the Navy Department.

57. "Gridley, you may fire when
ready".

58. Where is the Olympia berthed?

59. The USS Olympia - a battle cruiser -
and the USS Becuna - a submarine - at
Independence Seaport Museum,
Penn's Landing.

60. The United States Expands its Empire

61. Treaty of Paris 1899
• After heated debate, United States Congress approved the
Treaty of Paris on February 6, 1899, by a two-thirds margin
(57 to 27). The following day, President McKinley signed the
treaty, and the United States officially controlled Spain's
former colonies—Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines. With the Treaty of Paris, the United States
emerged as an imperial power.
• Under the treaty's terms, the U.S. gained possession of Cuba,
Puerto Rico, Guam, and for $20 million, the Philippines. As for
Cuba, the U.S. could neither keep it without reneging on the
Teller Amendment, nor release the island without abandoning
it to the revolutionary aims of the Cuban insurgency.

62. Teddy Roosevelt

63. The Great White
Fleet
• The battleships assigned to the
Great White Fleet represented the
bulk of the US battle fleet. The
only battleships that did not sail
with the Fleet were one ship that
was in overhaul, one newly
competed ship not yet ready for
deployment (both of these ships
later joined the Fleet), and four
obsolete, unseaworthy coast
defense battleships. The 16
battleships of the Great White
Fleet were organized into four
Divisions of four ships each.

64. This is how we become both Momma and Cop to the World

65. Alice Roosevelt Longworth
February 12, 1884 - February 20, 1980
Widely known as the "other Washington
Monument" and "Princess Alice", this
rambunctious, independent, and irreverent
American social icon once described her father
as an individual who wanted to be "the bride at
every wedding and the corpse at every funeral".
In return, President Roosevelt once described
his first child's irreverence by remarking that he
could control the affairs of state, or control
Alice, but could not possibly do both.
She
lived
to be
96.

66. In 1854,Commodore Perry establishes
Open Door policy with the Far East.
In 1900, with the backing of the Great
White Fleet, TR convinces them to agree
to trade deals with relative ease.
• TR sends Taft and Alice on a trade/visit to
Japan. The secret deal was that we would
look the other way if Japan expanded its
sphere of influence in the East. Bottom line,
we sold out Korea.
• The Japanese virtually rape the country,
north and south.

67. Territorial Gains
• During late 1800’s and early 1900’s ,U.S. made many territorial gains.
• 1867- purchased Alaska from Russia
• 1898- annexed Hawaii
• Gained the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in victory in Spanish-American War.
• 1917- US purchased Virgin Islands from Denmark

68. • Roosevelt developed plan to
obtain the isthmus. A man, a plan,
• American agents encouraged the
people of Panama to rebel against a canal,
Columbia.
• The U.S. Navy helped the rebels.
Panama!
• The new Republic of Panama
signed the land over to the United
States.

69. U.S. wanted quick access
across the Isthmus of
Panama for trade and Isthmus of Panama
military reasons.
Isthmus of Panama connects
Central and South America A man, a plan, a canal, Panama
Separates Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans
Columbia had rights to the
isthmus.
Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
tried to sign treaty with
them to gain the land, but
Columbia refused.
And so….

70. TR cartoon by Berryman
“The news reaches Bogota”
• The Panama Canal
One of Roosevelt's proudest accomplishments--and most controversial--was acquiring U.S.
rights to building and operating a canal in Panama. This cartoon shows him throwing dirt on the
Colombian capital. (Cartoon by W. A. Rogers)

71. Panama Canal
• The Construction of the Panama
Canal lasted 10 year between
1904- 1914.
• Involved more than 40,000
workers.
• Many died of malaria and yellow
fever. A sanitation program
contained the mosquitoes.
• The canal was hailed as one of
the greatest engineering feats .
• It was an engineering marvel;
• it was built on time,
• and it came in under budget.

72. How a Lock Works

73. Walter Reed
• Walter Reed, an American medical doctor had received his medical degree by the time he was 18
years old. He joined the Army and became a captain. For 16 years he had served in an outpost that was
far away from other doctors. He wanted to be able to study and learn more about medicine, so he asked
for a four month leave. He learned so well that they allowed him to study for seven months at Johns
Hopkins Hospital.
He continued to study and do experiments at the Army outpost. He and some other doctors studied
typhoid fever * and discovered that it was carried by flies.
Yellow fever * was a dreaded disease. 90,000 people in the United States had died of the disease. Many
American soldiers in Cuba had died also. Reed noticed that people who cared for the patients with
yellow fever didn't usually get the disease. So he concluded that people didn't catch it from each other.
Reed began looking for answers. He remembered the research they had done on typhoid fever. He
wondered if maybe mosquitoes might be spreading it. Some of the doctors and soldiers volunteered to
take part in the experiment.
The mosquitoes were put in test tubes. First they bit the arms of men who already had yellow fever.
Then they were allowed to bite the arms of people who didn't have the disease. After many tests, they
decided that the mosquito did carry the disease from one person to another.
The next step was to get rid of the mosquitoes. They sprayed the areas of water where the mosquitoes
were hatching, with chemicals. This stopped the spread of the disease.
The Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington D.C. is named in honor of him.
•

74. The Influence of the United States
4
•In 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that
the American continents were no longer open to colonization by any
European powers.
•In 1904, the United States issued the Roosevelt
•Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Under this
•policy, the United States claimed
•“international police power” in the
•Western Hemisphere.
• In the next decade, the United States frequently intervened
militarily in Latin American nations to protect American lives and
investments.
•In 1903, the United States backed the Panamanians
•in a revolt against Colombia in order to gain land to
•build the Panama Canal.
•“A man, a plan, a canal, Panama”
• To people in Latin America, the canal was an
• example of “Yankee Imperialism.”

75. Benito Juárez is
the central figure
of this detail from
Mexican artist
Diego Rivera’s
mural Sunday
Afternoon in
Alameda Park.
Sugar cane, a
Latin American cash crop

77. Remember the
Alamo! Mexican
President Antonio
López de Santa
Anna (above) is
well-known for his
ruthless decision
to give no quarter
to the Texan
defenders of the
Alamo, a fort in
San
Antonio, Texas, dur
ing the Texas
Revolution.
The illustration shows Texan
defenders of the Alamo bravely
fighting against overwhelming
odds.
In what light does this illustration
present the defenders of the
Alamo?

79. Uncle Sam Takes Off
This cartoon represents
the entry of the United
States into competition
with European powers
over new territory in the
Eastern Hemisphere in
the early 1900s.
Uncle Sam represents
the United States.
The horse wears a
saddle that reads
“Monroe Doctrine.”
European powers watch
in frustration.
What do the wheels on
Uncle Sam’s bicycle
represent?
Why are the European
powers shouting at
Uncle Sam?

81. Latin American Concerns
• The canal gave the U.S.
great access to Latin
America.
• The Roosevelt Corollary was
added to the Monroe
Doctrine.
• This said U.S. would
intervene to make Latin
American countries honor
foreign debts
• Many Latin Americans
looked at the United State’s
interventions as steps to
turn Latin American
countries into colonies.

82. Mexico

83. Revolution
Many Mexicans unhappy
with dictator-like rule
of General Antonio
Lopez de Santa Anna
1835- Mexicans and
Americans in Texas
revolt
1845- Texas becomes a
state of the United
States
This sparks Mexican War
which United States
wins
U.S. gains much Mexican
land through the
Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo

84. La Reforma and French Conflict
• La Reforma was a Mexican period of change
• Benito Juarez was elected president in 1855
• He reduced power of the military, separated the
church and state, and improved the lot of
impoverished farmers
• 1863-French troops came to collect money owed to
France
• 1864-Austrian Archduke Maximilian named emperor
of Mexico
• 1867-French troops withdrew under American
pressure and Juarez returned to power
• Juarez died mysteriously and Porfirio Diaz seized
power
• He limited individual rights, but the economy grew.

85. Mexican Revolution
• 1910-1920: many Mexicans fought authorities, and
many immigrated to U.S.
• Armies were made up of farmers, workers, ranchers,
and soldaderas (women soldiers)

86. Power Struggles
• Revolution started in 1910 when
Francisco Madero overthrew
Diaz in 1910
• Madero killed by one of his
followers, Victoriano Huerta
• Huerta overthrown by Mexican
revolts
• Three revolutionary leaders
emerged:
• Emiliano Zapata,
• Francisco “Pancho” Villa, and
• Venustiano Carranza

87. Where’s Pancho?
• Villa was unhappy with the result, crosses the border of New Mexico, and kills 18
Americans.
• Pres. Woodrow Wilson sent American troops to Mexico to capture Villa.
• The troops were withdrawn because of the start of World War I in 1917

88. • Villa looked for the recognition of the United States, for his
government, and as he did not obtain it, he visited the border
population of Columbus, where he takes weapons. North American
General Pershing entered Mexican territory, persecuting it, without
never reaching it. Carranza was killed in a revolt in 1917-1920.
• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson responded by sending 12,000 troops,
under Gen. John J. Pershing into Mexico on March 15 to pursue Villa. In
the U.S., this was known as the Pancho Villa Expedition During the
search, the United States launched its first air combat mission when
eight airplanes lifted off on March 19.
• The expedition to capture Villa was called off as a failure on January 28,
1917.
General • Historians' debate
• Modern historians debate whether Villa was involved with the Germans
Pancho and how much aid and information passed through them. Some
contend that the Germans encouraged Villa's actions against U.S.
interests and incursions into Texas and New Mexico in order to create
Villa instability on the southern border of a power they definitely did not
want interfering in World War I. Other actions by the Germans such as
the Zimmermann Telegram correspond with Germany's wish to
destabilize the United States. The extent of Villa's role as an abettor of
German interests and receiver of German aid is still very much in
question, but the idea would not seem to be in contradiction with his
opportunistic tendencies.
• Quotes "Don't let it end like this. Tell them I said something." (Last
words.)

89. Protecting U.S. Interests
• In the late 1800s and early 1900s the United States
policy in Latin America was based on protecting U.S.
interests and keeping European countries out of the
area. The United States used military occupation and
other tactics to ensure dominance in this region.
• In 1916 and 1917, General “Black Jack” Pershing led
an unsuccessful expedition with over 10,000 men
into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa. In other
incidents, the U.S. bombarded or occupied Latin
American locations.

90. J. J. Pershing
• “Black Jack” Pershing had
spent years looking for Pancho
Villa with his Buffalo soldiers,
but he gets to be the leader of
the AEF—American
Expeditionary Forces—our
army in Europe during WWI.
• He is the Supreme Commander
for all of our forces—highest
honor and only Washington
held this rank before him.

91. And the Winner is…..
• Zapata used battle cry, “Tierra y Liberdad” meaning “Land and
Liberty”
• He fought for the impoverished farmers
• Villa proposed radical reforms
• Carranza was more conservative
• 1915- with the help of American support,
• Carranza became president

92. Carranza’s Rule
• Carranza reluctantly introduced a liberal
constitution
• He was slow in carrying out reforms
• Force was used to fight opposition
• 1920- Carranza was killed in a revolt
• Revolt brought Alvaro Obregon to
power
• Tensions cooled between Mexico and
the United States until…

93. The Zimmerman Telegram
• The German
ambassador
Zimmerman telegraphs
the Mexican
ambassador with a
proposition. The British
intercept it and decode
it for US.
• The Kaiser is offering
Mexico choice parts of
the US (CA, TX, NM) if
they attack US and keep
US off balance during
The Great War.
• This angers US so much
that we will join the
Allies against Germany.

94. Life on a Hacienda
Peasant women process a crop grown on a hacienda in Mexico in the 1800s.