Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is characterized by ongoing patterns of uncooperative, defiant, and hostile behavior toward authority figures. Children with ODD often argue with adults, actively refuse adult requests or rules, and deliberately annoy or upset others. ODD can be caused by genetics, biological factors like neurotransmitter imbalances or brain injuries, and unstable home environments with a lack of parental discipline. Treatment involves therapy, medication to treat co-occurring conditions, and social skills training to improve family relationships.

1. Oppositional Defiant Disorder By: Jenny Donahue