Cognitive theory is based on how the brain learns and processes information, as a reaction to behaviorism. It posits that people are not simply programmed by their environment. Key figures who developed aspects of cognitive theory include Piaget, Bloom, Gardner, and Paivio. Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development outlines four stages from sensorimotor to formal operations. Bloom's taxonomy categorizes cognitive skills from basic to complex. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences recognizes eight types of intelligence. Dual coding theory, developed by Paivio, suggests language and images are both important ways of processing information.

1. Cognitive Theory By: Stephanie B.

2. The Basics Based on the brain and how it learns/processes information. Reaction to the popular behaviorist theory in the 1960s. Says people are not “programmed animals” that only respond to the environment Basis for constructivism theory

3. Key People Allan Paivio Robert Gagne Howard Gardner Benjamin Bloom Jean Piaget Albert Bandura

4. Dual Coding Theory Heavily supported by Paivio 2 ways of learning: Processing images Processing language Paivio believed both were equally important Now thought that images are more important

5. Bloom’s Taxonomy 6 levels within the cognitive domain that are used to acquire knowledge. Has been linked to mastery learning Levels from basic to complex: Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation

6. Theory of Multiple Intelligences Developed by Gardner Includes 8 recognized intelligences: Linguistic Logical- Mathematical Visual-Spatial Bodily- Kinesthetic Musical Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist

7. Stage Theory of Cognitive Development Developed by Piaget Includes 4 stages: Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operations Formal operations

8. Teacher’s Role Provide instruction in a variety of ways, such as: Computer games, written notes, lecture, videos, textbook readings, etc. Engage students in lesson and provide immediate feedback Arrange new skills to be attained from simple to complex, using scaffolding

9. Students’ role Students learn in sequence, from simple to complex Use computer programs to build on previous knowledge Must be motivated and pay attention

10. Cognitive theory and Exceptional Education Basic scaffolding can be useful for students with learning disabilities Theory of multiples intelligences allows for teaching and assessing students with a variety of abilities Dual Coding theory- many students with disabilities can use images to communicate and learn in place of words.

11. Credits Graphics from: Clip Art in PowerPoint. Information from: http://www.learning-theories.com/ http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/index.htm Teachers Discovering Computers: Integrating Technology and Digital Media in the Classroom, 6th Edition