A presentation used in class to help revise some of the main points of the OCR (A) AS level unit: Managing Urban Change

7. Urban Rural -Lack of ‘natural world’ -High amounts of incidence of nature and natural processes -Dominance of buildings and transport network -Low building density, difficulty in access -High levels of pollution (Water, air but also sound, light, visual) -Pollution exists but of a different nature. Mainly confined to water and air associated with agricultural practice -Pace of living (characterised as high) -Pace traditionally seen as more relaxed (is this a reality?) -Employment in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors -Employment dominated in the primary industry -High level of service provision (commercial and social welfare sectors) -Low levels of services -High population density -Low population density -Urban lifestyle, values and behavior (e.g no talking on the tube, rat race, wine bars and coffee shops) -Rural lifestyles, values and behavior (e.g. local pub, community spirit,) -Diversity in terms of wealth, age and ethnicity -Diverse in terms of wealth and age however mainly white -Raised stress levels -Raised stress levels also (perceived to be lower)

13. Time Urban population as % of total population 0 100 50 25 75 LDCs LEDCs RICs NICs MEDCs 1 2 3 4 5 The rural society phase (a) Economic take-off begins. Rapid rural-to-urban migration (c) Maturing economy: rates of urbanisation continue to rise (e) Mass urbanisation in most developed countries: rate of urbanisation levels off (b) Advanced economies, decentrailsation sets in (d)

14. Time Urban population as % of total population 0 100 50 25 75 LDCs LEDCs RICs NICs MEDCs 1 2 3 4 5 Glossary LDC Least economically developed country RIC Recently industrialising country NIC Newly Industriaised country MEDC More economically developed country LEDC Less economically developed country The rural society phase: low levels of urbansiation; largely rural population of subsistence farmers Economic take-off begins;rapid rural-to-urban migration leads to an accelerating rate of urbanisation Maturing economy: rates of urbanisation continue to rise but then start to slacken off; suburban spread Mass urbanisation in most developed countries: rate of urbanisation levels off and percentage urban peaks; most people now live in towns In advanced economies, decentrailsation sets in: people move to smaller towns and cities and to semi-rural areas; urbanism continues to spread

16. With the aid of examples, examine why the fortunes of urban areas fluctuate. How? Why? Example Rapid rate of unemployment Global shift in manufacturing Birmingham (second half of 20th C) Attraction of TNCs Cheap Labour Dhaka (second half of 20th C)

17. ‘ Urban growth gives rise to more issues than urban decay.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Urban decay issues Urban growth issues Spider diagrams High levels of congestion High rates of unemployment

20. Examine the main threats to human health in urban areas. Car accident -High levels of congestion -High vehicle density Dhaka- 60,000 road deaths a year

21. Are the use of brownfield sites and flood plains just issues for MEDC urban areas? Justify your viewpoint. London- Issues Mumbai-Issues Brownfield Brownfield Flood Flood

22. Explain why transport is so important to the prosperity of urban areas. Why, why, why chain. Transport leads to prosperity Why? Why? Why? Why? Why? Why?

23. Do urban areas have to face a vicious downward spiral of urban decay. Declining job opportunities; rising unemployment Decline in services Physical fabric and infrastructure deteriorate More enterprising, economically active people move away Increasing decay Loss of investment confidence Create an essay plan. Example: Birmingham -Why? -How did it break it?

26. Explain why it is unlikely that urban areas will ever be completely sustainable.

28. The amount of land to provide the resource and disposal for people Shows how close to carrying capacity Allows comparisons Lack of LEDC data Indicates areas to target No account of economic, cultural or political factors of well being Can be used on different scales 78% of earth is deemed to have no capacity

32. Using examples, suggest how urban areas might ‘lead the way to a greener world.’