SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 21
Jim Chester Cowles & Thompson, PC Dallas, Texas INTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCE Presented by: January 20, 2010
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],January 20, 2010 International Business Transactions
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],January 20, 2010 International Trade Finance
January 20, 2010 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sources of International Trade Financing
January 20, 2010 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sources of International Trade Financing: Legal Concerns
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],January 20, 2010 International Trade Finance
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],January 20, 2010 Wire ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],January 20, 2010 Letter of Credit
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],January 20, 2010 Letter of Credit
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],January 20, 2010 Letter of Credit
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],January 20, 2010 Letter of Credit
January 20, 2010 Documentary Letter of Credit ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
January 20, 2010 Diagram of Letter of Credit Transaction Issuing Bank (foreign) Confirming Bank (US) Foreign Buyer US Seller Products Products $ Docs $ $ Docs
January 20, 2010 Documentary Letter of Credit ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
January 20, 2010 Documentary Letter of Credit ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
January 20, 2010 Documentary Letter of Credit ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
January 20, 2010 Documentary Letter of Credit ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
January 20, 2010 Standby Letter of Credit ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
January 20, 2010 Back - to - Back Letter of Credit ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
January 20, 2010 Regulatory Considerations Anti-Boycott Laws -- Do not allow impermissible terms to appear in LC’s  Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) -- Beware of improper commissions or other payments Other Trade Laws affecting Payments -- OFAC, PATRIOT Act, etc.
Questions? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],January 20, 2010

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente (20)

INTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCE
INTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCEINTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCE
INTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCE
 
Exim Bank
Exim BankExim Bank
Exim Bank
 
Trade finance
Trade financeTrade finance
Trade finance
 
Euromarket
EuromarketEuromarket
Euromarket
 
Documentary credit
Documentary creditDocumentary credit
Documentary credit
 
Swaps
SwapsSwaps
Swaps
 
Factoring
FactoringFactoring
Factoring
 
Spot and Forward Exchange Rate
Spot and Forward Exchange RateSpot and Forward Exchange Rate
Spot and Forward Exchange Rate
 
Pre shipment credit
Pre shipment creditPre shipment credit
Pre shipment credit
 
Export finance
Export financeExport finance
Export finance
 
Letter Of Credit
Letter Of CreditLetter Of Credit
Letter Of Credit
 
Export Finance
Export FinanceExport Finance
Export Finance
 
Bill discounting (1)
Bill discounting (1)Bill discounting (1)
Bill discounting (1)
 
Ifm problems
Ifm problemsIfm problems
Ifm problems
 
Euro currency markets
Euro currency marketsEuro currency markets
Euro currency markets
 
Letter of credit
Letter of creditLetter of credit
Letter of credit
 
Money market
Money marketMoney market
Money market
 
Capital Market
Capital MarketCapital Market
Capital Market
 
International flow of fund
International flow of fundInternational flow of fund
International flow of fund
 
Currency Exchange Risk
Currency Exchange Risk Currency Exchange Risk
Currency Exchange Risk
 

Destacado

Foreign trade financing.st
Foreign trade financing.stForeign trade financing.st
Foreign trade financing.sthas10nas
 
ECN317: International Trade & International Finance
ECN317: International Trade & International FinanceECN317: International Trade & International Finance
ECN317: International Trade & International FinanceApplet
 
Unit 4 Trade Settlement Methods, Export Finance, International Sources of Fi...
Unit 4  Trade Settlement Methods, Export Finance, International Sources of Fi...Unit 4  Trade Settlement Methods, Export Finance, International Sources of Fi...
Unit 4 Trade Settlement Methods, Export Finance, International Sources of Fi...Charu Rastogi
 
Trade finance training for MASA
Trade finance training for MASATrade finance training for MASA
Trade finance training for MASAVIVAIO
 
International Trade
International TradeInternational Trade
International Tradetutor2u
 
International business export finance
International business export financeInternational business export finance
International business export financeSourabh kachoriya
 
Trade Finance Basics
Trade Finance BasicsTrade Finance Basics
Trade Finance Basicsmaheshpadwal
 
Unit i international trade finance
Unit i international trade financeUnit i international trade finance
Unit i international trade financeHarini Sai
 
Export finance
Export financeExport finance
Export financesarrahgh
 
International Business Management full notes
International Business Management full notesInternational Business Management full notes
International Business Management full notesversatileBschool
 

Destacado (12)

Foreign trade financing.st
Foreign trade financing.stForeign trade financing.st
Foreign trade financing.st
 
ECN317: International Trade & International Finance
ECN317: International Trade & International FinanceECN317: International Trade & International Finance
ECN317: International Trade & International Finance
 
Unit 4 Trade Settlement Methods, Export Finance, International Sources of Fi...
Unit 4  Trade Settlement Methods, Export Finance, International Sources of Fi...Unit 4  Trade Settlement Methods, Export Finance, International Sources of Fi...
Unit 4 Trade Settlement Methods, Export Finance, International Sources of Fi...
 
Trade finance training for MASA
Trade finance training for MASATrade finance training for MASA
Trade finance training for MASA
 
International Trade
International TradeInternational Trade
International Trade
 
Export Finance
Export FinanceExport Finance
Export Finance
 
International business export finance
International business export financeInternational business export finance
International business export finance
 
Trade Finance Basics
Trade Finance BasicsTrade Finance Basics
Trade Finance Basics
 
Unit i international trade finance
Unit i international trade financeUnit i international trade finance
Unit i international trade finance
 
Export finance
Export financeExport finance
Export finance
 
International Business Management full notes
International Business Management full notesInternational Business Management full notes
International Business Management full notes
 
International Business -notes-complete
International Business -notes-completeInternational Business -notes-complete
International Business -notes-complete
 

Similar a International Trade Finance

How import Finance works in daily life and its uses
How import Finance works in daily life and its usesHow import Finance works in daily life and its uses
How import Finance works in daily life and its usessharjilbiki4
 
Lect 6 Materials Management - Import Purchase
Lect 6 Materials Management - Import PurchaseLect 6 Materials Management - Import Purchase
Lect 6 Materials Management - Import PurchaseUdit C
 
Methods of international trade payments
Methods of international trade paymentsMethods of international trade payments
Methods of international trade payments1stChoicePharma
 
Ch 6 International Financail MGT.ppt
Ch 6 International Financail MGT.pptCh 6 International Financail MGT.ppt
Ch 6 International Financail MGT.pptMohamedAbdi347025
 
Letter of Credit / LC / Trade Law / What is LC, Letter of Credit/ How LC work...
Letter of Credit / LC / Trade Law / What is LC, Letter of Credit/ How LC work...Letter of Credit / LC / Trade Law / What is LC, Letter of Credit/ How LC work...
Letter of Credit / LC / Trade Law / What is LC, Letter of Credit/ How LC work...Asif Mohammad ALFAYED
 
Trade finance 01082914
Trade finance 01082914Trade finance 01082914
Trade finance 01082914Saras Singh
 
The+Exim+Guide+To+Export+Finance
The+Exim+Guide+To+Export+FinanceThe+Exim+Guide+To+Export+Finance
The+Exim+Guide+To+Export+Financesujitgupta
 
Documentary credits updated
Documentary credits updatedDocumentary credits updated
Documentary credits updatedAkshay Samant
 
Default Identification and Prevention of Frauds in International Business
Default Identification and Prevention of Frauds in International BusinessDefault Identification and Prevention of Frauds in International Business
Default Identification and Prevention of Frauds in International BusinessJIMS Rohini Sector 5
 
Letter of credit and bill of exchange
Letter of credit and bill of exchangeLetter of credit and bill of exchange
Letter of credit and bill of exchangeshahabuddinnawab
 
Import export guide - Letter of Credit
Import export guide - Letter of CreditImport export guide - Letter of Credit
Import export guide - Letter of Creditpratikasnani
 
Import and Export Financing-Forms and Methods with Alternative financing tech...
Import and Export Financing-Forms and Methods with Alternative financing tech...Import and Export Financing-Forms and Methods with Alternative financing tech...
Import and Export Financing-Forms and Methods with Alternative financing tech...Md. Mostahidur Rahman, CDCS
 
Trade Finance Identification of Needs and Product Offerings
Trade Finance Identification of Needs and Product OfferingsTrade Finance Identification of Needs and Product Offerings
Trade Finance Identification of Needs and Product OfferingsYudy Yunardy
 
International trade financing.pptx
International trade financing.pptxInternational trade financing.pptx
International trade financing.pptxHaroonYousaf17
 
Off Balance Sheet Bank Instruments
Off Balance Sheet Bank InstrumentsOff Balance Sheet Bank Instruments
Off Balance Sheet Bank Instrumentsgueste9299a5
 
HPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.pptx
HPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.pptxHPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.pptx
HPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.pptxamitarvindparab
 

Similar a International Trade Finance (20)

How import Finance works in daily life and its uses
How import Finance works in daily life and its usesHow import Finance works in daily life and its uses
How import Finance works in daily life and its uses
 
Lect 6 Materials Management - Import Purchase
Lect 6 Materials Management - Import PurchaseLect 6 Materials Management - Import Purchase
Lect 6 Materials Management - Import Purchase
 
Methods of international trade payments
Methods of international trade paymentsMethods of international trade payments
Methods of international trade payments
 
Ch 6 International Financail MGT.ppt
Ch 6 International Financail MGT.pptCh 6 International Financail MGT.ppt
Ch 6 International Financail MGT.ppt
 
Letter of Credit / LC / Trade Law / What is LC, Letter of Credit/ How LC work...
Letter of Credit / LC / Trade Law / What is LC, Letter of Credit/ How LC work...Letter of Credit / LC / Trade Law / What is LC, Letter of Credit/ How LC work...
Letter of Credit / LC / Trade Law / What is LC, Letter of Credit/ How LC work...
 
Trade finance 01082914
Trade finance 01082914Trade finance 01082914
Trade finance 01082914
 
Documentary credits
Documentary creditsDocumentary credits
Documentary credits
 
Letter of credit
Letter of creditLetter of credit
Letter of credit
 
The+Exim+Guide+To+Export+Finance
The+Exim+Guide+To+Export+FinanceThe+Exim+Guide+To+Export+Finance
The+Exim+Guide+To+Export+Finance
 
Documentary credits updated
Documentary credits updatedDocumentary credits updated
Documentary credits updated
 
Default Identification and Prevention of Frauds in International Business
Default Identification and Prevention of Frauds in International BusinessDefault Identification and Prevention of Frauds in International Business
Default Identification and Prevention of Frauds in International Business
 
Letter of credit and bill of exchange
Letter of credit and bill of exchangeLetter of credit and bill of exchange
Letter of credit and bill of exchange
 
Import export guide - Letter of Credit
Import export guide - Letter of CreditImport export guide - Letter of Credit
Import export guide - Letter of Credit
 
Letter of credit (loc)
Letter of credit (loc)Letter of credit (loc)
Letter of credit (loc)
 
Import and Export Financing-Forms and Methods with Alternative financing tech...
Import and Export Financing-Forms and Methods with Alternative financing tech...Import and Export Financing-Forms and Methods with Alternative financing tech...
Import and Export Financing-Forms and Methods with Alternative financing tech...
 
Trade Finance Identification of Needs and Product Offerings
Trade Finance Identification of Needs and Product OfferingsTrade Finance Identification of Needs and Product Offerings
Trade Finance Identification of Needs and Product Offerings
 
International trade financing.pptx
International trade financing.pptxInternational trade financing.pptx
International trade financing.pptx
 
Off Balance Sheet Bank Instruments
Off Balance Sheet Bank InstrumentsOff Balance Sheet Bank Instruments
Off Balance Sheet Bank Instruments
 
HPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.pptx
HPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.pptxHPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.pptx
HPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.pptx
 
Roy Den Hollander
Roy Den HollanderRoy Den Hollander
Roy Den Hollander
 

Último

Annual General Meeting Presentation Slides
Annual General Meeting Presentation SlidesAnnual General Meeting Presentation Slides
Annual General Meeting Presentation SlidesKeppelCorporation
 
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in New Ashok Nagar Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in New Ashok Nagar Delhi NCR8447779800, Low rate Call girls in New Ashok Nagar Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in New Ashok Nagar Delhi NCRashishs7044
 
Marketplace and Quality Assurance Presentation - Vincent Chirchir
Marketplace and Quality Assurance Presentation - Vincent ChirchirMarketplace and Quality Assurance Presentation - Vincent Chirchir
Marketplace and Quality Assurance Presentation - Vincent Chirchirictsugar
 
Independent Call Girls Andheri Nightlaila 9967584737
Independent Call Girls Andheri Nightlaila 9967584737Independent Call Girls Andheri Nightlaila 9967584737
Independent Call Girls Andheri Nightlaila 9967584737Riya Pathan
 
Financial-Statement-Analysis-of-Coca-cola-Company.pptx
Financial-Statement-Analysis-of-Coca-cola-Company.pptxFinancial-Statement-Analysis-of-Coca-cola-Company.pptx
Financial-Statement-Analysis-of-Coca-cola-Company.pptxsaniyaimamuddin
 
Organizational Structure Running A Successful Business
Organizational Structure Running A Successful BusinessOrganizational Structure Running A Successful Business
Organizational Structure Running A Successful BusinessSeta Wicaksana
 
Memorándum de Entendimiento (MoU) entre Codelco y SQM
Memorándum de Entendimiento (MoU) entre Codelco y SQMMemorándum de Entendimiento (MoU) entre Codelco y SQM
Memorándum de Entendimiento (MoU) entre Codelco y SQMVoces Mineras
 
Investment in The Coconut Industry by Nancy Cheruiyot
Investment in The Coconut Industry by Nancy CheruiyotInvestment in The Coconut Industry by Nancy Cheruiyot
Investment in The Coconut Industry by Nancy Cheruiyotictsugar
 
Innovation Conference 5th March 2024.pdf
Innovation Conference 5th March 2024.pdfInnovation Conference 5th March 2024.pdf
Innovation Conference 5th March 2024.pdfrichard876048
 
Pitch Deck Teardown: Geodesic.Life's $500k Pre-seed deck
Pitch Deck Teardown: Geodesic.Life's $500k Pre-seed deckPitch Deck Teardown: Geodesic.Life's $500k Pre-seed deck
Pitch Deck Teardown: Geodesic.Life's $500k Pre-seed deckHajeJanKamps
 
Church Building Grants To Assist With New Construction, Additions, And Restor...
Church Building Grants To Assist With New Construction, Additions, And Restor...Church Building Grants To Assist With New Construction, Additions, And Restor...
Church Building Grants To Assist With New Construction, Additions, And Restor...Americas Got Grants
 
Buy gmail accounts.pdf Buy Old Gmail Accounts
Buy gmail accounts.pdf Buy Old Gmail AccountsBuy gmail accounts.pdf Buy Old Gmail Accounts
Buy gmail accounts.pdf Buy Old Gmail AccountsBuy Verified Accounts
 
TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024
TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024
TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024Adnet Communications
 
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Kotla Mubarakpur Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Kotla Mubarakpur Delhi NCR8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Kotla Mubarakpur Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Kotla Mubarakpur Delhi NCRashishs7044
 
Kenya’s Coconut Value Chain by Gatsby Africa
Kenya’s Coconut Value Chain by Gatsby AfricaKenya’s Coconut Value Chain by Gatsby Africa
Kenya’s Coconut Value Chain by Gatsby Africaictsugar
 
APRIL2024_UKRAINE_xml_0000000000000 .pdf
APRIL2024_UKRAINE_xml_0000000000000 .pdfAPRIL2024_UKRAINE_xml_0000000000000 .pdf
APRIL2024_UKRAINE_xml_0000000000000 .pdfRbc Rbcua
 
Cybersecurity Awareness Training Presentation v2024.03
Cybersecurity Awareness Training Presentation v2024.03Cybersecurity Awareness Training Presentation v2024.03
Cybersecurity Awareness Training Presentation v2024.03DallasHaselhorst
 
Digital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdf
Digital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdfDigital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdf
Digital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdfJos Voskuil
 

Último (20)

Annual General Meeting Presentation Slides
Annual General Meeting Presentation SlidesAnnual General Meeting Presentation Slides
Annual General Meeting Presentation Slides
 
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in New Ashok Nagar Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in New Ashok Nagar Delhi NCR8447779800, Low rate Call girls in New Ashok Nagar Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in New Ashok Nagar Delhi NCR
 
Marketplace and Quality Assurance Presentation - Vincent Chirchir
Marketplace and Quality Assurance Presentation - Vincent ChirchirMarketplace and Quality Assurance Presentation - Vincent Chirchir
Marketplace and Quality Assurance Presentation - Vincent Chirchir
 
Independent Call Girls Andheri Nightlaila 9967584737
Independent Call Girls Andheri Nightlaila 9967584737Independent Call Girls Andheri Nightlaila 9967584737
Independent Call Girls Andheri Nightlaila 9967584737
 
Financial-Statement-Analysis-of-Coca-cola-Company.pptx
Financial-Statement-Analysis-of-Coca-cola-Company.pptxFinancial-Statement-Analysis-of-Coca-cola-Company.pptx
Financial-Statement-Analysis-of-Coca-cola-Company.pptx
 
Organizational Structure Running A Successful Business
Organizational Structure Running A Successful BusinessOrganizational Structure Running A Successful Business
Organizational Structure Running A Successful Business
 
Memorándum de Entendimiento (MoU) entre Codelco y SQM
Memorándum de Entendimiento (MoU) entre Codelco y SQMMemorándum de Entendimiento (MoU) entre Codelco y SQM
Memorándum de Entendimiento (MoU) entre Codelco y SQM
 
Investment in The Coconut Industry by Nancy Cheruiyot
Investment in The Coconut Industry by Nancy CheruiyotInvestment in The Coconut Industry by Nancy Cheruiyot
Investment in The Coconut Industry by Nancy Cheruiyot
 
Innovation Conference 5th March 2024.pdf
Innovation Conference 5th March 2024.pdfInnovation Conference 5th March 2024.pdf
Innovation Conference 5th March 2024.pdf
 
Pitch Deck Teardown: Geodesic.Life's $500k Pre-seed deck
Pitch Deck Teardown: Geodesic.Life's $500k Pre-seed deckPitch Deck Teardown: Geodesic.Life's $500k Pre-seed deck
Pitch Deck Teardown: Geodesic.Life's $500k Pre-seed deck
 
Church Building Grants To Assist With New Construction, Additions, And Restor...
Church Building Grants To Assist With New Construction, Additions, And Restor...Church Building Grants To Assist With New Construction, Additions, And Restor...
Church Building Grants To Assist With New Construction, Additions, And Restor...
 
Buy gmail accounts.pdf Buy Old Gmail Accounts
Buy gmail accounts.pdf Buy Old Gmail AccountsBuy gmail accounts.pdf Buy Old Gmail Accounts
Buy gmail accounts.pdf Buy Old Gmail Accounts
 
No-1 Call Girls In Goa 93193 VIP 73153 Escort service In North Goa Panaji, Ca...
No-1 Call Girls In Goa 93193 VIP 73153 Escort service In North Goa Panaji, Ca...No-1 Call Girls In Goa 93193 VIP 73153 Escort service In North Goa Panaji, Ca...
No-1 Call Girls In Goa 93193 VIP 73153 Escort service In North Goa Panaji, Ca...
 
TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024
TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024
TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024
 
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Kotla Mubarakpur Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Kotla Mubarakpur Delhi NCR8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Kotla Mubarakpur Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Kotla Mubarakpur Delhi NCR
 
Kenya’s Coconut Value Chain by Gatsby Africa
Kenya’s Coconut Value Chain by Gatsby AfricaKenya’s Coconut Value Chain by Gatsby Africa
Kenya’s Coconut Value Chain by Gatsby Africa
 
APRIL2024_UKRAINE_xml_0000000000000 .pdf
APRIL2024_UKRAINE_xml_0000000000000 .pdfAPRIL2024_UKRAINE_xml_0000000000000 .pdf
APRIL2024_UKRAINE_xml_0000000000000 .pdf
 
Enjoy ➥8448380779▻ Call Girls In Sector 18 Noida Escorts Delhi NCR
Enjoy ➥8448380779▻ Call Girls In Sector 18 Noida Escorts Delhi NCREnjoy ➥8448380779▻ Call Girls In Sector 18 Noida Escorts Delhi NCR
Enjoy ➥8448380779▻ Call Girls In Sector 18 Noida Escorts Delhi NCR
 
Cybersecurity Awareness Training Presentation v2024.03
Cybersecurity Awareness Training Presentation v2024.03Cybersecurity Awareness Training Presentation v2024.03
Cybersecurity Awareness Training Presentation v2024.03
 
Digital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdf
Digital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdfDigital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdf
Digital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdf
 

International Trade Finance

  • 1. Jim Chester Cowles & Thompson, PC Dallas, Texas INTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCE Presented by: January 20, 2010
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. January 20, 2010 Diagram of Letter of Credit Transaction Issuing Bank (foreign) Confirming Bank (US) Foreign Buyer US Seller Products Products $ Docs $ $ Docs
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. January 20, 2010 Regulatory Considerations Anti-Boycott Laws -- Do not allow impermissible terms to appear in LC’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) -- Beware of improper commissions or other payments Other Trade Laws affecting Payments -- OFAC, PATRIOT Act, etc.
  • 21.

Notas del editor

  1. DEPEND ON TYPE OF INSTITUTION INVOLVED