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1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 19 APR Enhanced Lecture PowerPoint To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note : Once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click in the white background before you can advance to the next slide.

2. Type Course Number Here: Type Course Name Here Chapter 19 Type Professor Name Here Type Academic Rank Here Type Department Name Here Type Institution Name Here

3. Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Chapter 19 Respiratory System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6. Respiratory System Overview

8. The Upper Respiratory Tract Nose through larynx

9. The Upper Respiratory Tract Nasal cavity MRI

10. The Upper Respiratory Tract Nasal septum Hard palate Soft palate Uvula Epiglottis Vocal cords Larynx

11. Nose Frontal sinus Nostril Hard palate Uvula Epiglottis Hyoid bone Larynx Superior Middle Inferior Sphenoidal sinus Pharyngeal tonsil Nasopharynx Palatine tonsil Oropharynx Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Esophagus Tongue Trachea Nasal conchae Opening of auditory tube Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

12. Nasal Septum and Conchae

13. Nasal Septum Vomer Perpendicular plate Septal nasal cartilage

14. Nasal Septum and Conchae Nares Nasal cavity Nasal septum Nasopharynx Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal conchae Soft palate Uvula

15. Nasal Septum and Conchae Superior Middle Inferior Septum

16. Nasal Cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mucus Particle Goblet cell Cilia Nasal cavity Epithelial cell (b) (a) b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.

17. Respiratory Epithelium Cilia Respiratory epithelium Goblet cells Lamina propria Ciliated cells

19. Sinuses Maxillary Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid

20. 19.1 Clinical Application The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on the Respiratory System

22. Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

23. Pharynx Oropharynx Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx

25. Larynx Epiglottis Vocal cords Larynx

26. Larynx

27. Larynx - Anterior Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Epiglottis Circothyroid ligament Thyrohyoid membrane

28. Larynx - Posterior 22- Laryngeal cartilages Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilages Corniculate cartilages

29. Larynx - Lateral Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Vestibular fold Vocal fold

31. Trachea

32. Trachea and Primary Bronchi

33. Trachea carina

34. Hyaline cartilage Ciliated epithelium Smooth muscle Lumen of trachea Connective tissue Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Connective tissue Hyaline cartilage Ciliated epithelium Lumen of trachea Smooth muscle © Ed Reschke Thyroid gland Incision Trachea Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Jugular notch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

37. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Intralobular bronchiole Blood flow Alveolus Smooth muscle Alveoli Blood flow Blood flow Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Pulmonary arteriole Pulmonary venule Capillary network on surface of alveolus Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Capillary Alveolus Simple squamous epithelial cells © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Bob Coyle

38. Lung Tissue Conducting bronchiole Pulmonary artery branch Alveolar duct alveolar sacs Alveolar sacs

39. Lung Tissue Alveolar macrophages Pulmonary artery branch Alveolar wall Alveolus

41. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Blood vessel Capillary Alveolus Tissues and Organs: A Text-Atlas of Scanning Electron Microscopy, by R.G. Kessel and R.H. Kardon. © 1979 W.H. Freeman and Company Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Courtesy of the American Lung Association Bronchiole Alveolus

42. Animation: Alveolar Pressure Changes During Inspiration and Expiration Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

44. Lungs

45. Right Lung 22- Superior lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe Horizontal fissure Oblique fissure

46. Left Lung 22- Horizontal fissure Superior lobe Inferior lobe

47. Left Lung Cardiac impression

48. Chest X-ray and Bronchogram

49. Animation: The Pleural Membranes Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

50. Pleural Membranes 22- Parietal pleura Visceral pleura

52. 19.2 Clinical Application Lung Irritants

56. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) External intercostal muscles pull ribs up and out Diaphragm contracts Sternum moves Up and out Sternocleidomastoid elevates sternum Pectoralis minor elevates ribs Diaphragm contracts more Inspiration

57. Thoracic Cavity Dimensional Changes

58. 22- Inspiratory Muscles

61. Expiration Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diaphragm Diaphragm (a) (b) Abdominal organs recoil and press diaphragm upward Posterior internal intercostal muscles pull ribs down and inward Abdominal organs force diaphragm higher Abdominal wall muscles contract and compress abdominal organs

66. Animation: Alveolar Ventilation and Anatomic Dead Space Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

69. 19.3 Clinical Application Respiratory Disorders That Decrease Ventilation: Bronchial Asthma and Emphysema

72. Respiratory muscles Forceful breathing Nerve impulses Nerve impulses Pontine respiratory group Ventral respiratory group Dorsal respiratory group Medullary respiratory center Respiratory areas Basic rhythm of breathing Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

73. Animation: Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

77. 19.4 Clinical Application Exercise and Breathing

79. Alveoli Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Courtesy of the American Lung Association

80. Capillary lumen Alveolus Macrophage Capillary Alveolus Red blood cell Diffusion of CO 2 Diffusion of O 2 Capillary endothelium Interstitial space Alveolar epithelium Type I (squamous epithelial) cell of alveolar wall Type II (surfactant- secreting) cell Fluid with surfactant Respiratory membrane Cell of capillary wall Alveolar fluid (with surfactant) Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium Basement membrane of capillary endothelium Respiratory membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

82. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. AS AS BM IS RBC EP © Imagingbody.com

83. Alveolus Diffusion of CO 2 Diffusion of O 2 Capillary Alveolar wall Blood flow (from body tissues) Blood flow (to body tissues) P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg P O 2 = 40 mm Hg P O 2 = 104 mm Hg P O 2 = 104 mm Hg P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg

84. Animation: Gas Exchange During Respiration Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

86. 19.5 Clinical Application Effects of High Altitude

87. 19.6 Clinical Application Disorders That Impair Gas Exchange: Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, and Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

90. Alveolus Capillary 2 2 2 (a) (b) Blood flow (from body tissues) Alveolar wall Oxygen molecules Hemoglobin molecules Diffusion of oxygen Oxyhemoglobin molecule Hemoglobin molecules Diffusion of oxygen Blood flow (to lungs) Blood P O = 40 mm Hg Blood P O = 95 mm Hg Tissue cells Tissue P O = 40 mm Hg Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

91. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Oxyhemoglobin dissociation at 38°C % saturation of hemoglobin 10 0 40 50 60 70 90 80 100 1 10 120 130 140 20 30 P O 2 (mm Hg)

94. Tissue cell Cellular CO 2 Plasma Red blood cell Capillary wall Blood flow to systemic venule Tissue P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CO 2 dissolved in plasma P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg Blood flow from systemic arteriole CO 2 combined with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin H 2 CO 3 H + combines with hemoglobin P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg HCO 3 - + H + CO 2 + H 2 O HCO 3 -

95. HCO 3 - Red blood cell HCO 3 - Cl - Cl - Cl - HCO 3 - Plasma Capillary wall Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

96. CO 2 CO 2 Alveolus Alveolar wall Capillary wall CO 2 HCO 3 - Carbaminohemoglobin Plasma Red blood cell P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg CO 2 CO 2 dissolved in plasma Blood flow from pulmonary arteriole HCO 3 - + H + H 2 CO 3 H + released from hemoglobin Blood flow to pulmonary venule P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg + H 2 O CO 2 + hemoglobin Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

98. Animation: Changes in the Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

103. Quiz 19 Complete Quiz 19 now! Read Chapter 20.