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Slide 1 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office ,[object Object]
Geothermal energy is the natural heat of the Earth.,[object Object],Slide 2 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Heat flows outward from Earth's interior. The crust insulates us from Earth's interior heat. ,[object Object],The mantle is semi-molten, the outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid.,[object Object],Slide 3 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
The deeper you go, the hotter it gets (in Fahrenheit and miles).,[object Object],Slide 4 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
The deeper you go, the hotter it gets (in Celsius and kilometers).,[object Object],Slide 5 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Earth's crust is broken into huge plates that move apart or push together at about the rate our fingernails grow. ,[object Object],Convection of semi-molten rock in the upper mantle helps drive plate tectonics.,[object Object],Slide 6 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
New crust forms along mid-ocean spreading centers and continental rift zones. When plates meet, one can slide beneath ,[object Object],another. Plumes of magma rise from the edges of sinking plates. ,[object Object],Slide 7 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Thinned or fractured crust allows magma to rise to the surface as lava. Most magma doesn't reach the surface but ,[object Object],heats large regions of underground rock.,[object Object],Slide 8 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Rainwater can seep down faults and fractured rocks for miles. After being heated, it can return to the surface as steam ,[object Object],or hot water. ,[object Object],Slide 9 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
This steaming ground is in the Philippines. ,[object Object],Slide 10 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
When hot water and steam reach the surface, they can form fumaroles, hot springs, mud pots and ,[object Object],other interesting phenomena. ,[object Object],Slide 11 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
When the rising hot water and steam is trapped in permeable and porous rocks under a layer of impermeable rock, ,[object Object],it can form a geothermal reservoir.,[object Object],Slide 12 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
A geothermal reservoir is a powerful source of energy!,[object Object],Slide 13 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Slide 14 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Many areas have accessible geothermal resources, especially countries along the circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire," ,[object Object],spreading centers, continental rift zones and other hot spots.,[object Object],Slide 15 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
These and other methods are used. ,[object Object],Slide 16 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Exploration commonly begins with analysis of satellite images and aerial photographs.,[object Object],Slide 17 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Volcanoes are obvious indications of underground heat, this volcano, Mt. Mayon in the Albay province of ,[object Object],the Philippines erupted in 1999. ,[object Object],Slide 18 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Geologists explore volcanic regions to find the most likely areas for further study, like this steaming hillside in ,[object Object],El Hoyo, Nicaragua.,[object Object],Slide 19 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Geologic landforms and fault structures are mapped in the region. This view overlooks Basin and Range terrain ,[object Object],East of the Sierra Nevadas.,[object Object],Slide 20 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Rocks are examined up close.,[object Object],Slide 21 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Geologic maps like this one are created, showing rock type and ages in different colors.,[object Object],Slide 22 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Data from electrical, magnetic, chemical and seismic surveys is gathered in the field.,[object Object],Slide 23 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
The data obtained in the field are displayed in various ways and analyzed.,[object Object],Slide 24 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Geologists and drillers study the data to decide whether to recommend drilling. Geothermal reservoirs suitable ,[object Object],for commercial use can only be discovered by drilling.,[object Object],Slide 25 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
First, a small- diameter "temperature gradient hole" is drilled (some only 200' deep, some over 4000 feet deep) with ,[object Object],a truck-mounted rig to determine the temperatures and underground rock types.,[object Object],Slide 26 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Workers on a temperature gradient hole drilling project.,[object Object],Slide 27 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Either rock fragments or long cores of rock are brought up from deep down the hole and temperatures ,[object Object],are measured at depth.,[object Object],Slide 28 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Geologists examine the cored rock (shown here marked with depth markers).,[object Object],Slide 29 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Temperature results like this would definitely encourage the drilling of a larger, deeper well to try to find ,[object Object],a hydrothermal reservoir.,[object Object],Slide 30 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Production-sized wells require large drill rigs like these and can cost as much as a million dollars or more to drill. ,[object Object],Geothermal wells can be drilled over two miles deep.,[object Object],Slide 31 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
On these large rigs, drilling continues 24 hours per day.,[object Object],Slide 32 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
If a reservoir is discovered, characteristics of the well and the reservoir are tested by flowing the well.,[object Object],Slide 33 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
If the well is good enough, a wellhead, with valves and control equipment, is built onto the top of the well casing.,[object Object],Slide 34 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
This photograph shows a vertical geothermal well test in the Nevada Desert.,[object Object],Slide 35 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Slide 36 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Natural steam from the production wells power the turbine generator. The steam is condensed by evaporation in ,[object Object],the cooling tower and pumped down an injection well to sustain production. ,[object Object],Slide 37 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Like all steam turbine generators, the force of steam is used to spin the trubine blades which spin the generator, ,[object Object],prducing electricity. But with geothermal energy, no fuels are burned.,[object Object],Slide 38 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Turbine blades inside a geothermal turbine generator.,[object Object],Slide 39 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Turbine generator outdoors at an Imperial Valley geothermal power plant in California.,[object Object],Slide 40 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Turbine generator in a geothermal power plant in Cerro Prieto, Mexico.,[object Object],Slide 41 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Geothermal power plant operators in geothermal power plant control room in the Philippines.,[object Object],Slide 42 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Substation with transformer and insulators, at a geothermal power plant.,[object Object],Slide 43 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Wood power poles delivering electricity from geothermal power plants in the Mojave Desert in California to ,[object Object],the electrical grid. Steam from well-testing in background.,[object Object],Slide 44 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Those white plumes you see at geothermal power plants are steam (water vapor). Geothermal plants do not ,[object Object],burn fuel or produce smoke. ,[object Object],Slide 45 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Geothermal power plants are clean and are operating successfully in sensitive environments.,[object Object],Slide 46 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
These geothermal plants are operating successfully in a Philippine cornfield, at Mammoth Lakes, Calif., ,[object Object],in the Mojave Desert of California, and in a tropical forest, at Mt. Apo, Philippines. ,[object Object],Slide 47 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
There are different kinds of geothermal reservoirs and different kinds of power plants.,[object Object],Slide 48 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
In dry steam power plants, the steam (and no water) shoots up the wells and is passed through a rock catcher (not shown) ,[object Object],and then directly into the turbine. Dry steam fields are rare.,[object Object],Slide 49 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Prince Piero Ginori Conti invented the first geothermal power plant in 1904, at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy.,[object Object],Slide 50 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
The first modern geothermal power plants were also built in Lardello, Italy. They were destroyed in World War II ,[object Object],and rebuilt. Today after 90 years, the Lardello field is still producing. ,[object Object],Slide 51 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
The first geothermal power plants in the U.S. were built in 1962 at The Geysers dry steam field, in northern California. ,[object Object],It is still the largest producing geothermal field in the world.,[object Object],Slide 52 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
20 plants are still operating at The Geysers. Wastewater from nearby cities is injected into the field, providing ,[object Object],environmentally safe disposal and increased steam to power plants.,[object Object],Slide 53 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Flash steam power plants use hot water reservoirs. In flash plants, as hot water is released from the pressure of the,[object Object], deep reservoir in a flash tank, some if it flashes to steam.,[object Object],Slide 54 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Flash technology was invented in New Zealand. Flash steam plants are the most common, since most reservoirs are ,[object Object],hot water reservoirs. This flash steam plant is in East Mesa, California.,[object Object],Slide 55 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
This flash plant is in Japan. In flash plants, both the unused geothermal water and condensed steam are injected ,[object Object],back into the periphery of the reservoir to sustain the life of the reservoir. ,[object Object],Slide 56 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
This plant operates in the middle of crops in the Imperial Valley, California. High mineral contents of ,[object Object],some southern California geothermal reservoirs provide salable byproducts like silica and zinc.,[object Object],Slide 57 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
This flash plant is in Dixie Valley, Nevada. Nevada is rich in geothermal resources, with more hot springs for ,[object Object],its size than any other state.,[object Object],Slide 58 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
In a binary cycle power plant (binary means two), the heat from geothermal water is used to vaporize ,[object Object],a "working fluid" in separate adjacent pipes. The vapor, like steam, powers the turbine generator.,[object Object],Slide 59 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
In the heat exchanger, heat is transferred from the geothermal water to a second liquid. The geothermal ,[object Object],water is never exposed to the air and is injected back into the periphery of the reservoir.,[object Object],Slide 60 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Binary technology allows the use of lower temperature reservoirs, thus increasing the number of reservoirs ,[object Object],that can be used. This binary plant is at Soda Lake, Nevada.,[object Object],Slide 61 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
This power plant provides about 25% of the electricity used on the Big Island of Hawaii. It is a hybrid binary and flash plant.,[object Object],Slide 62 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
This binary power plant, at Wendell-Amadee, California, runs by itself. If it detects a problem, it automatically radios ,[object Object],the operator to come to the site.,[object Object],Slide 63 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
This small binary power plant is in Fang, Thailand.,[object Object],Slide 64 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Geothermal power has many local and global benefits.,[object Object],Slide 65 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
The fastest growth in US geothermal capacity was from 1980 to 1990, following enactment of federal laws ,[object Object],that compelled utilities to purchase electricity from independent power producers.,[object Object],Slide 66 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Slide 67 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Slide 68 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
People who live in these areas are receiving electricity from geothermal power plants.,[object Object],Slide 69 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Geothermal power could serve 100% of the electrical needs of 39 countries (over 620,000,000 people) in Africa, ,[object Object],Central/ South America and the Pacific. See:http://www.geotherm.org/PotentialReport.htm,[object Object],Slide 70 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Producing electricity is a relatively new use of geothermal energy. People have used Earth's natural hot water ,[object Object],directly since the dawn of humankind.,[object Object],Slide 71 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Slide 72 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Slide 73 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office ,[object Object]
This historical drawing depicts Native Americans using hot springs at what is now Calistoga, California. ,[object Object],Some tribes considered hot springs to be neutral territory where no wars were allowed.,[object Object],Slide 74 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Use of hot springs by Maoris of New Zealand for cooking and other purposes extends into modern times.,[object Object],Slide 75 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Modern day Beppu Japan uses geothermal water and heat in buildings and factories and has 4,000 hot springs ,[object Object],and bathing facilities that attract 12 million tourists a year. ,[object Object],Slide 76 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Bathing in hot pools like these at Hot Creek, Mammoth Lakes, California, has been practiced throughout history. ,[object Object],Be careful -- people and animals have been burned badly in unfamiliar pools.,[object Object],Slide 77 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Since Roman times, we have piped the hot water into pools to better control the temperature. These are photos ,[object Object],of outdoor and indoor pool and spa bathing in Japan, the US, and Europe.,[object Object],Slide 78 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
This small greenhouse is heated with geothermal water. Plants grow faster and larger when they have additional ,[object Object],heat available. ,[object Object],Slide 79 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
In several western US states, many long greenhouses are built and heated with geothermal water. ,[object Object],This one is in New Mexico.,[object Object],Slide 80 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Peppers, tomatoes, and flowers are commonly grown in geothermally heated greenhouses.,[object Object],Slide 81 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Geothermal water is also used to speed the growth of fish. These are growing in a geothermally heated,[object Object],hatchery at Mammoth Lakes, California. ,[object Object],Slide 82 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
This net full of fish was grown in geothermally heated waters in California's Imperial Valley.,[object Object],Slide 83 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Closeup of individual fish from a geothermal fish farm.,[object Object],Slide 84 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Closeup of a prawn grown in a research project with geothermally heated water at the GeoHeat Center, ,[object Object],Oregon Institute of Technology.,[object Object],Slide 85 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
These alligators are grown in geothermally heated water in Idaho.,[object Object],Slide 86 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Geothermal water is also used for industrial uses, like drying lumber or food products. This plant in Brady, ,[object Object],Nevada, provides dried onions to Burger King. ,[object Object],Slide 87 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Pipes of geothermal water can be installed under sidewalks and roads to keep them from icing over in winter, ,[object Object],like this sidewalk in Klamath Falls, Oregon.,[object Object],Slide 88 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
In some places, geothermal water is piped from wells to heat single homes or whole residential or ,[object Object],commercial districts. This truck-mounted drill rig is drilling a well for use in Klamath Falls, Oregon. ,[object Object],Slide 89 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Hot water from one or more geothermal wells is piped through a heat exchanger plant to heat city water in ,[object Object],separate pipes. Hot city water is piped to heat exchangers in buildings to warm the air.,[object Object],Slide 90 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
The geothermal water never mixes with the city water. Once its heat is transferred to the city water, the geothermal ,[object Object],water is injected back into the reservoir to be reheated and recycled.,[object Object],Slide 91 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
This is a "plate type" heat exchanger which passes hot geothermal water past many layers of metal plates, transferring ,[object Object],the heat to other water passing through the other side of each plate. ,[object Object],Slide 92 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
These pumps are used to pump the heated water to buildings in a district heating system, after it has passed ,[object Object],through the heat exchanger. ,[object Object],Slide 93 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
This photo of Reykjavik, Iceland, was taken in 1932, when buildings were all heated by burning of (imported) fossil fuels. ,[object Object],Slide 94 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Today, about 95% of the buildings in Reykjavik are heated with geothermal water. Reykjavik is ,[object Object],now one of the cleanest cities in the world.,[object Object],Slide 95 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
The first geothermal district heating system in the US was built in Boise, Idaho. Today, Boise's capital and ,[object Object],city buildings are heated with a geothermal district heating system.,[object Object],Slide 96 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Slide 97 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Slide 98 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
The areas in orange and red are where with today's technology, we can find and use geothermal reservoirs. ,[object Object],Slide 99 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Slide 100 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Geothermal heat pumps can be used almost everywhere in the world, without a geothermal reservoir. ,[object Object],The insulating properties of the earth, just below our feet, can keep us warm or cool.,[object Object],Slide 101 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Slide 102 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Slide 103 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Different styles of pipes are installed beside a building. A liquid is piped through the pipes to pick up the heat ,[object Object],FROM the ground or (in the summer) to bring heat from the building TO the ground. ,[object Object],Slide 104 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
In a poll, over 95% of people who had installed a geothermal heat pump said they would recommend it and would do it again.,[object Object],Slide 105 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Slide 106 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Slide 107 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
The entire U.S. (and most other areas of the world) are suitable for geothermal heat pumps. ,[object Object],In the U.S., geothermal reservoirs occur primarily in western states.,[object Object],Slide 108 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
It is of critical importance that we use energy sources that are easy on the environment.,[object Object],Slide 109 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Our modern world relies more and more on electricity -- to run our simplest household appliances, ,[object Object],to keep businesses humming, to operate our computers and to light the night. ,[object Object],Slide 110 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
We rely on abundant, affordable energy. We must conserve, use energy more efficiently, and ,[object Object],diversify our energy resource base. ,[object Object],Slide 111 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Today, coal provides 55% of the U.S. electricity supply and the U.S. imports more than half of the oil it consumes. ,[object Object],The burning of fossil fuels cannot be sustained. ,[object Object],Slide 112 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Slide 113 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Much air pollution is caused by burning of fossil fuels. The costs of pollution include health effects like rising ,[object Object],rates of asthma, especially in children and especially in cities.,[object Object],Slide 114 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Currently we are using primarily fossil fuels.,[object Object],Slide 115 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
What will be the consequences if our growing energy needs are also met by fossil fuels?,[object Object],Slide 116 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office	,[object Object]
Slide 117 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Slide 118 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Slide 119 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
Slide 120 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]
You can choose clean renewable energy from wind, solar, small hydropower and geothermal resources.,[object Object],Slide 121 of 122, © 2000 Geothermal Education Office,[object Object]

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