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Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media
      Victor C. Strasburger and The Council on Communications and Media
     Pediatrics 2010;126;576-582; originally published online Aug 30, 2010;
                          DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-1544


The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
                       located on the World Wide Web at:
              http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/126/3/576




PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly
publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published,
and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk
Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2010 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All
rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.




     Downloaded from www.pediatrics.org. Provided by Chulalongkorn Univ on September 10, 2010
Organizational Principles to Guide and Define the Child
                                                                           Health Care System and/or Improve the Health of all Children




Policy Statement—Sexuality, Contraception, and the
Media
                                                                             THE COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA
abstract                                                                     KEY WORDS
                                                                             sexual activity, adolescents, media, television
From a health viewpoint, early sexual activity among US adolescents is
a potential problem because of the risk of pregnancy and sexually            ABBREVIATIONS
                                                                             STI—sexually transmitted infection
transmitted infections. New evidence points to the media adolescents         TV—television
use frequently (television, music, movies, magazines, and the Internet)      This document is copyrighted and is property of the American
as important factors in the initiation of sexual intercourse. There is a     Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors
major disconnect between what mainstream media portray— casual               have filed conflict of interest statements with the American
                                                                             Academy of Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved through
sex and sexuality with no consequences—and what children and teen-
                                                                             a process approved by the Board of Directors. The American
agers need—straightforward information about human sexuality and             Academy of Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any
the need for contraception when having sex. Television, film, music,          commercial involvement in the development of the content of
                                                                             this publication.
and the Internet are all becoming increasingly sexually explicit, yet
information on abstinence, sexual responsibility, and birth control re-
mains rare. It is unwise to promote “abstinence-only” sex education
when it has been shown to be ineffective and when the media have
become such an important source of information about “nonabsti-
nence.” Recommendations are presented to help pediatricians ad-
dress this important issue. Pediatrics 2010;126:576–582

INTRODUCTION
Early sexual activity among teenagers can be problematic. According
to the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 46% of all high school seniors       www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2010-1544

have had sexual intercourse, and 14% have had 4 partners or more.1           doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1544

Although pregnancy rates have generally been decreasing since 1991,          All policy statements from the American Academy of Pediatrics
                                                                             automatically expire 5 years after publication unless
the United States still has the highest teen pregnancy rate in the West-     reaffirmed,revised, or retired at or before that time.
ern world,2 and for the first time in 15 years, the birth rate increased
                                                                             PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275).
3% from 2005 to 2006.3 Early intercourse also increases the risk of
                                                                             Copyright © 2010 by the American Academy of Pediatrics
contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI), including HIV, and
adolescents have one of the highest STI rates of any age group.4 Al-
though 15- to 24-year-olds account for only one-quarter of the sexually
active population in the United States, they contract nearly half of all
new STIs every year.4 A recent study by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention revealed that 1 in 4 teenagers has had an STI.5 Ten
percent of young women who had first had sex in their teenage years
reported that their first time was involuntary, and the younger they
were, the more likely that was the case.6

WHAT CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS LEARN FROM THE MEDIA
American children and teenagers spend more than 7 hours/day with a
variety of different media.7 Those media are filled with sexual mes-
sages and images, many of which are unrealistic.2 On television (TV),
which remains the predominant medium in terms of time spent for all
young people, more than 75% of prime-time programs contain sexual


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FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS


content, yet only 14% of sexual inci-               per issue to sexual topics.19 Cover-         erectile dysfunction drugs are ubiq-
dents mention any risks or responsi-                age of sex as a health issue in mag-         uitous. In the first 10 months of
bilities of sexual activity.8,9 Talk about          azines is more common than on TV,            2004, the makers of these drugs
sex on TV can occur as often as 8 to 10             but the overarching focus seems to           spent nearly $350 million on adver-
times per hour.10 Between 1997 and                  be on deciding when to lose one’s            tising.32 At the same time, advertise-
2001 alone, the amount of sexual con-               virginity.12,20                              ments for birth control products
tent on TV nearly doubled.9                       ● The Internet has become an abun-             are rare.2
So-called reality TV has also entered               dant source of both sexual informa-       Because so many sex education pro-
the picture. In 1997, there were only 3             tion and pornography that cannot          grams have recently been focused on
reality dating shows; by 2004, there                be regulated.21,22 Online pornogra-       abstinence only, the media have argu-
were more than 30.11 Some shows,                    phy is now a $1 billion industry.12 In    ably become one of the leading sex ed-
such as Temptation Island, bring par-               a national sample of 1500 10- to 17-      ucators in the United States today.2 Ad-
ticipants together for the sole purpose             year-olds, nearly half of the Internet    olescents frequently cite the media as
of seeing who “hooks up.” A study of                users had been exposed to online          a source of sexual information.2 For ex-
college students revealed that viewing              pornography in the previous year.23       ample, in a national survey the media
such shows correlated with beliefs in a             In addition, unwanted sexual solici-      rivaled parents and schools as a
double standard—that men are sex                    tations and harassment are not un-        source of information about birth con-
driven and that men and women are                   common,24 although they may not be        trol.33 The media are powerful sources
sexual adversaries.11 It is interesting to          as frequent as parents fear.25            for behavioral “scripts” concerning
note that the less sexually experienced           ● Social networking Web sites and           sexual situations, especially for inex-
students were more likely than sexu-                home pages enable teenagers to            perienced teenagers.2,34 Yet, parents
ally experienced students to be watch-              present themselves publicly, some-        and legislators fail to understand that
ing reality shows, which suggests the               times in sexually suggestive              although they may favor abstinence-
importance of such programs for sex-                ways.12,26 One study of 233 teen          only sex education (despite the lack of
ual socialization.12,13                             home pages revealed that nearly           any evidence of its effectiveness),35 the
In addition to TV, other media provide              10% mentioned sex, and girls were 3       media are decidedly not abstinence
frequent messages about sexual                      times more likely to do so than           only. In fact, the United States has
behavior.                                           boys.27 A recent study of 500 publicly    some of the most sexually suggestive
                                                    available MySpace profiles revealed        media in the world.2 American media
● Music continues to be a major
                                                    that nearly one-quarter of them ref-      make sex seem like a harmless sport
   source of sexual suggestiveness. In                                                        in which everyone engages, and re-
                                                    erenced sexual behaviors.28 Also, a
   1 study, 40% of lyric lines contained                                                      sults of considerable research have in-
                                                    national survey of nearly 1300 teen-
   sexual material, and only 6% con-                                                          dicated that the media can have a ma-
                                                    agers and young adults revealed
   tained healthy sexual messages.14                                                          jor effect on young people’s attitudes
                                                    that 20% reported having sent or
   An analysis of the 279 most popular              posted nude pictures or videos of         and behaviors.12–18 In fact, the media
   songs in 2005 revealed that 37%                  themselves (“sexting”).29                 may function as a “superpeer” in con-
   contained sexual references and                                                            vincing adolescents that sexual activity
                                                  ● Advertisements often use sex to sell.
   that degrading sexual references                                                           is a normative behavior for young teen-
                                                    Women are as likely to be shown in
   were common.15                                                                             agers.2,36,37 In a survey of 2100 11- to
                                                    suggestive clothing (30%), partially
● Virtually every R-rated teen movie                clad (13%), or nude (6%) as they are      17-year-old girls, only the 11-year-olds
   since the 1980s has contained at                 to be fully clothed.30 As one expert      reported that they did not feel pres-
   least 1 nude scene and, often, sev-              noted, “When sexual jokes are used        sure from the media to begin having
   eral instances of sexual intercourse             to sell everything from rice to roach-    sex.38
   (eg, the American Pie movie se-                  killer, from cars to carpets, it’s hard
   ries).16 Teen movies also contain                to remember that sex can unite two        IMPACT OF SEXUAL CONTENT ON
   distorted views of romance and nor-              souls, can inspire awe. Individually,     ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR
   mal adolescent sexuality.16–18                   these ads are harmless enough,            Numerous studies have delineated the
● Teen magazines are popular with                   sometimes even funny, but the cu-         media’s powerful influence on adoles-
   preadolescent and adolescent girls               mulative effect is to degrade and de-     cents’ sexual attitudes, values, and be-
   and devote an average of 2.5 pages               value sex.”31 Advertisements for          liefs.2,39– 42 Unlike the media violence re-


PEDIATRICS Volume 126, Number 3, September 2010                                                                                       577
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search literature, in which some 2000            rather than later,63 and sexually ex-       that adolescents do not always listen
studies exist, there have been only a            plicit media may be particularly            to their elders.2 In 2007, both CBS and
handful of studies on the effects of sex-        important.41,64                             FOX refused a condom advertisement
ual content on actual behavior. At least                                                     as “inappropriate” because it men-
a dozen correlational studies have ex-           CONTRACEPTIVE ADVERTISING                   tioned preventing pregnancy rather
amined the relationship between the              The United States is the only Western       than preventing HIV/AIDS.78 Advertise-
amount of sexual content viewed on TV            nation that still subscribes to the dan-    ments for emergency contraception
and early onset of sexual inter-                 gerous myth that giving teenagers ac-       are virtually nonexistent on American
course.43–53 The most recent studies             cess to birth control—and media rep-        TV, despite the fact that every year,
have revealed that (1) listening to sex-         resent a form of access—will make           American women have 3 million un-
ually degrading lyrics is associated             them sexually active at a younger age.      planned pregnancies, which lead to 1.3
with earlier sexual intercourse,40,53 (2)        Other countries advertise birth control     million abortions. Advertising for
black female teenagers’ exposure to              products widely and have a much             emergency contraceptives could be an
rap music videos or X-rated movies is            lower rate of teen pregnancy.12,16 Al-      important way to reduce the number
associated with the likelihood of multi-         though the teen birth rate had been         of abortions in the United States.79
ple sexual partners or testing positive          declining in the United States up until     POSITIVE IMPACT
for an STI,49 (3) teenagers whose par-           2005–2006, it has declined just as
ents control their TV-viewing habits             much or more in other countries. A re-      The media can be powerful vehicles for
are less sexually experienced,51,52 and          cent study revealed that 86% of the re-     sexual health education. Socially re-
(4) exposure to sexual content in the            cent decline in teen pregnancies could      sponsible messages can be embedded
media is a significant factor in the              be attributed to increased contracep-       into mainstream programming—
intention to have sex in the near                tive use, and only 14% was attributable     a practice dubbed “entertainment-
future.52–54                                     to increased abstinence.65 The recent       education” or “edutainment.”39 Collab-
                                                 3% increase in teen births could be a       orative efforts between the Kaiser
Nine longitudinal studies have given
                                                 “blip,” or it could be attributable to an   Family Foundation and the producers
potential answers to the question of                                                         of the hit TV show ER resulted in suc-
whether sexy media contribute to                 increase in abstinence-only sex edu-
                                                 cation and the concomitant reduc-           cessful story lines about the risks of
early sexual activity, and the answer                                                        human papillomavirus and the useful-
seems to be “yes.”41,55– 62 Results of 7 of      tion in accurate information about
                                                                                             ness of emergency contraception.80 In
these studies have shown that expo-              contraception.66– 68
                                                                                             2002, Friends aired an episode about
sure to sexual content in TV and                 Eight peer-reviewed, controlled clini-      condoms, and 27% of a national sam-
other media in early adolescence—                cal trials have revealed that giving        ple of teenagers saw the program;
particularly for white teenagers— can            teenagers freer access to condoms           many of them reported that they talked
as much as double the risk of early              does not increase their sexual activity     about condom effectiveness with an
sexual intercourse. Adolescents whose            or encourage virginal teenagers to be-      adult as a direct result of the episode.81
parents limit their TV-viewing are less          gin having sex, but it does increase the    In 2008, a study showed that viewers of
likely to engage in early sex.58 Younger         use of condoms among those who are          a Gray’s Anatomy episode learned that
children who have viewed adult-                  already sexually active.69–76 Advertising   HIV-positive women could still have
oriented TV shows and movies are                 condoms, birth control pills, and emer-     HIV-negative infants.82 The Soap Opera
more likely to begin having sexual in-           gency contraception on TV and radio         Summit in Hollywood and international
tercourse earlier.61 The study samples           could further decrease the teen preg-       efforts to embed story lines into popu-
together total nearly 10 000 teenagers           nancy rate. Yet, several networks           lar soap operas are other examples of
nationwide, and the most ambitious               refuse such advertisements.77,78            prosocial efforts. The media giant Via-
studies included other media such as             Telling teenagers, “Wait until you’re       com and the Kaiser Family Foundation
movies, music, and magazines.57 In ad-           older to begin having sex, but if you       have launched an ambitious project to
dition, a recent study revealed that             can’t wait, use birth control” is a dou-    produce $120 million worth of public
early exposure to sexual content dou-            ble message. But, it is a double mes-       service announcements and print ad-
bled the risk of teen pregnancy.60               sage that every teenager in America         vertisements concerning HIV/AIDS and
Clearly, the media play a major role in          can understand and benefit from, and         to encourage Viacom producers to in-
determining whether certain teenag-              it is consistent with normal adolescent     clude story lines in their TV shows that
ers become sexually active earlier               psychology, because it acknowledges         will raise AIDS awareness.83 Such ef-


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forts demonstrate that the entertain-                 networking sites and how they                              basic principles of media literacy
ment industry can be receptive to out-                work so that they can effectively                          into their sex education pro-
side input and that healthier content                 counsel children and adolescents                           grams. Studies have shown that
can be introduced into mainstream                     about them.89                                              effective media literacy programs
media without government pressure                 3. Pediatricians and child advocacy                            can be protective against un-
or the threat of censorship.                         groups should encourage the enter-                          healthy media effects.90,91 Federal
Mass media have also been used pro-                  tainment industry to produce more                           money should be spent on com-
actively to increase parent-child com-               programming that contains respon-                           prehensive sex education pro-
munication about sex. In North Caro-                 sible sexual content and that focuses                       grams but not on abstinence-only
lina, a mass media campaign using                    on the interpersonal relationship in                        programs, which have been found
billboards and radio and TV public                   which sexual activity takes place (Ta-                      to be ineffective.35,65– 68,92–94
service announcements delivered the                  ble 1). One way to do this would be to                   5. Pediatricians should urge the
message, “Talk to your kids about sex.               hold annual seminars for writers,                           broadcast industry to air advertise-
Everyone else is.” In follow-up re-                  producers, and directors in Holly-                          ments for birth control products.
search, exposure to the message cor-                 wood, perhaps in cooperation with                           The federal government also needs
related significantly with parents talk-              other groups. Similarly, Madison Ave-                       to encourage the advertising of
ing to their children about sex during               nue and advertisers need to be en-                          birth control, especially emergency
the following month.84                               couraged to stop using sex to sell                          contraceptives.
                                                     products. Educational seminars
                                                     might help to achieve this goal.                         6. Pediatricians should urge the
RECOMMENDATIONS
                                                                                                                 broadcast industry to limit adver-
1. Pediatricians can help parents and             4. Pediatricians should urge schools
                                                                                                                 tisements for erectile dysfunction
   teenagers to recognize the impor-                 to insist on comprehensive sex ed-
                                                                                                                 drugs until after 10 PM.
   tance of the media by asking at                   ucation programs (to counter the
   least 2 media-related questions at                influence of sexually suggestive and                      7. Pediatricians should urge the
   each well visit77: (1) How much time              explicit media) that incorporate                            broadcast media to include healthy
   do you spend daily with entertain-                                                                            messages about sex and sexuality
   ment media? and (2) Is there a TV                                                                             in their programming, especially in
   set or Internet access in your bed-            TABLE 1 Guide to Responsible Sexual Content                    media that children and early teen-
                                                              in TV, Films, and Music: Some                      agers use most frequently.95
   room? Research has shown that                              Suggestions for the Presentation of
   bedroom TVs are associated with                            Responsible Sexual Content                      8. Pediatricians, the broadcast indus-
   greater substance use and sexual               Recognize sex as a healthy and natural part of                 try, the federal government, and pri-
   activity by teenagers.85 A recent                life.
                                                                                                                 vate foundations should support fur-
                                                  Parent and child conversations about sex are
   study revealed that office-based                  important and healthy and should be                          ther research into the impact of
   counseling is effective and could re-            encouraged.                                                  sexual content in the media on chil-
   sult in nearly 1 million more chil-            Demonstrate that not only the young, unmarried,                dren’s and adolescents’ knowledge
                                                    and beautiful have sexual relationships.
   dren and adolescents adhering to                                                                              and behavior.96 A national task force
                                                  Not all affection and touching must culminate in
   the American Academy of Pediat-                  sexual intercourse.                                          on children, adolescents, and the me-
   rics recommendation to limit me-               Portray couples having sexual relationships with               dia should be convened by child advo-
   dia time to less than 2 hours/day.86             feelings of affection, love, and respect for one
                                                    another.                                                     cacy groups in conjunction with the
2. Pediatricians should counsel par-              Consequences of unprotected sex should be                      Centers for Disease Control and Pre-
   ents to recognize the importance of              discussed or shown.                                          vention and/or the National Institutes
                                                  Miscarriage should not be used as a dramatic
   the media, exert control over their              convenience for resolving an unwanted                        of Health to study the issue of chil-
   children’s media choices, keep                   pregnancy.                                                   dren, adolescents, and media, devise
   their children’s bedrooms free of              Use of contraceptives should be indicated as a                 new research, locate funding
                                                    normal part of a sexual relationship.
   TVs and Internet connections, and              Avoid associating violence with sex or love.                   sources, and make recommenda-
   avoid letting their children see PG-           Rape should be depicted as a crime of violence,                tions to Congress, the broadcast in-
   13– and R-rated movies that are in-              not one of passion.                                          dustry, and the American people.
                                                  The ability to say “no” should be recognized and
   appropriate for them.61,87,88 Pedia-             respected.
   tricians and parents also need to be           Modified from Haffner DW, Kelly M. Adolescent sexuality in   LEAD AUTHOR
   aware of the importance of social              the media. SIECUS Rep. March/April, 1987:9 –12.             Victor C. Strasburger, MD


PEDIATRICS Volume 126, Number 3, September 2010                                                                                                    579
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COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND                        Gwenn S. O’Keeffe, MD                                   Brian Wilcox, PhD – American Psychological
MEDIA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,                           Kathleen G. Nelson, MD                                    Association
                                                     Victor C. Strasburger, MD
2009 –2010
Gilbert L. Fuld, MD, Chairperson                     CONTRIBUTING PAST EXECUTIVE                             CONTRIBUTOR
Deborah Ann Mulligan, MD, Chair-elect                COMMITTEE MEMBERS                                       Jane D. Brown, PhD
Tanya Remer Altmann, MD                              Regina M. Milteer, MD
Ari Brown, MD                                        Donald L. Shifrin, MD
Dimitri A. Christakis, MD                                                                                    STAFF
Kathleen Clarke-Pearson, MD                          LIAISONS                                                Gina Ley Steiner
Benard P. Dreyer, MD                                 Michael Brody, MD – American Academy of                 Veronica Laude Noland
Holly Lee Falik, MD                                    Child and Adolescent Psychiatry                          vnoland@aap.org

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Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media
       Victor C. Strasburger and The Council on Communications and Media
      Pediatrics 2010;126;576-582; originally published online Aug 30, 2010;
                           DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-1544
Updated Information                including high-resolution figures, can be found at:
& Services                         http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/126/3/576
References                         This article cites 61 articles, 20 of which you can access for free
                                   at:
                                   http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/126/3/576#BIBL
Subspecialty Collections           This article, along with others on similar topics, appears in the
                                   following collection(s):
                                   Adolescent Medicine
                                   http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/collection/adolescent_medicine
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                                   tables) or in its entirety can be found online at:
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Anticoncepcion y sexualidad

  • 1. Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media Victor C. Strasburger and The Council on Communications and Media Pediatrics 2010;126;576-582; originally published online Aug 30, 2010; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-1544 The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/126/3/576 PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2010 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275. Downloaded from www.pediatrics.org. Provided by Chulalongkorn Univ on September 10, 2010
  • 2. Organizational Principles to Guide and Define the Child Health Care System and/or Improve the Health of all Children Policy Statement—Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media THE COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA abstract KEY WORDS sexual activity, adolescents, media, television From a health viewpoint, early sexual activity among US adolescents is a potential problem because of the risk of pregnancy and sexually ABBREVIATIONS STI—sexually transmitted infection transmitted infections. New evidence points to the media adolescents TV—television use frequently (television, music, movies, magazines, and the Internet) This document is copyrighted and is property of the American as important factors in the initiation of sexual intercourse. There is a Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors major disconnect between what mainstream media portray— casual have filed conflict of interest statements with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved through sex and sexuality with no consequences—and what children and teen- a process approved by the Board of Directors. The American agers need—straightforward information about human sexuality and Academy of Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any the need for contraception when having sex. Television, film, music, commercial involvement in the development of the content of this publication. and the Internet are all becoming increasingly sexually explicit, yet information on abstinence, sexual responsibility, and birth control re- mains rare. It is unwise to promote “abstinence-only” sex education when it has been shown to be ineffective and when the media have become such an important source of information about “nonabsti- nence.” Recommendations are presented to help pediatricians ad- dress this important issue. Pediatrics 2010;126:576–582 INTRODUCTION Early sexual activity among teenagers can be problematic. According to the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 46% of all high school seniors www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2010-1544 have had sexual intercourse, and 14% have had 4 partners or more.1 doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1544 Although pregnancy rates have generally been decreasing since 1991, All policy statements from the American Academy of Pediatrics automatically expire 5 years after publication unless the United States still has the highest teen pregnancy rate in the West- reaffirmed,revised, or retired at or before that time. ern world,2 and for the first time in 15 years, the birth rate increased PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275). 3% from 2005 to 2006.3 Early intercourse also increases the risk of Copyright © 2010 by the American Academy of Pediatrics contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI), including HIV, and adolescents have one of the highest STI rates of any age group.4 Al- though 15- to 24-year-olds account for only one-quarter of the sexually active population in the United States, they contract nearly half of all new STIs every year.4 A recent study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that 1 in 4 teenagers has had an STI.5 Ten percent of young women who had first had sex in their teenage years reported that their first time was involuntary, and the younger they were, the more likely that was the case.6 WHAT CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS LEARN FROM THE MEDIA American children and teenagers spend more than 7 hours/day with a variety of different media.7 Those media are filled with sexual mes- sages and images, many of which are unrealistic.2 On television (TV), which remains the predominant medium in terms of time spent for all young people, more than 75% of prime-time programs contain sexual 576 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Downloaded from www.pediatrics.org. Provided by Chulalongkorn Univ on September 10, 2010
  • 3. FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS content, yet only 14% of sexual inci- per issue to sexual topics.19 Cover- erectile dysfunction drugs are ubiq- dents mention any risks or responsi- age of sex as a health issue in mag- uitous. In the first 10 months of bilities of sexual activity.8,9 Talk about azines is more common than on TV, 2004, the makers of these drugs sex on TV can occur as often as 8 to 10 but the overarching focus seems to spent nearly $350 million on adver- times per hour.10 Between 1997 and be on deciding when to lose one’s tising.32 At the same time, advertise- 2001 alone, the amount of sexual con- virginity.12,20 ments for birth control products tent on TV nearly doubled.9 ● The Internet has become an abun- are rare.2 So-called reality TV has also entered dant source of both sexual informa- Because so many sex education pro- the picture. In 1997, there were only 3 tion and pornography that cannot grams have recently been focused on reality dating shows; by 2004, there be regulated.21,22 Online pornogra- abstinence only, the media have argu- were more than 30.11 Some shows, phy is now a $1 billion industry.12 In ably become one of the leading sex ed- such as Temptation Island, bring par- a national sample of 1500 10- to 17- ucators in the United States today.2 Ad- ticipants together for the sole purpose year-olds, nearly half of the Internet olescents frequently cite the media as of seeing who “hooks up.” A study of users had been exposed to online a source of sexual information.2 For ex- college students revealed that viewing pornography in the previous year.23 ample, in a national survey the media such shows correlated with beliefs in a In addition, unwanted sexual solici- rivaled parents and schools as a double standard—that men are sex tations and harassment are not un- source of information about birth con- driven and that men and women are common,24 although they may not be trol.33 The media are powerful sources sexual adversaries.11 It is interesting to as frequent as parents fear.25 for behavioral “scripts” concerning note that the less sexually experienced ● Social networking Web sites and sexual situations, especially for inex- students were more likely than sexu- home pages enable teenagers to perienced teenagers.2,34 Yet, parents ally experienced students to be watch- present themselves publicly, some- and legislators fail to understand that ing reality shows, which suggests the times in sexually suggestive although they may favor abstinence- importance of such programs for sex- ways.12,26 One study of 233 teen only sex education (despite the lack of ual socialization.12,13 home pages revealed that nearly any evidence of its effectiveness),35 the In addition to TV, other media provide 10% mentioned sex, and girls were 3 media are decidedly not abstinence frequent messages about sexual times more likely to do so than only. In fact, the United States has behavior. boys.27 A recent study of 500 publicly some of the most sexually suggestive available MySpace profiles revealed media in the world.2 American media ● Music continues to be a major that nearly one-quarter of them ref- make sex seem like a harmless sport source of sexual suggestiveness. In in which everyone engages, and re- erenced sexual behaviors.28 Also, a 1 study, 40% of lyric lines contained sults of considerable research have in- national survey of nearly 1300 teen- sexual material, and only 6% con- dicated that the media can have a ma- agers and young adults revealed tained healthy sexual messages.14 jor effect on young people’s attitudes that 20% reported having sent or An analysis of the 279 most popular posted nude pictures or videos of and behaviors.12–18 In fact, the media songs in 2005 revealed that 37% themselves (“sexting”).29 may function as a “superpeer” in con- contained sexual references and vincing adolescents that sexual activity ● Advertisements often use sex to sell. that degrading sexual references is a normative behavior for young teen- Women are as likely to be shown in were common.15 agers.2,36,37 In a survey of 2100 11- to suggestive clothing (30%), partially ● Virtually every R-rated teen movie clad (13%), or nude (6%) as they are 17-year-old girls, only the 11-year-olds since the 1980s has contained at to be fully clothed.30 As one expert reported that they did not feel pres- least 1 nude scene and, often, sev- noted, “When sexual jokes are used sure from the media to begin having eral instances of sexual intercourse to sell everything from rice to roach- sex.38 (eg, the American Pie movie se- killer, from cars to carpets, it’s hard ries).16 Teen movies also contain to remember that sex can unite two IMPACT OF SEXUAL CONTENT ON distorted views of romance and nor- souls, can inspire awe. Individually, ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR mal adolescent sexuality.16–18 these ads are harmless enough, Numerous studies have delineated the ● Teen magazines are popular with sometimes even funny, but the cu- media’s powerful influence on adoles- preadolescent and adolescent girls mulative effect is to degrade and de- cents’ sexual attitudes, values, and be- and devote an average of 2.5 pages value sex.”31 Advertisements for liefs.2,39– 42 Unlike the media violence re- PEDIATRICS Volume 126, Number 3, September 2010 577 Downloaded from www.pediatrics.org. Provided by Chulalongkorn Univ on September 10, 2010
  • 4. search literature, in which some 2000 rather than later,63 and sexually ex- that adolescents do not always listen studies exist, there have been only a plicit media may be particularly to their elders.2 In 2007, both CBS and handful of studies on the effects of sex- important.41,64 FOX refused a condom advertisement ual content on actual behavior. At least as “inappropriate” because it men- a dozen correlational studies have ex- CONTRACEPTIVE ADVERTISING tioned preventing pregnancy rather amined the relationship between the The United States is the only Western than preventing HIV/AIDS.78 Advertise- amount of sexual content viewed on TV nation that still subscribes to the dan- ments for emergency contraception and early onset of sexual inter- gerous myth that giving teenagers ac- are virtually nonexistent on American course.43–53 The most recent studies cess to birth control—and media rep- TV, despite the fact that every year, have revealed that (1) listening to sex- resent a form of access—will make American women have 3 million un- ually degrading lyrics is associated them sexually active at a younger age. planned pregnancies, which lead to 1.3 with earlier sexual intercourse,40,53 (2) Other countries advertise birth control million abortions. Advertising for black female teenagers’ exposure to products widely and have a much emergency contraceptives could be an rap music videos or X-rated movies is lower rate of teen pregnancy.12,16 Al- important way to reduce the number associated with the likelihood of multi- though the teen birth rate had been of abortions in the United States.79 ple sexual partners or testing positive declining in the United States up until POSITIVE IMPACT for an STI,49 (3) teenagers whose par- 2005–2006, it has declined just as ents control their TV-viewing habits much or more in other countries. A re- The media can be powerful vehicles for are less sexually experienced,51,52 and cent study revealed that 86% of the re- sexual health education. Socially re- (4) exposure to sexual content in the cent decline in teen pregnancies could sponsible messages can be embedded media is a significant factor in the be attributed to increased contracep- into mainstream programming— intention to have sex in the near tive use, and only 14% was attributable a practice dubbed “entertainment- future.52–54 to increased abstinence.65 The recent education” or “edutainment.”39 Collab- 3% increase in teen births could be a orative efforts between the Kaiser Nine longitudinal studies have given “blip,” or it could be attributable to an Family Foundation and the producers potential answers to the question of of the hit TV show ER resulted in suc- whether sexy media contribute to increase in abstinence-only sex edu- cation and the concomitant reduc- cessful story lines about the risks of early sexual activity, and the answer human papillomavirus and the useful- seems to be “yes.”41,55– 62 Results of 7 of tion in accurate information about ness of emergency contraception.80 In these studies have shown that expo- contraception.66– 68 2002, Friends aired an episode about sure to sexual content in TV and Eight peer-reviewed, controlled clini- condoms, and 27% of a national sam- other media in early adolescence— cal trials have revealed that giving ple of teenagers saw the program; particularly for white teenagers— can teenagers freer access to condoms many of them reported that they talked as much as double the risk of early does not increase their sexual activity about condom effectiveness with an sexual intercourse. Adolescents whose or encourage virginal teenagers to be- adult as a direct result of the episode.81 parents limit their TV-viewing are less gin having sex, but it does increase the In 2008, a study showed that viewers of likely to engage in early sex.58 Younger use of condoms among those who are a Gray’s Anatomy episode learned that children who have viewed adult- already sexually active.69–76 Advertising HIV-positive women could still have oriented TV shows and movies are condoms, birth control pills, and emer- HIV-negative infants.82 The Soap Opera more likely to begin having sexual in- gency contraception on TV and radio Summit in Hollywood and international tercourse earlier.61 The study samples could further decrease the teen preg- efforts to embed story lines into popu- together total nearly 10 000 teenagers nancy rate. Yet, several networks lar soap operas are other examples of nationwide, and the most ambitious refuse such advertisements.77,78 prosocial efforts. The media giant Via- studies included other media such as Telling teenagers, “Wait until you’re com and the Kaiser Family Foundation movies, music, and magazines.57 In ad- older to begin having sex, but if you have launched an ambitious project to dition, a recent study revealed that can’t wait, use birth control” is a dou- produce $120 million worth of public early exposure to sexual content dou- ble message. But, it is a double mes- service announcements and print ad- bled the risk of teen pregnancy.60 sage that every teenager in America vertisements concerning HIV/AIDS and Clearly, the media play a major role in can understand and benefit from, and to encourage Viacom producers to in- determining whether certain teenag- it is consistent with normal adolescent clude story lines in their TV shows that ers become sexually active earlier psychology, because it acknowledges will raise AIDS awareness.83 Such ef- 578 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Downloaded from www.pediatrics.org. Provided by Chulalongkorn Univ on September 10, 2010
  • 5. FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS forts demonstrate that the entertain- networking sites and how they basic principles of media literacy ment industry can be receptive to out- work so that they can effectively into their sex education pro- side input and that healthier content counsel children and adolescents grams. Studies have shown that can be introduced into mainstream about them.89 effective media literacy programs media without government pressure 3. Pediatricians and child advocacy can be protective against un- or the threat of censorship. groups should encourage the enter- healthy media effects.90,91 Federal Mass media have also been used pro- tainment industry to produce more money should be spent on com- actively to increase parent-child com- programming that contains respon- prehensive sex education pro- munication about sex. In North Caro- sible sexual content and that focuses grams but not on abstinence-only lina, a mass media campaign using on the interpersonal relationship in programs, which have been found billboards and radio and TV public which sexual activity takes place (Ta- to be ineffective.35,65– 68,92–94 service announcements delivered the ble 1). One way to do this would be to 5. Pediatricians should urge the message, “Talk to your kids about sex. hold annual seminars for writers, broadcast industry to air advertise- Everyone else is.” In follow-up re- producers, and directors in Holly- ments for birth control products. search, exposure to the message cor- wood, perhaps in cooperation with The federal government also needs related significantly with parents talk- other groups. Similarly, Madison Ave- to encourage the advertising of ing to their children about sex during nue and advertisers need to be en- birth control, especially emergency the following month.84 couraged to stop using sex to sell contraceptives. products. Educational seminars might help to achieve this goal. 6. Pediatricians should urge the RECOMMENDATIONS broadcast industry to limit adver- 1. Pediatricians can help parents and 4. Pediatricians should urge schools tisements for erectile dysfunction teenagers to recognize the impor- to insist on comprehensive sex ed- drugs until after 10 PM. tance of the media by asking at ucation programs (to counter the least 2 media-related questions at influence of sexually suggestive and 7. Pediatricians should urge the each well visit77: (1) How much time explicit media) that incorporate broadcast media to include healthy do you spend daily with entertain- messages about sex and sexuality ment media? and (2) Is there a TV in their programming, especially in set or Internet access in your bed- TABLE 1 Guide to Responsible Sexual Content media that children and early teen- in TV, Films, and Music: Some agers use most frequently.95 room? Research has shown that Suggestions for the Presentation of bedroom TVs are associated with Responsible Sexual Content 8. Pediatricians, the broadcast indus- greater substance use and sexual Recognize sex as a healthy and natural part of try, the federal government, and pri- activity by teenagers.85 A recent life. vate foundations should support fur- Parent and child conversations about sex are study revealed that office-based important and healthy and should be ther research into the impact of counseling is effective and could re- encouraged. sexual content in the media on chil- sult in nearly 1 million more chil- Demonstrate that not only the young, unmarried, dren’s and adolescents’ knowledge and beautiful have sexual relationships. dren and adolescents adhering to and behavior.96 A national task force Not all affection and touching must culminate in the American Academy of Pediat- sexual intercourse. on children, adolescents, and the me- rics recommendation to limit me- Portray couples having sexual relationships with dia should be convened by child advo- dia time to less than 2 hours/day.86 feelings of affection, love, and respect for one another. cacy groups in conjunction with the 2. Pediatricians should counsel par- Consequences of unprotected sex should be Centers for Disease Control and Pre- ents to recognize the importance of discussed or shown. vention and/or the National Institutes Miscarriage should not be used as a dramatic the media, exert control over their convenience for resolving an unwanted of Health to study the issue of chil- children’s media choices, keep pregnancy. dren, adolescents, and media, devise their children’s bedrooms free of Use of contraceptives should be indicated as a new research, locate funding normal part of a sexual relationship. TVs and Internet connections, and Avoid associating violence with sex or love. sources, and make recommenda- avoid letting their children see PG- Rape should be depicted as a crime of violence, tions to Congress, the broadcast in- 13– and R-rated movies that are in- not one of passion. dustry, and the American people. The ability to say “no” should be recognized and appropriate for them.61,87,88 Pedia- respected. tricians and parents also need to be Modified from Haffner DW, Kelly M. Adolescent sexuality in LEAD AUTHOR aware of the importance of social the media. SIECUS Rep. March/April, 1987:9 –12. Victor C. Strasburger, MD PEDIATRICS Volume 126, Number 3, September 2010 579 Downloaded from www.pediatrics.org. Provided by Chulalongkorn Univ on September 10, 2010
  • 6. COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND Gwenn S. O’Keeffe, MD Brian Wilcox, PhD – American Psychological MEDIA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, Kathleen G. Nelson, MD Association Victor C. Strasburger, MD 2009 –2010 Gilbert L. Fuld, MD, Chairperson CONTRIBUTING PAST EXECUTIVE CONTRIBUTOR Deborah Ann Mulligan, MD, Chair-elect COMMITTEE MEMBERS Jane D. Brown, PhD Tanya Remer Altmann, MD Regina M. Milteer, MD Ari Brown, MD Donald L. Shifrin, MD Dimitri A. Christakis, MD STAFF Kathleen Clarke-Pearson, MD LIAISONS Gina Ley Steiner Benard P. Dreyer, MD Michael Brody, MD – American Academy of Veronica Laude Noland Holly Lee Falik, MD Child and Adolescent Psychiatry vnoland@aap.org REFERENCES 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. sexual behaviors. Sex Roles. 2006;54(1–2): olescents, and the Media. 2nd ed. Thousand Youth risk behavior surveillance: United 1–17 Oaks, CA: Sage; 2009:471– 498 States, 2009. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2010; 12. Brown JD, Strasburger VC. From Calvin 23. 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  • 9. Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media Victor C. Strasburger and The Council on Communications and Media Pediatrics 2010;126;576-582; originally published online Aug 30, 2010; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-1544 Updated Information including high-resolution figures, can be found at: & Services http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/126/3/576 References This article cites 61 articles, 20 of which you can access for free at: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/126/3/576#BIBL Subspecialty Collections This article, along with others on similar topics, appears in the following collection(s): Adolescent Medicine http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/collection/adolescent_medicine Permissions & Licensing Information about reproducing this article in parts (figures, tables) or in its entirety can be found online at: http://www.pediatrics.org/misc/Permissions.shtml Reprints Information about ordering reprints can be found online: http://www.pediatrics.org/misc/reprints.shtml Downloaded from www.pediatrics.org. Provided by Chulalongkorn Univ on September 10, 2010