39. Works as follows: recognition of a need __ drive activity trigged to behave in such a manner to reach the goal stimulus, which in turn would reduce the need.
63. Once one level is satisfied, the next level will emerge as the depressed need seeking to be satisfied
64. The physiological and security needs are finite but the needs of higher order are infinite and are likely to be dominant in persons at higher levels in the organization.
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Notas del editor
In general, motivation can be considered as either extrinsic (behavioural) or intrinsic (biological, cognitive, affective, cognitive, or spiritual.
Examples:Doing something just because you think it's the right thing to do, not because you hope to get a reward or avoid punishment.Writing poetry to express your innermost thoughts and feelings, even though you may not be attempting to sell a book or publish for money.Studying something on your own because you desire to know that subject matter. You may not be doing this for any class or for any grade.
Examples Ahmed studies chemistry outside the class. He reads about it for hours and knows more than the teacher. He gets C and and Bs. He never returns homework at time. but he is so happy about it.Amal gets back to the teacher about every step. She wants to be perfect. Once a teacher gave her a bonus for art work. Now, she does it every time. She wont accept losing marks. If the topic is not in the exam, she is not interested.
Weiner theory examined how an individual interpreted success or failure. The explanation we give ourselves for our successes or failures will determine our expectations of experiencing future successes or failures and as a result, our motivation to engage in tasks where success or failure is possible outcome. Example: students may choose to work hard on activities they do but they don’t find enjoyable but the know that they are important to reach a valued goal.
Emotive influences can be linked to Yerkes-Dodson. Too much emotional arousal will cause a decrease in self-efficacy and thus a drop in motivation and performance.
LeFrancois (1997) points out that physiological needs can be satisfied and psychological needs are never completely satisfiedAir, water, food2. security, protection, freedom,danger,threat3. love, affection, belongingness,acceptance4. Status, strength,creativitySelf actualization needs: desire for personal achievement or mission of his life.Self – actualized persons have frequent occurrence of peak experiences, which are energized moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self- actualization.3. Love Belongingness Affection
Rewards and Reinforcement Cox (1991) believes that motivation is a drive that can be influenced and purposefully changed by well thought-out environmental manipulations. A behaviourist view. Cox (1991)Primary motivation – derived from activity itself (Intrinsic rewards) Secondary motivation – Influence from outside the activity (e.g. praise and other rewards) (Extrinsic Rewards) Positive motivation Primary – your appraisal of how well you are doing (Intrinsic) Secondary – positive comments and encouragement from others (Extrinsic) Negative motivation Primary – Feeling bad about what you are attempting Secondary – bad marks for work.
What are key factors in motivation according to behavioural viewpoint? A humanistic viewpoint? A cognitive viewpoint? A social cognitive point of view? A sociocultural point of view?Behaviorists tend to emphasize extrinsic motivation caused by incentives, rewards and punishments. Humanistic views stress the intrinsic motivation created by the need for personal growth, fulfillment, and self-determination. Cognitive views stress t person’s active search for meaning, understanding and competence and the power of the individuals attributions and interpretations. Social cognitive theories take into account both the behaviorists’ concern with the consequences of behavior and the cognitivists’ interest in the impact of individual beliefs and expectations. Many influential social cognitive explanations of motivation can be characterized as expectancy x value theories. Socialcultural views emphasize legitimate engaged participation and identity within a community.
Abraham was born in Brooklyn since 1908 – 1970.Maslow was a psychologist who studied the lives and activities of individuals that he found considered them to be “successful and productive”. Maslow is a famous theorist which encompass everything from basic needs to self-actualization in order to demonstrate what motivates people. The basis of Maslow's theory of motivation is that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs can be addressed. Per the teachings of Abraham Maslow, there are general needs (physiological, safety, love, and esteem) which have to be fulfilled before a person is able to act unselfishly. These needs were dubbed "deficiency needs." While a person is motivated to fulfill these basal desires, they continue to move toward growth, and eventually self-actualization. The satisfaction of these needs is quite healthy. while preventing their gratification makes us ill or act evilly.