Pneumonia Disease Research Paper

Pneumonia Disease Research Paper
Pneumonia is a common disease, which occurs in all age groups. However, pneumonia is the
leading cause of death in elderly, people who are chronically and terminally ill, and children under
five years old worldwide. It can result from a variety of causes, including infection with bacteria,
viruses, fungi, or parasites, and chemical or physical injury to the lungs. Pneumonia is an irregular
inflammatory condition of the lung. It is often described as inflammation and abnormal fluid filling
of the alveoli of the lung, which are microscopic air filled sacs in the lungs responsible for gas
exchange. [2] Typical symptoms associated with pneumonia include cough, chest pain, fever, and
difficulty in breathing. Diagnostic tools include x–rays and ... Show more content on
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The most common causes of bacterial pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae and "atypical"
bacteria. Atypical bacteria are parasitic bacteria that live inside the cell or do not have a cell wall.
Furthermore, they cause generally less severe pneumonia, therefore atypical symptoms, and respond
to different antibiotics than other bacteria. In the nose or mouth of many healthy people, you can
find Gram–positive type bacteria that cause pneumonia. In developing countries, approximately one
million children annually are killed by Streptococcus pnuemoniae. Another important Gram–
positive bacterium is Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae cause of pneumonia in
newborn babies. Gram–negative bacteria cause pneumonia less often than gram–positive bacteria.
Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Moraxella catarrhalis are some of the gram–negative bacteria that cause pneumonia. If vomit is
inhaled, these bacteria may enter the lungs because it often lives in the stomach or intestines.
Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila are "atypical"
bacteria, which cause pneumonia. [1] Fungal pneumonia is infrequent. However, individuals with
immune system problems due to AIDS, immunosuppresive drugs, or other medical problems are
vulnerable to fungal pneumonia. The pneumonia caused by fungi is similar to that of bacterial
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Inflammatory Response Essay
While mounting of inflammatory response is critical in eradicating bacterial infection, systemic
bacterial infection can lead to an acute pro–inflammatory response, which may result in sepsis.
Currently, no effective therapy is available to inhibit the activation phase of the acute inflammatory
response to infection. A new group of host–protective lipids termed 13–series resolvins were
demonstrated to promote bacterial phagocytosis, reduce recruitment of neutrophils to the site of
inflammation, reduce inflammasome activation and augment host recovery from systemic infection
by accelerating the resolution of the acute inflammatory response (48). I.p. injection of resolvins
into mice infected with E. coli showed 40% increase in survival ... Show more content on
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MULTI–OMIC APPROACHES TO IDENTIFY HOST TARGETS THAT MEDIATE BACTERIAL
INFECTION Advanced high–throughput technological developments in the fields of
transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and imageomics (high throughput, high–content imaging
(HCI)) provide an unsurpassed opportunity for identifying host–pathogen interactors and
characterizing gene functions in the context of bacterial infection. Transcriptomics studies enable
quantitative measurements of the dynamic expression of the mRNA molecules and their variation in
different states at the genome scale (49, 90). Proteomics studies [e.g. mass–spectrometry (MS) and
Reverse–phase protein microarray (RPMA)] facilitate the characterization and quantitation of
proteome changes from complex samples (17, 38). Metabolomics studies reveal metabolites
(including lipids, small molecules) that are generated in response to infection (29). Importantly,
technological advances related to assay miniaturization, high–throughput and automated image
acquisition and quantitative analysis have made it possible to extract hundreds of functional and
morphological features that are associated with bacterial infections (9) (Figure 3). Specific HCI
imaging parameters has been applied in host–directed therapeutic discovery to study effects of
perturbations in bacterial infection cycle (13, 16, 41, 60, 79). Analysis of the data derived from the
omic studies will require

Slime Mold-Term Paper
Dictyostelium discoideum––also known as slime mold––is an amoeba, whose natural habitat is soil
and decaying leaves found in the deciduous forest (key paper). This organism's life cycle consists of
a unicellular phase and a multicellular phase. During the unicellular phase, the amoeba feeds on
bacteria and yeast, and reproduces through binary fission. Upon starvation conditions, D.
discoideum amoeba collect into aggregates. Cell differentiation would occur at this point to
eventually create a multicellular fruiting body. There are several factors that make D. discoideum an
ideal model organism to study host–pathogen interactions. By using the amoeba, host–pathogen
interactions can be observed with only the two organisms present. This is most likely not possible
when higher organisms, such as C. elegans or Drosophila, are used as hosts. In ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
discoideum (SOURCE). P. aeruginosa is a Gram–negative pathogen that causes life–threatening
infections in people with compromised immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or
those with cycstic fibrosis. The bacteria is commonly seen in nosocomial infections (hospital–
acquired infections), such as pneumonia, UTIs, and sepsis. First, it was tested whether or not P.
aeruginosa could infect D. discoideum. P. aeruginosa strain PA14 was grown in LB, collected
through centrifugation, and resuspended in SorC buffer (16.7 mM Na2H/KH2PO4/50 microM
CaCl2, pH 6.0). D. discoideum was added to the bacterial suspension to create final concentration of
500 cells/ml. 0.2 ml of the mixture was pipetted on to SM/5 plates containing 1/5 of a SM stock
solution (1% glucose/1% Bacto peptone/0.1% Bacto yeast extract/4.2 mM MgSO4). As a control, D.
discoideum was also plated with Klebsilla aerogenes, which was known to be non–pathogenic
towards D. discoideum. This first assay showed that the strain PA14 could infect D.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Legionnaires
Introduction
Legionnaires' disease is an important public health problem that can cause substantial morbidity and
mortality.1 This bacterial infection is caused primarily by the gram negative bacteria, Legionella
pneumophila, found in freshwater environments throughout the world.2, 3
Legionnaires' disease was initially described in 1976, after a major respiratory outbreak among
attendees of an American Legion convention.4 L. pneumophila causes a severe inflammatory
pneumonia that primarily affects susceptible patients as a result of advanced age, underlying
debilitating conditions or immunosuppression.5 Environmental risk factors such as cooling towers
or water systems in buildings, including hospitals have been reported as main sources of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recent outbreak in the city of New York has emphasized the need to recognize Legionnaires'
disease as a common community and hospital acquired pneumonia. Health care workers should have
a high clinical suspicion of L. pneumophila in any patient with unexplained pneumonia and risk
factors for Legionnaire's disease. Routine testing has been discouraged for all outpatients with
community–acquired pneumonia and further testing should be assessed on a case by case basis. This
review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of Legionnaires'
disease. A better understanding of the risks associated with Legionnaires' disease would allow state
and local entities to better target preventive measures and improve clinician awareness.
Epidemiology
Almost 40 years ago, Legionella pneumophila was initially recognized as the cause of a major
respiratory outbreak among attendees of an American Legion convention at a hotel in Philadelphia.4
Since the first description of Legionnaire's disease, surveillance schemes

Q Fever Research Paper
Q fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and
other animals. This organism is uncommon, but may be found in cattle, sheep, goats and other
domestic mammals, including cats and dogs. The infection results from inhalation of a spore–like
small cell variant, and from contact with the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected
animals. Rarely, the disease is tick borne. The incubation period is 9–40 days. Humans are
vulnerable to Q fever, and infection can result from even a few organisms. The bacterium is an
obligate intracellular pathogenic parasite.
Signs and symptoms
Incubation period is usually two to three weeks.
During its course, the disease can progress to an atypical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This is an extremely low infectious dose, making C. burnetii one of the most infectious known
organisms. Disease occurs in two stages: an acute stage that presents with headaches, chills, and
respiratory symptoms, and an insidious chronic stage.
While most infections clear up spontaneously, treatment with tetracycline or doxycycline appears to
reduce the symptomatic duration and reduce the likelihood of chronic infection. A combination of
erythromycin and rifampin is highly effective in curing the disease, and vaccination with Q–VAX
vaccine is effective for prevention of it.
The bacteria use a Type IVB secretion system known as Icm/Dot to inject effector proteins called
Ank proteins into the host. These effectors increase the bacteria's ability to survive inside the host
cell. In Legionella pneumophila, which uses the same secretion system and also injects Ank
proteins, survival is enhanced because these Ank proteins interfere with fusion of the bacteria–
containing vacuole with the host's degradation endosomes.
Use as a biological

Persuasive Essay On Tap Water
The normal human body is made up of about 60% of water, which is obviously over half the human
body. Drinking tap water is something that is a part of almost everyone's daily lives, however, in the
documentary Poisoned Water by PBS, Flint, Michigan's tap water isn't as safe as the people of Flint,
Michigan originally thought. Lead poisoning, legionaries' disease, even the deaths of 12 people have
all been happening to the people of Flint, Michigan according to Poisoned Water by PBS. I was
surprised to learn that it took so much effort just to get clean water. People should not have to worry
about if their water is safe or not, it's a basic human right to trust in the people who run the water
plants to make sure the water is drinkable. I was also surprised to learn that a disease can arise from
the lack of clean water. I didn't realize that by constantly neglecting to clean up the pipes in Flint,
Michigan, legionaries' disease would form. I also was surprised to learn about the effects lead had
on people who drank the contaminated water. When it comes to clean water, I've never really
questioned if my water is clean or not. It's something that shouldn't be questioned, it should just be a
fact that the water is clean. I'm shocked to know that it took 18 months to actually switch back to the
original water system. "In October 2015, 18 months after the switch, Flint finally changes back to
the Detroit water system and once again receives properly treated water from Lake Huron"

How Legionnaire 's Disease Is An Important Public Health...
Introduction
Legionnaire's disease is an important public health problem that can cause substantial morbidity and
mortality.1 This bacterial infection is caused primarily by the gram negative bacteria, Legionella
pneumophila, found in freshwater environments throughout the world. 2, 3
Legionnaires' disease was initially described in 1976, after a major respiratory outbreak among
attendees of an American Legion convention.4 L. pneumophila causes a severe inflammatory
pneumonia that primarily affects susceptible patients as a result of advanced age, underlying
debilitating conditions or immunosuppression.5 Environmental risk factors such as cooling towers
or water systems in buildings, including hospitals have been reported as main sources ... Show more
11Macrolides, doxycycline, and quinolones are the most commonly prescribed effective antibiotics,
and preventive measures have been widely adopted in public and private institutions. 12
Public health efforts have largely focused on the identification of outbreaks of legionellosis,
followed by investigation and source control. The recent outbreak in the city of New York has
emphasized the need to recognize Legionnaires' disease as a common community and hospital
acquired pneumonia. Health care workers should have a high clinical suspicion of L. pneumophila
in any patient with unexplained pneumonia and risk factors for Legionnaire's disease. Routine
testing has been discouraged for all outpatients with community–acquired pneumonia and further
testing should be assessed on a case by case basis. This review summarizes the epidemiology,
pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of Legionnaires' disease. A better understanding of the
risks associated with Legionnaires' disease would allow state and local entities to better target
preventive measures and improve clinician awareness.
Epidemiology
Almost 40 years ago, Legionella pneumophila was initially recognized as the cause of a major
respiratory outbreak among attendees of an American Legion convention at a hotel in Philadelphia.4
Since the first description of Legionnaire's disease, surveillance schemes have been implemented in
several countries including the United

Low Respiratory Disease: Pneumonia
Introduction: This case study will examine the lower respiratory disease, Pneumonia. It will cover
the aetiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms/clinical manifestations, treatment options
pharmacological and non–pharmacological, acute and chronic complications of pneumonia, and
lifestyle changes in relation to the Case Study Mr. Dudley Dawes. Aetiology Pneumonia has many
different causatives; Bacterial, Viral, Fungi or Parasitic (Tannehill–Jones, 2010). If there is no
infection present, the patient may only have a hypersensitivity to dust or other allergens, the term
used in this instance is Pneumonitis, meaning inflammation of the lung tissues (Association, 2015a).
Common bacteria that cause pneumonia include; bacterium Streptococcus ... Show more content on
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Signs and symptoms of pneumonia are; fever >38, SOB, tachypnoea, productive cough with
purulent mucous, pain when breathing (Nader Kamangar, 2015b). The doctor will listen to the lungs
(auscultation) of the patient, they are listening for crackling, bubbling sounds called "rales", he will
also auscultate for areas of the lungs where no breathing sounds can be heard, as this will indicate
congestion in that lobe of the lung. Another way to find this is by tapping on the chest and back. The
doctor is listening for a dull sound as opposed to a hollow sound, the dull sound is where congestion
is noted, the doctor will also see if accessory muscles are being used to breathe this would indicate
dyspnoea (Association, 2015b). The doctor will order an FBC (full blood count) to check white cell
count, this will determine if there are noted signs of infection present in the blood, arterial blood
gases to ensure that enough oxygen is getting into the blood via the lungs, CT scan to check the
functioning of the lungs, pulse oximeter will verify the oxygen saturation levels in the blood of the
patient healthy is 95% – 100% any readings lower than 90% can indicate hypoxia, a simple urine
test could rule out Legionella pneumonia (Association, 2015b). Nosocomial is the term used when a
patient contracts a disease in a healthcare setting (Nader Kamangar, 2015a). Knowing where the
patient contracted pneumonia increases the likelihood of finding the correct treatment quicker.
Common pathogens responsible for nosocomial pneumonia; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, Klebsiella species, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter species and
Haemophilus influenzae (Burke A Cunha,

Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Causes Pneumonia, And Upper Lobe...
Streptococcus pneumoniae, (cause pneumonia, and upper lobe lesions)
Klebsiella pneumoniae,(cause pneumonia, cause destructive changes to lungs, leading to rise the
respiratory rate)
Haemophilus influenzae, (cause pneumonia, opportunistic with alcoholism can lead to enlarge the
liver)
Moraxella catarrhalis, (cause pneumonia, pathogen with an affinity for the human upper respiratory
tract)
Staphylococcus aureus, (cause pneumonia, it usually affect patient with chronic illness)
Legionella pneumophila, (cause pneumonia, it effects the temperature raising of the body)
Organism: Klebsiella pneumoniae
Reason: Bacterial pneumonia are rare in healthy host and usually occur in young children, the
elderly, in alcoholics. The 60 year old man with severe chronic alcoholism is affected by the bacteria
Klebsiella pneumoniae, because Klebsiella pneumoniae explains the lobar pneumonia particularly in
the upper areas of the lungs where the man's infiltrates has been detected, Pneumonia procured from
Klebsiella pneumoniae, is characterized by high fever, chills, chest pain and cough (Medicine,1997)
. The patient in question has few symptoms related to this bacterium. The fever, raised his body
temperature to 103 ºF and, the respiratory rate of 36 per minute which was caused by pneumonia.
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram negative bacterium so gram staining of the sputum would be a
good place to eliminate all the gram positive bacterium.
However it has been reported this test has a

Organizing Pneumonia Associated With Anticonvulsant...
Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with anticonvulsant hypersensitivity
syndrome induced by Lamotrigine Case Summary: A 14–year–old–girl known to have seizure
disorder on Lamotrigine treatment admitted to the hospital with history of rash, fever and cough.
Her condition deteriorated initially with typical clinical features of anticonvulsant hypersensitivity
syndrome (ACHS) complicated with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Her
chest computed tomography showed multifocal parenchymal opacities and the lung biopsy was
typical for BOOP. The Lamotrigine was discontinued when she first developed the skin rash and she
was treated with high dose of corticosteroid. She improved clinically and her repeated chest
computed tomography showed marked resolution of the lesions. In the initial presentation she was
treated for pneumonia with antibiotics which may have delayed the diagnosis. This case illustrates
the possible occurrence of BOOP as a complication of ACHS secondary to Lamotrigine treatment.
Background: BOOP is a rare lung condition in which the small airways (bronchioles and alveoli)
become inflamed with connective tissue. BOOP can be secondary to infections, various drugs, and
other medical conditions. In many cases, the underlying cause of BOOP is unknown. Anticonvulsant
medications are widely used in pediatrics for different seizure disorders. ACHS is characterized by
fever, rash and internal organ involvement. It is a rare, but

Legionnaires Outbreak In The Bronx Research Paper
Legionnaires' outbreak in the Bronx: Legionella – disease, symptoms & treatments Over the past
month ten people have died and one–hundred have fallen ill due to an outbreak of Legionnaires'
disease in the South Bronx section of New York State. Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the
Legionella bacterium has been detected in two apartment houses, the Bronx County Hall of Justice,
The Bronx General Post Office and the Samuel Gompers High School at the present time. Five other
Bronx locations have also been tested positive and the mayor insists that the city is winning the
battle against the outbreak. According to a news story shared by Newsweek on August 9, the fatal
form of bacterial pneumonia is tapering off and officials are attempting to contain the outbreak
within the New York City's South Bronx neighborhood.
State and federal agencies are involved in this matter and taking it very seriously. They believe this
is a critical health care emergency. Dr. Jasen Kunz of the National Center for Environmental Health
and Dr. Claressa Lucas of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases will be
leading a team of one hundred and fifty state officials to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is not an airborne bacterium nor can it be transmitted from person to person. The elderly and any
individual that has pre–existing respiratory conditions, chronic lung disease, smoke have asthma, or
are fifty years of age or older are at a higher risk of death if diagnosed with this disease. The bacteria
or bacterium, Legionella enters and is transmitted through the lungs from either inhalation of
aerosolized contaminated soil and/or water or by aspirating contaminated water. Legionnaires'
disease can lead to life–threatening complications such as; respiratory failure, septic shock, acute
kidney failure and even

L. Pneumophila Essay
Because L. pneumophila is foreign to the body, it induces an immune response, leading to the
production of antibodies. Antibody production is apart of the adaptive immunity, also referred to as
specific immunity. Dendritic cells are messengers between both the adaptive and innate immune
responses. These cells are antigen–presenting cells. Dendritic cells function by processing antigen
material and presenting it on the cell surface to T cells. T cells are associated with cell–mediated
immunity. They attack abnormal cells as well as cells that is infected by a pathogen. There are four
major categories of T cells, and they include cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, helper T cells, and
suppressor T cells. Cytotoxic T cells immediately attack infected ... Show more content on
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Lastly, they also stimulate apoptotic genes in order to cause cell death. Memory T cells are able to
clone themselves and remain in circulation to prevent reinfection. So, if pathogens such as L.
pneumophila reappear, cytotoxic T cells will immediately be reactivated to fight off infection.
Helper T cells stimulate T and B cells, and suppressor T cells inhibit the function of both T and B
cells. T cells have receptors on their surface, also known as TCRs. They are capable of recognizing
antigens bound to glycoproteins in plasma membranes. There are two classes of MHC proteins.
Class I is found in the membranes of all nucleated cells. Class II can be found in the membranes of
antigen–presenting cells. T–cell glycoproteins allow the epitope to bind to the TCR. CD8 are
associated with cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and CD4 are associated with helper T lymphocytes. CD8
recognizes MHC I proteins, and CD4 identify MHC II proteins. MHC I proteins gather small
peptides in cells and bring them to the surface. Abnormal proteins or peptides activate T cells, which
destroy the cell. MHC II proteins recognize antigenic fragments, activating T cells to fight off
foreign cells and

Bacterial Organelles Case Study
Bacteria target the nucleus:
In a eukaryotic host cell, DNA is packaged into chromatin found in the nucleus that regulates the
access of enzymes to the genome. Within the chromatin structure there are histone protein
components that help package the DNA. The histone subunits have tails that are modification targets
by enzymes that alter the construction of the chromatin.10 There are also many accessory proteins
that recognize and bind to these parts of the histone to further alter their function.10 Thus, they
create an opportunity for bacterial invaders to come in and set in motion pathogenesis.
Bacterial pathogens have the unique ability to survive by directly changing the host cell response to
the infection. Activating pathways in the nucleus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this, they are often the targets of many bacterial pathogens of eukaryotes. By doing so
the bacteria are able to create protective barriers for themselves inside the host cell. L. pneumophila
targets vesicles that are destined for the ER. They convert an endosome that was originally from the
ER into what is called the Legionella containing vacuole (LCV).9 The LCV allows the bacteria to
avoid degradation and to instead replicate and thrive inside it far away from the host defense.9 A
large amount of effector proteins are required for this process and are secreted into the host cell via
the T4SS, which is specifically called the Dot/icm pathway in Legionella.9 One important effector
protein in this process is SidM, which gathers rab proteins at the LCV that are essential for
regulating the pathway.7 They are modified by this protein and stay at the LCV as they are rendered
permanently active and resistant to being shut down.7 This consequently inhibits the removal of the
LCV from the cell.7 These new rab proteins can now help to bring more vesicles to the LCV to
camouflage it from the host cell's immune response.7 Legionella has another important effector
called RalF that contains a domain with GEF activity similar to the host.8 This allows it to gather
ARF1, which is a GTPase involved in vesicle trafficking.8 It brings ARF1 to the LCV and is thought
to help with the growth of the bacterium

Micrococcus Luteus Bacteria
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effects of various household products may have
on bacterial growth. The bacteria that was chosen as a test subject is Micrococcus luteus, which is
generally considered a harmless bacterium unless the host has a weakened immune system. Among
the household products that a set of groups will test are common cleaning and disinfecting products
such as rubbing alcohol, Betadine, Germ–X, Neosporin, liquid hand soap, and Lysol cleaner. In the
experiment, the bacterium, Micrococcus luteus, is to be swabbed and grown in a Petri dish divided
into four sections with agar in each. After that, a small circle of thin paper is soaked in the four
household items. Then, a piece of parafilm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Microchemlab.com states that a zone of inhibition is a qualitative method used clinically to measure
antibiotic resistance and industrially to test the ability of solids and textiles to inhibit microbial
growth. Researchers who develop antimicrobial textiles, surfaces, and liquids use this test as a quick
and easy way to measure and compare levels of inhibitory activity ("Zone of Inhibition Test for
Antimicrobial Activity"). The control of the experiment is distilled water. The independent variable
is the different house cleaning products, and the dependant variable is the amount of growth or
decline in the bacteria. Time, temperature, and amount of household household item are all
constants in this experiment. Time needs to remain the same for all the products because time affects
how well the bacteria grows. The temperature is required to stay the same as well because it can
directly manipulate the rate of growth in the bacteria, and large amounts of the household item can
offset the bacteria's growth as

Influenza Viruses Are Responsible For An Average Of The...
Abstract
Influenza virus infection remains one of the largest disease burdens on humankind. Influenza–
associated bacterial co–infections contribute to severe disease and mortality, during pandemic and
seasonal influenza episodes. The mechanisms of severe morbidity following influenza–bacterial co–
infections mainly include failure of an antibacterial immune response and synergy of the pathogens.
Moreover, the failure to resume function and tolerance is one of the main reasons for excessive
mortality. In this review, some new advances of the mechanisms of severe disease associated with
bacterial co–infections following influenza virus infection are discussedreviewed. Analysis of these
mechanisms should help to develop novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of severe
influenza virus co–infections.
Keywords: co–infection; influenza; bacteria; resume function; tolerance; mortality. Background
Despite modern medical and public health standards, influenza remains one of the main principal
lethal infectious diseases worldwide [1]. Influenza viruses are responsible for an average of 400,000
deaths per year globally [2, 3]. During previous influenza pandemics (H1N1, 1918; H2N2, 1957;
H3N2, 1968; and H1N1, 2009) and seasonal epidemics, many cases of influenza virus–related
deaths actually occurred due to bacterial co–infections [4–11]. Since the 1950s, researchers have
increasingly focused on concomitant infections with influenza viruses and a range of bacterial
agents.

What is Legionellosis?
Proposed species: Legionella pneumophila
Word count: 753
Proposed action: eradication
What is Legionellosis?
Legionnaires' disease is known as a form of pneumonia caused by any type of aerobic bacteria that
is part of the species Legionella. The most significant amount of Legionnaires' disease cases are
triggered by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila according to the Mayo Clinic. You normally get
it by inhaling in spray from water that has the bacteria in it. The spray may come from various
sources such as hot tubs, showers, or air–conditioning units used for larger structures such as
buildings. The bacteria luckily does not spread from person to person contact. But it is still a
problem that must be dealt with because people who are elderly, smokers, and anybody with a weak
immune system are extremely vulnerable to this bacteria.
Symptoms
Legionnaires' disease has a period of incubation of two to ten days, which is the amount of time
from contact to the time symptoms are noticeable. The degree of seriousness can fluctuate from a
minor cough and low fever to promptly advanced pneumonia, coma, and even death. However, not
everybody that contracts Legionnaires' disease will experience the same symptoms.
Some of the earliest symptoms include mild fever, aching joints and muscles, lack of energy or
tiredness, headache, and loss of appetite. Some of the symptoms that occur later can include a high
fever usually above 102 degrees Fahrenheit, cough that has

Philly Killer Essay
"Philly Killer"
Marissa Criss
Medical Microbiology
October 24, 2014
The first known outbreak of Legionnaires' disease was in 1976 after the American Legion
conference in Philadelphia Pennsylvania–from which it receives its name (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2013). According to a New York Times article, when the "Philly Killer", as
it was termed at the time, hit Pennsylvania, no one had previously seen this disease. In addition to
Legionnaires' disease erupting at this time, a new strain of influenza had emerged and Americans
feared an epidemic. After six long months, 221 cases and 34 deaths, the "Philly Killer" was pinned
on the bacteria Legionella pneumophila, which was spread through the air conditioning system of
the conventions' hotel. (Altman, 2006) The naturally found bacterium, Legionella, causes this
disease. Since Legionella prefers warmer water, it is not generally found in natural water sources
such as lakes, rivers, or oceans–or it is found in low numbers in said sources. (Garrison & Hicks,
2013) It is, however, found in hot tubs, cooling towers, hot water tanks, large plumbing systems, air
conditioners and ventilation systems (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Though
the exact infectious dose is not know, it can be assumed to be relatively low as the origination of the
infection can often be trace to a source of a considerable distance. In comparison, the lethal dose is
much higher–anywhere from 2400 to 100000

P1: you must explain how infections are caused by,...
P1: you must explain how infections are caused by, bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
P2: you must explain how pathogenic microorganisms grow and spread.
In this assignment I am going to explain how infections are caused by, bacteria, viruses, fungi and
parasites. I will then explain how pathogenic microorganisms grow and spread.
Infection is the process where germs enter a susceptible area in the body, where they multiply,
resulting in disease.
Colonisation is where microbes are present on or in the body, where they grow and multiply without
invading the surrounding tissues. An example of this is the bacteria that cause MRSA will often live
harmlessly on the skin and in the nose of people without causing any harm at all to ... Show more
This provides us with a useful infection control measure; we can stop pathogens from multiplying
by keeping surfaces clean and dry. Some yeast, moulds and fungi can grow in dry conditions.
Protein and carbohydrate are needed by most bacteria in order to grow. Bacteria can obtain their
essential nutrients from foods such as meat, eggs, fish, cheese, milk and cooked rice. Many places
within the human body have an abundance of suitable food such as the mouth.
Most pathogens prefer to grow in pH neutral conditions; many of the cavities in the body are
protected from an invasion by a high pH. An example of this is the stomach, which is very acidic
and kills ingested pathogens.
All bacteria need time to be able to multiply and it has been observed that generally bacteria divide
into two every twenty minutes.
Infections can be spread through many things, these include; food borne infection, person to person,
water borne infection, airborne infection, insect borne infection and fomites.
Contamination may happen at any stage of food production, from seed and soil to packaging and
cooking. Meat may be contaminated by inadequate storage or poor hygiene. Cross contamination
can happen through raw meat. Pathogens can still be present in food due to food that is insufficiently
warm. Food should only be reheated once, and drinking water could also be contaminated, although
there are hygiene controls to prevent

Tthe Role of Amoeba in Human Disease
Review the Role of Amoeba in Human Disease
Introduction
Free–living amoebae (FLA) are eukaryotic organism found ubiquitously in nature. They are found
in soil (dust), air, water and air, which provide amoeba multiple opportunities to spread (c). These
can be pathogenic or non–pathogenic. Pathogenic FLA can invade and cause opportunistic and non–
opportunistic infections in humans, which are found in the genus Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia
mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia pedata (b). Hartmannella is a genus of amoeba which
is in water systems of drinking water, cooling towers and hospitals. They are capable of harbouring
micro–organisms like bacteria or pathogenic yeasts. This helps the micro–organisms to develop and
spread (d) (e). Discussion
In Mexico city, in a survey looking at pathogenic and FLA inhabiting swimming pool water it was
found that the most and least common species of amoeba was Naegleria gruberi Schardinger (
59.02%) , Naegleria fowleri (16.77%), Acanthamoeba castellanii (7.64%) and Thecamoeba
verrucosa (0.12%). (a)
Naegleria has 30 different species.Naegleria Fowleri species is a thermo–tolerant ameobaflagellate,
which causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) that affects the Central Nervous System
(CNS). Children and young adults exposed to polluted fresh water after 1 to 2 days experience
PAM. (c)
N. fowleri found in soil and water is highly susceptible to environmental changes by growing near
hot springs with temperatures

Acute Infection Of The Pulmonary Parenchyma
TERMINOLOGY CLINICAL CLARIFICATION Acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma in
patients who were hospitalized for two or more days within 90 days prior to the infection; resided in
a nursing home or long–term care facility; or received intravenous antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy,
dialysis, or wound care within 30 days prior to the infection 1 o Also termed "healthcare–associated
pneumonia" 1 CLASSIFICATION By cause 1 o Bacterial– the most common type of healthcare–
associated pneumonia o Viral–less frequent, usually seasonal o Fungal– occurrence is rare By
mechanism 1 2 o Ventilator–associated o Aspiration – Often seen with decreased gag reflex,
esophageal or central nervous system disease – May occur during intubation process DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION History o Patients have a recent history of hospitalization, residing in
a long–term care facility or receiving outpatient care in a hospital or clinic setting o Common
symptoms – New onset of fever, usually >38° C, suggests infection 1 – Sudden changes in mental
status are often the first sign of pneumonia in elderly patients – Cough and purulent secretions that
do not improve are also early characteristic symptoms – Dyspnea at rest, without exertion –
Lingering symptoms from cold or influenza – Nausea, vomiting – Diarrhea – Fatigue o Older adults
and immunocompromised patients may have fewer or milder symptoms o Some newborns and
infants may not have any signs of infection – May present with feeding

Legionaires Disease
In 1976, Leginonellosis or Legionaires' disease was first known to the public. The bacterium got its
name after 34 American Legion members succumbed to death after attending a Philadelphia
meeting. The deaths were initially thought to be caused by viral pneumonia. However, upon closer
investigation, a previously unknown bacterium was discovered.
(Tortora, G., Funke, B., Case, C., 2016).
The microorganism that causes the illness known as Legionnaires' disease is caused Legionella. It
can be categorized as follows: Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Class:
Gammaproteobacteria Order: Legionellales Family: Legionellacae Genus: Legionella Species:
Legionella pneumophila
(Garrity, G., Bell, J., Lilburn, T., 2004). To date, there have been 60 different species of Legionella
identified. (Kutty, P., 2015, October, 26, Medscape, Retrieved from
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/852874). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mechanisms of infection from potting compost are not fully understood." (World Health
Organization, 2007, p. 21). The bacterium was named Legionella pneumophila. It is a rod shape
shaped bacillus. It is motile and has one flagellum, meaning it has a tail at one end of the rod shape
that propels it or helps it to move in whatever direction it needs to go. It is aerobic, meaning it
requires oxygen. It is also gram–negative. This means it has a thin cell wall, and will appear pink
after it has been tested and viewed under a microscope. (Tortora, G., Funke, B., Case, C., 2016).
While the disease, Legionellosis also known as Legionnaire's disease, has never been known, it
seems to have always been around. The common symptoms include pneumonia–like symptoms,
high fever and cough. Those most at risk for acquiring Legionnaires' disease are heavy drinkers,
heavy smokers, those with a chronic illness who are also men over age 50.
(Tortora, G., Funke, B., Case, C.,

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a serious infection in the lungs that causes illness in all ages and can be mild to severe,
to the extent of causing death. Pneumonia is characterized by inflammation of the alveoli in one or
both lungs that leads to fluid/pus filled the alveoli and is commonly a complication from respiratory
infections like the Flu, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Asthma, just to name a
few. Though it is most serious for older adults, babies, people with impaired immune systems and
people suffering from other diseases; anyone can get this infection even healthy young people
(Crosta, 2015). There are several different types of pneumonia, the most common is called
Community–Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). CAP occurs outside of health care facilities and is often
acquired by breathing in germs that live in the mouth, nose, or throat, especially while sleeping.
Most cases occur during winter and about 1 in 5 people with CAP need to be treated in a hospital.
Another type is known as Hospital–Acquired Pneumonia which happens when someone gets
pneumonia while being treated at a hospital for another illness. People on ventilators are at a higher
risk of getting this type of pneumonia and it is often more serious than CAP because you are already
sick. The third type is Health Care–Associated Pneumonia and this type of pneumonia occurs in
other health care settings such as in nursing homes, dialysis centers, and outpatient clinics. A unique
type is Aspiration Pneumonia which

Case Study Pneumonia
INTRODUCTION Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by an infection. It is also
called Pneumonitis or Bronchopneumonia. Pneumonia can be a serious threat to our health.
Although pneumonia is a special concern for older adults and those with chronic illnesses, it can
also strike young, healthy people as well. It is a common illness that affects thousands of people
each year in the Philippines, thus, it remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the
country. There are many kinds of pneumonia that range in seriousness from mild to life–threatening.
In infectious pneumonia, bacteria, viruses, fungi or other organisms attack your lungs, leading to
inflammation that makes it hard to breathe. Pneumonia can affect one or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Among other agents are higher bacteria including Nocardia and Actinomyces sp; mycobacteria,
including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical strains; fungi, including Histoplasma
capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus
fumigatus, and Pneumocystis carinii; and rickettsiae, primarily Coxiella burnetii (Q fever). The
usual mechanisms of spread are inhaling droplets small enough to reach the alveoli and aspirating
secretions from the upper airways. Other means include hematogenous or lymphatic dissemination
and direct spread from contiguous infections. Predisposing factors include upper respiratory viral
infections, alcoholism, institutionalization, cigarette smoking, heart failure, chronic obstructive
airway disease, age extremes, debility, immunocompromise (as in diabetes mellitus and chronic
renal failure), compromised consciousness, dysphagia, and exposure to transmissible agents. Typical
symptoms include cough, fever, and sputum production, usually developing over days and
sometimes accompanied by pleurisy. Physical examination may detect tachypnea and signs of
consolidation, such as crackles with bronchial breath sounds. This syndrome is commonly caused by
bacteria, such as S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. NURSING PROFILE a. Patient's Profile Name:
R.C.S.B. Age: 1 yr,1 mo. Weight:10 kgs Religion: Roman Catholic Mother: C.B. Address:
Valenzuela City b. Chief Complaint: Fever Date of Admission: 1st

Cdc Field Trip
On the 17th of November our science and math class took a field trip to Atlanta, Georgia to visit
CNN and CDC. The trip was very interesting and educational; although I have to say I enjoyed CDC
more for various reasons. The first place we visited was the CNN, short for Cable News Network.
CNN was launched 35 years ago on June 1, 1980 and it was the first television channel to provide
24 hours of news coverage in the U.S. Today the news network can be seen by viewers in more than
212 countries and territories through CNN International. Our tour commenced by us riding the
longest freestanding escalator in the world. I have to admit, at first I was like no big deal, but as I
was halfway up I began to get a little bit scared and dizzy, but I manage to keep calm. Our tour ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also when CNN receives breaking news, the information is aired within 5 minutes. Something else I
thought was interesting is how the first floor was covered by an ice skating rink, but was later
replaced by a mosaic map of the world featuring brass markers indicating the locations of CNN
bureaus around the world. CNN is a 16 story facility and it is open 24 hours a day seven days a
week. Our next stop was CDC, short for Center for Disease Control and Prevention. We started our
tour by watching a short video on Polio. Polio is a disease caused by a virus that attacks the nerves
which may lead to paralysis but can easily be treated by the polio vaccine. The spread of Polio can
be transmitted through contaminated food and water, lucky this disease can be eradicated; bacteria
can be eradicated if it's found in humans only. In 1980, Smallpox was the first disease to be wiped
out completely. During our tour we learned about the

Case Study Of Pneumonia And Chronic Pulmonary Disease
Case Study for Pneumonia Our nose and airway filters germs out of the air that we breathe in order
to prevent our lungs from becoming infected. However, when germs does enters our lungs, it may
cause infections such as Pneumonia which inflames the air sacs of the lungs, which can range from
mild case to severe cases. The air sac may be filled with fluid or pus causing cough that associates
with phlegm, fever, chills and difficulty breathing. The causes of pneumonia are extrinsic and
intrinsic. The extrinsic factors include exposure to pulmonary irritants or pulmonary injury such as
those who works in construction or agriculture. Inhaling dusk, chemicals and air pollution or toxic
fumes can damage your lungs and make them more vulnerable for infection. Intrinsic factors are
related to the host such as stroke, endotracheal intubation, diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease,
human immunodeficiency or emphysema. Smoking and alcohol abuse could also be a factor because
it damages the cilia in the lungs that help remove bacteria and germs. Alcohol abuse can put you at
risk of aspiration pneumonia especially when you vomit and the small particles enter your lungs. In
addition, alcohol interferes with the white blood cell production which us responsible in fighting
infection in our body. Types of Pneumonia and Risk Factors There are several types pneumonia and
each are named on how an individual is infected or for the germs that causes it. However, in this
case study, the focus

Community-Acquired Pneumonia Essay
Clinical Features Pneumonia is the cardinal clinical manifestation of Legionella infection.
Legionella is typically rated among the most commonly identifiable pathogens in community–
acquired pneumonia (CAP) in immunocompetent individuals and is also a frequent cause of
hospital–acquired pneumonia. Suspicion should be increased in patients who are smokers, those
with chronic lung disease and immunocompromised individuals. [1,2 I] Extrapulmonary
manifestations are extremely rare, though in immunosuppressed patients' cellulitis, sinusitis, septic
arthritis, perirectal abscess, pancreatitis, peritonitis, and pyelonephritis have been described. The
most common extrapulmonary site involved is the heart; with numerous publications reporting
myocarditis, pericarditis, and even prosthetic valve endocarditis. [17 I]. Symptoms Incubation
period for Legionnaires' disease pans around two to ten days. Respiratory symptoms are not evident
initially. Cough is mild and slightly productive. Sputum may be blood–tinged, but gross hemoptysis
is uncommon. Chest pain can occur in some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sequential patchy lobar infiltration progressing to consolidation is observed, though diffuse
interstitial infiltrates are also seen. Pleural effusions are common as well. Radiographic anomalies
progress often upon reception of active antibiotic therapy; therefore, radiographic improvement
precedes clinical response by many days. Chest radiograph unrevealing in Pontiac fever. [12 I]
Laboratory Findings Renal and hepatic dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and
hypophosphatemia are common but nonspecific. Hyponatremia (serum Sodium <130 mEq/L) is
most prominent in Legionnaires' disease than in pneumonias of other etiologies. Hematuria,
proteinuria, elevated serum ferritin and procalcitonin levels (marker for severity of illness) are also
commonly seen. [8 I] Laboratory

The Human Microbiome Project : A Project Initiated By The...
A microbiome is all of the genetic material found within an individual microbe such as a bacterium,
fungal cell or virus. It may also refer to the group of genetic material found in a community of
microbes that live together. Furthermore, a microbiome also refers to a set of microorganisms such
as bacteria, fungi and viruses that live in a particular environment mostly the human body such as
the skin or the gastrointestinal tract. The Human Microbiome Project was a project initiated by the
NIH, the goal of which was to identify and characterize the microorganisms found in healthy
individuals as well as in those individuals with one form of disease or another. The ultimate goal of
the Human Microbiome Project was to determine how changes in the human microbiome are
associated with healthy or diseased state in humans. The organization that started the Human
Microbiome Project was the 'NIH Roadmap for Biomedical Research'. In 2007, the Human
Microbiome Project was listed on the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research as one of the New
Pathways to Discovery. NIH gave 8.2 million dollars to four sequencing centers to start building an
outline and data resource for the Human Microbiome Project. The four sequencing centers were
Baylor College of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Broad Institute of MIT,
and J. Craig Venter Institute. The Project was worked on by professionals from the fields of
microbiology, medicine, metagenomics, microbial ecology, computational

Biohazards of Sewage Sludge Essay
Wastewater can come from a variety of sources like homes, businesses, industries, runoff from
roads, lawns and fields and is treated by municipal wastewater treatment facilities (Product, cornell).
The solid material that remains after the treatment of wastewater is known as sludge (charac,
cornell). Sludge can be employed in many different ways, it can be used as a soil additive or
growing medium, sent to a composting facility, incinerated or landfilled (Char, cornell).
Biosolids are derived primarily from a combination of primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage
sludges. Biosolids do not contain the coarse grit and screenings removed from raw wastewater
during preliminary treatment steps or ash generated from incineration of sewage ... Show more
These various routes or pathways of contact can result in either acute or chronic disease if the
exposure is high enough. For pathogens, the primary concern is acute diseases of a short–term
duration (i.e., gastroenteritis or flu–like symptoms), while for the various potential chemical
contaminants, risks are derived from chronic exposure via ingestion.
Pathogens that may be present in biosolids applied to land pose a disease risk only if there are routes
of exposure that deliver an infective dose. The principal means of exposure is through ingestion or
inhalation. Absorption through the skin is considered to be a minor route of exposure unless a field
worker suffers a cut or other puncture to the skin and is exposed. The degree of harm caused by
bacterial toxins varies with the mode of entry into the body.
It seems there is a correlation between the amount of biosolids applied and frequency of
contamination. A 1984 study showed that 22.4mg/ha applied to Sassafras sandy loam soil was the
upper limit to ensure that groundwater was not contaminated (Higgins, 1984). Doses below
22.4mg/ha of land are acceptable for the provision of nutrients to plants, while anything above
diminished the water quality to below American federal standards (Higgens, 1984). Heavy metals
and coliforms remained low

Pathogen And Biological Agent That Causes Disease
"There is no such thing as a perfect pathogen." Discuss
A pathogen can be defined as a microorganism or a biological agent that causes disease. Pathogen's
sole aim is to replicate and produce progeny to pass its genes on to; therefore the notion of a perfect
pathogen would be an organism that has the capacity to carry out this task. The major classes of
infectious agents are bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi and even prions (Albert B, 2002) . In order to
be considered perfect a pathogen would have to possess many characteristic such as being highly
contagious, rapidly shed, evoking limited immunity, constantly evolving and only moderately
virulent, allowing most of the infect to recover, which means a larger pool of susceptible host
(J.Hall, 2012). The host immune system protects us from most infection. However pathogens must
overcome this in order to survive, and they have developed many adaptations to achieve this.
The first ordeal that a pathogen must overcome biochemical and physical barriers that operates at
the body surface such as the skin in order to gain entry. The skin is normally impermeable to
majority of the pathogen and the mucosal layer also provides a barrier (Richard V Goering, 2008).
Virus and bacteria can break through the first line defence in many ways such as through openings
of the ears, mouth or nose. Wounds, abrasion are also sites of entry as they are an opening in the
barrier many virulent pathogens utilise this including streptococci, Leptospira

Pneumonia Analysis
The main outcomes were consultation with symptom of lower respiratory infections in the thirty
days. Multivariable analysis controlled for an extensive list of variables related to the propensity to
prescribe antibiotics. Abate uncomplicated respiratory tract infections are the most common acute
illnesses managed in primary care. The GRACE (Genomics to combat Resistance against
Antibiotics for Community acquired lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in Europe) trial in
lower respiratory tract infection documented no clear benefit of antibiotics. Major differences were
found between antibiotic prescribing groups for some variables, particularly assessment of severity
and lung findings. Participants prescribed antibiotics immediately were ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Your physician will diagnose pneumonia based on your medical history, a physical exam, and test
results. Your doctor will listen to your lung sounds and if you have pneumonia your lungs may have
a crackling or rumbling sound when you inhale. Wheezing may also, be heard. Then he/she may
obtain a CXR to determine inflammation in your lungs. A complete blood count is ordered to see if
your immune system is fighting an infection. Also, blood cultures are ordered to find out whether
you have a bacterial infection that has spread to your bloodstream, then your MD can determine
how to treat the infection. There are many different types of pneumonia. Pneumonia is named for
the way in which a person gets the infection or the germ that can cause the infection. There is
community–acquired which is the most common type of pneumonia. These cases occur during
winter months and occurs outside of the hospital. Hospital–acquired pneumonia is more serious than
community–acquired pneumonia because hospitals carry more germs that are resistant to antibiotics.
Atypical pneumonia is a type of community–acquired pneumonia being that it is caused by lung
infections that include bacteria like Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma. (Sept,2016).The type
of pneumonia you have and how severe the pneumonia you have determines the treatment.
Antibiotics are the norm for treatment of bacterial pneumonia. Most begin to improve after one to
three days of antibiotic treatment. If there is viral pneumonia, antibiotics will not work. Antiviral
medications will need to be initiated. One to three weeks is the duration of treatment. Vaccines are
available to prevent pneumonia caused by the flu virus and The Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention recommends that "adults who are sixty–five and older should have two pneumococcal
vaccinations. It is usually given between September through November which is called the flu

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Copd; Emphysema) Patho
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD; Emphysema) Pathophysiology
Abakyereba Kwansemah
June 4, 2014
Abstract
D.Z.is a 65–year–old man admitted to medical ward with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD; emphysema). Past medical history (PMH) indicates hypertension
(HTN), well managed with enalapril (Vasotec) past six years, diagnosis (Dx) of pneumonia yearly
for the past three years. D.Z. appears cachectic with difficulty breathing at rest. Patient reports
productive cough with thick yellow–green sputum. He seems anxious and irritable during subjective
data collection. He states, he has been a 2–pack–a–day smoker for 38 years. He complains of (c/o)
insomnia and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and in some cases asthma (NIH.NHLBI, 2012).
Emphysema as stated by American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC) is an abnormal
enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles and does occur in the lung parenchyma
in COPD patients (AARC, 2011; Rosdahl & Kowalski, 2003).
As a result of emphysema there is a significant loss of alveolar attachments, which contributes to
peripheral airway collapse. There are two major types of emphysema according to the distribution
within the acinus and they are; (i) centrolobular emphysema which involves dilatation and
destruction of the respiratory bronchioles; and (ii) panlobular emphysema which involves
destruction of the whole of the acinus. According to theory, centrolobular is the most common type
of emphysema in COPD and is more prominent in the upper zones, while panlobular predominates
in patients with alpha–1 antitrypsin deficiency and is more prominent in the lower zones. In relation
to patients D.Z. with emphysema, the walls between the tiny air sacs in the lungs are damaged due
to long–term cigarette smoking effect on his lungs as evidenced by patient c/o difficulty breathing at
rest and productive cough with thick yellow–green sputum r/t a

Community Acquired Pneumonia
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Pneumonia is one of the most common infectious diseases
prevalent nowadays and affects all ages. It is an acute or chronic infection of one or both lungs
caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria or chemical irritants. (Schmitt, 2011) It has
different types, and one of them is Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). CAP is a disease in
which individuals who have not recently been hospitalized develop an infection of the lungs. It
occurs because the areas of the lung which absorbs oxygen (alveoli) from the atmosphere become
filled with fluid and cannot work effectively. (Makati Medical Center, 2012) There are many causes
of pneumonia, including bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, fungal agents, and protozoa. ... Show more
4. Evaluate the client's responses towards the interventions. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The
results of this case study are intended to give benefit to the following people concerned: To the
patient, who is the primary recipient of care, that through appropriate nursing interventions with the
aid of his family, he would be able to cope up to the effects of his condition. This study will give
appropriate knowledge on how will be the preparation and management in any upcoming
circumstances that may compromise one's well–being. This study would also help the patient to be
more cooperative in the aspect of compliance to the treatment regimen for the improvement of his
health condition. To the family, that they may act as a support to the patient and make necessary
interventions to address their family member's health condition for speedy recovery through health
teachings done by the researchers. This case study helps improve the awareness of each and every
family constituent. It will help them to identify the causes of such illness and will be able to learn
from the said case. This study would also make them aware about the possible complications that
may arise and which of these needs medical interventions. To the student nurses, this study will give
more relevant information about the patient's case and sickness and will provide them knowledge
and understanding about Community Acquired Pneumonia. The application of the

Mild Pneumonia Research Paper
Pneumonia treatment
For mild pneumonia and not too heavy can be treated at home. However, for more serious
conditions can immediately contact a doctor to get a proper diagnosis.
Treating mild pneumonia can be given antibiotics prescribed by a doctor. For mild pneumonia can
usually be treated at home by doing the following three things:
– Lots of rest and reduce strenuous activities
– Consumption of antibiotics
– Drink plenty of water
People with mild pneumonia do not need hospitalization in the hospital and will recover within a
few days after doing things, such as drinking plenty of water and use of prescription antibiotics.
Moreover, the simple steps below, can speed recovery and to relieve the symptoms you feel:
– Using painkillers (analgesics): For mild symptoms, you can use paracetamol and ibuprofen. But
for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– Atypical pneumonia caused by bacteria different from typical pneumonia. Type pneumonia
atypical bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumonia, and Chlamydophila
pneumoniae. atypical pneumonia usually has milder symptoms than typical pneumonia.
– There are other types of bacteria that can cause pneumonia such as Staphylococcus aureus,
Moraxellacatarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
danHaemophilus influenzae.
mushrooms pneumonia fungal pneumonia is a lung infection caused by a fungus. Death in cases of
fungal pneumonia reached 90% in immunocompromised patients, though immunocompetent
patients generally respond well to anti–fungal therapy.
fungal pneumonia usually most often experienced by people who have weakened immune systems
and people with chronic diseases. Infection is through the air that is inhaled through the nose is not
filtered properly. dirty air could be from a residential area or in the

Flint Water Crisis. In Today’S Society, Clean Water Is
Flint Water Crisis In today's society, clean water is taken for granted by many individuals. Like
many other luxuries, safe drinking water is not recognized until it is unavailable. Unfortunately, this
became the reality for many americans living in Flint, Michigan around August 2014. This problem
arose shortly after the government switched the county's water supply. Therefore, many believe that
the government was the source of this major crisis. However, the government has also taken many
actions, such as new regulations and procedures, in attempting to solving this crisis. The journalists
for CNN discuss that residents in Flint, Michigan are exposed to contaminated water that is the
cause of many health problems. In early 2014, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The residents of Flint, Michigan were continuously looking to the government for a solution to this
crisis. However, another issue involved in the crisis is that the government was treating the wrong
problem.However, many are puzzled as to why numerous residents are ill because the MEDQ
rebutted that it would be multiple years before the chlorine would cause dramatic effects. The
Detroit Free Press states "children were developing rashes and suffering from mysterious illnesses"
("Flint Water"). Until early 2015, the government believed that the cause to the Flint Water Crisis
was due to an excess of antibacterial substances. One particular household observed changes in the
smell and taste of their water. This motivated LeeAnne Walters, Flint resident, to have her water
tested. The American Chemical Society (ACS) states the results "All 32 samples from the Walters '
home contained lead concentrations above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency action level of
15 micrograms per liter. Four samples were above 5,000 micrograms per liter, the threshold for
hazardous waste. And one sample contained 13,200 micrograms per liter." Due to this analysis, the
EPA believes that the extremely high levels of lead can be the cause of the mysterious illnesses. In
the end, the profound cause of the Flint Water Crisis appears to be increased exposure to lead. There
are many problems that can be associated with high lead levels in water.

College Students Attitude Toward Marijuana Use on Campus
Chapter One Introduction Illicit drug use continues past adolescence is reflected in rising drug use
rates among young adults 18–24 years old (Addiction, 2000). Since 1960 drug use among college
students have increased. For example, in spite of various programs to reduce drug use among
college students, especially the use of marijuana has increased since the past 10 years (Addiction,
1997). The college experience is a particularly challenging phase in an individual's development. It
provides many students with their first opportunity to be a part of a large group of their peers
without parental or other supervision, and also the last time during which they will be able to have
this type of experience before taking on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many theories as to why some students engage in these risky behaviors while others do
not. Some researchers concentrate on personality difficulties such as anxiety, depression, low self–
esteem, and social introversion (Kaplan, 1979; Schall, Kemeny, & Maltzman, 1992; Valliant, 1995).
Still others focus on student beliefs regarding normative behavior among their classmates. If
students act, in part, to conform more closely to their perceptions of classmates' behavior and if, as
appears to be the case, many students overestimate the prevalence of problem behaviors on campus,
then it might be possible to affect behavior with interventions targeted on changing beliefs (Barnett,
Far, Mauss, & Miller, 1996). Many studies of drug and sex–related problem behaviors concentrate
on the middle and high school periods and examine family influences such as parental monitoring
and parental drinking (Reifman A, Barnes GM, Dintcheff BA, Farrell MP, Uhteg L). Center for
Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University found that 65 percent of baby
boomer parents who had used marijuana regularly expected their own children to use it, compared
with only 29 percent of baby boomer parents who never used marijuana. Some parents would like to
keep the lines of communication open, talk to their

The Importance Of Drinking Water
According to the WHO, Globally, at least 2 billion people use a drinking water source contaminated
with faeces. Public health is dependent upon safe and accessible water. Water is consumed daily
commercially and domestically. Water is an indispensable basic human necessity, which needs to be
consumed every day for survival. However, water has wider impacts on health and well–being and
improved water supply and sanitation as well as stronger management of resources can help
individuals and whole communities flourish economically and may contribute to a decrease in
poverty (who,2017). There are many obstacles that must be addressed to meet the priority of
improved water access. Many communities are restricted by minimal coverage, inferior quality,
insufficient quantity, poor continuity and excessive cost (who,2017). Water quality isn't the only
determinant of public health; however, it has great influence on public health, particularly waters
microbiological quality a vital key in preventing people from becoming ill (who,2017).
The culprits
Meinhardt states, approximately 10 percent of the world's total disease burden is attributable to
unsafe drinking water and a lack of appropriate sanitation, resulting in millions of preventable
deaths each year. On the EPA's website, you can find a full table of contaminants including
Microorganisms, Radionuclides, Disinfectants, Organic/Inorganic Chemicals and much more
contaminants that are regulated per the National Primary Drinking

Eukaryotic Of Eukaryotic And Eukaryotic Genomes
I. Introduction
Perhaps one of the first lessons one is taught about bacteria is that they constitute the prokaryotic
domain of life, while humans and most other readily visible life forms are firmly rooted in the
eukaryotic domain. These domains diverged many millions of years ago from a common ancestor
and, while the eukaryotic branch later split into eukaryotic and archaeal domains, it maintained its
separation from the prokaryotic domain (Woese et al., 1990). Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes
are naturally very distinct in both content and structure as a result of eons–long separation, and one
tends to classify these domains as very distinct entities.
However, there is increasing evidence of so–called eukaryotic bacterial genes, or genes present in
bacterial genomes that have some sort of eukaryotic origin or function. These eukaryotic bacterial
genes are primarily of concern in determining virulence factors of human pathogens. As defined
below, bacterial genes can be evolutionarily or functionally eukaryotic, or both. Presence of either
type of gene would indicate some interaction between bacteria and eukaryotes, the most oft studied
of which are pathogenic interactions. Discovering eukaryotic bacterial genes is particularly
important in pathogens that secrete effectors to be taken up by host eukaryotic cells. These effectors
tend to modulate host cell functions, so there would be some logic in these effectors being encoded
by eukaryotic genes. Most research has been

Quality Sound And Water Essay
Do you know what's in the water you drink? Whether you're evaluating water from your local water
system or from a water company such as Quality Sound and Water, it's important to know a few
important terms. Quality Sound and Water offers a bottleless water system using a four–stage
reverse osmosis system and Activated Oxygen™ to deliver cool, pure water. In addition to offering
an alternative to bottled water, the company offers business sound systems and wireless headsets to
the entire Hastings, NE, area.
Water Quality: Water quality refers to water's suitability for drinking. Quality Sound and Water
helps boost water quality with its reverse osmosis system, which removes contaminants. alternative
to bottled waterMicroorganisms: Microorganisms are so small, you can only see them with a
microscope. They're found naturally in air, water, and dirt. Some ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
E. coli and Legionella pneumophila (the bacteria causing Legionnaire's disease) are examples of bad
bacteria, which can affect water systems. Quality Sound and Water's Activated Oxygen™ system
eliminates microbiological contaminants from water.
Chlorine & Chlorination: Chlorine isn't only used in swimming pools. It's also used to kill bacteria
in municipal water supply systems and wells. Chlorine is an excellent disinfectant choice because
low amounts are effective in neutralizing bacteria, providing another alternative to bottled water.
Maximum Contaminant Levels: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established
Maximum Contaminant levels for water. The levels describe the type and amount of contaminants
permitted in municipal or public water systems.
Inorganic Contaminants: Pesticides and fertilizers aren't completely absorbed by plants. A certain
percentage of these chemicals eventually enter the groundwater, and the EPA regulates and levels
these types of contaminants in drinking

Community Acquire Pneumonia Case Study
According to Woo & Robinson, "pneumonia should be considered in any patient who present with
cough, dyspnea or sputum production" (2016, p.1195). This patient present with low grade fever,
acute dyspnea and productive cough with white–yellow sputum, and the left lower lobe infiltration
showed on x–ray which are consistence with a diagnosis of pneumonia and that is what made me
pursue that line of reasoning, therefore, I considered pneumonia as my number one diagnosis.
Pneumonia refers to a common type of infection in the lung that can is cause by bacteria, viruses,
fungi and parasites. Community acquire pneumonia is known to be the most popular type of all
pneumonia that occur in individual outside of the hospital (McCance & Huether, 2014). The
organism that causes the community acquire pneumonia are streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella Catarrhalis, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia
pneumonia, Legionella pneumophila and influenza. Pneumonia can be classified as typical or
atypical (Woo & Robinson, 2016) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients with typical pneumonia may present with fever, chills, yellow or green sputum, pleuritic
chest pain and consolidation on chest x–rays. The organisms that causes atypical pneumonia are
known as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila. The clinical presentation for
atypical pneumonia are gradual onset of cough, scant sputum, low grade fever and lack of
consolidation on x–ray (Woo & Robinson, 2016). Some contributing factors of pneumonia may
include advance age, smoking, underlying cardiac or liver disease, underlying lung disease such as
COPD (Huether & McCance,

Pneumonia Disease Research Paper

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