1. POLITEKNIK IBRAHIM SULTAN
HH514 NUTRITION
TITLE:PROTEIN
group :
M. ZAIDI ZARIZAT BIN ABD. RAHMAN F2026
FARHANA BINTI HANAPI F2023
NUR ALIAH BINTI F2016
TN. SH. MARLIANI BINTI TN. AHMAD F2028

2. DEFINITIONS OF PROTEIN
 Proteins are one of the essential
building blocks of the human body.
 They provide amino acids, which are a nutritional
requirement of the body to produce its own proteins
and a variety of nitrogen-based molecules.
 It is common for programs to recommend a minimum
of 50 grams of protein per day to maintain healthy
levels.
 Proteins vary in structure as well as function. They are
constructed from a set of 20 amino acids and have
distinct three-dimensional shapes.

3. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN
 Antibodies - are specialized proteins involved in defending
the body from antigens (foreign invaders). One way
antibodies destroy antigens is by immobilizing them so that
they can be destroyed by white blood cells.
 Enzymes - are proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions.
They are often referred to as catalysts because they speed
up chemical reactions. Examples include the enzymes
lactase and pepsin. Lactase breaks down the sugar lactose
found in milk. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that works in the
stomach to break down proteins in food.
 Hormonal Proteins - are messenger proteins which help to
coordinate certain bodily activities. Examples include insulin,
oxytocin, and somatotropin. Insulin regulates glucose
metabolism by controlling the blood-sugar concentration.
Oxytocin stimulates contractions in females during childbirth.
Somatotropin is a growth hormone that stimulates protein

4. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN
 Contractile Proteins - are responsible for movement. Examples
include actin and myosin. These proteins are involved in
muscle contraction and movement.
 Structural Proteins - are fibrous and stringy and provide support.
Examples include keratin, collagen, and elastin. Keratins
strengthen protective coverings such as hair, quills, feathers,
horns, and beaks. Collagens and elastin provide support for
connective tissues such as tendons and ligaments.
 Storage Proteins - store amino acids. Examples include
ovalbumin and casein. Ovalbumin is found in egg whites and
casein is a milk-based protein.
 Transport Proteins - are carrier proteins which move molecules
from one place to another around the body. Examples include
hemoglobin and cytochromes. Hemoglobin transports oxygen
through the blood. Cytochromes operate in the electron transport
chain as electron carrier proteins.

5. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN

6. EXCESSES OF PROTEIN
Weight gain Excess calories from excess protein may be stored as
body fat.
Intestinal irritation Too much protein has been linked to constipation,
diarrhea and/or excessive gas.
Dehydration Experts advise drinking a half gallon of water per 100
grams of protein.
Seizures Seizures have been linked to excess protein intake but
only if insufficient amounts of
water are consumed.
Nutritional Just focusing on protein intake causes some high
deficiencies protein dieters to overlook other nutrients. Ensure that
your diet is balanced and nutritious.
Kidney problem Some believe that high protein and low carbohydrate
diets when done long term can possibly cause kidney
issues, but more research needs to be done.

7. EXCESSES OF PROTEIN
Risk of heart This is a bit misleading. A healthy high-protein diet
disease is not associated with heart disease. But if you are
getting all of your protein from unhealthy sources that
are loaded in unhealthy fats, obviously the risk for
heart disease will increase.
Increase in liver
enzymes.
While this list may seem alarming, it’s important to remember that many of
these side effects are only associated with highly excessive protein diets
coupled with unbalanced nutrition and/or dehydration. And this list pales in
comparison to the side effects of protein deficiency, which includes general
illness, loss of hair, loss of sleep, poor coordination, vision problems, etc.
The average person needs about .4 grams of protein per pound of body
weight. Active individuals may require .6 grams. People that exercise
frequently and at a high intensity – like myself – require about a gram per
pound of body weight. Bodybuilders and athletes may require even more.
SOURCE : DAVEYWAVEYFITNESS.COM

8. WHAT CAN HAPPEN WHEN THERE'S NOT ENOUGH
PROTEIN IN THE BODY FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD
OF TIME?
Hypoglycemia, lowered blood pressure, anemia, water
retention, muscle deterioration, frequent colds, wounds
take longer to heal, failing vision, constipation, illness of
liver and kidneys, sluggishness, stomach ulcers, nerve
weakness, bad circulation, and raised cholesterol.
 The amount of protein varies with each individual. One way
to estimate your daily requirement of Protein is to take what
you weigh and divide it by two. You might want to consider
that the harder a person works the more Protein is needed.
Jobs that require heavy lifting definitely need extra protein.

9. WHAT ARE COMPLETE
PROTEIN?
 They are Amino Acids. Amino Acids are either
essential or non-essential. Twenty-two Amino Acids
are known and Nineteen are essential. Any food that
doesn't contain all the essential Amino Acids is
considered incomplete.
 Foods that are considered Complete Proteins are
soybeans, cottage cheese, eggs, wheat germ, milk,
cheeses, Swiss or American, fish, and brewer's yeast.
You don't have to eat meat to get protein. In fact,
vegetarians can have superb health.
 Vegetable Proteins are found in a few types of nuts,
beans grasses, and peas, but are most predominate
in Seeds, Legumes, and Sprouts.

10. WHAT ARE COMPLETE
PROTEIN?
 There are people who find protein difficult to digest.
Carnivores might find this more of a problem. Once meat
leaves the stomach it has to rot before it can be of any use in
the body. Even those non-meat eaters who eat cheese have
found that cheese takes at least nine hours to digest in the
stomach. Hydrochloric Acid released in the stomach is key to
proper digestion of Protein. If your stomach isn't making
enough Hydrochloric Acid you might assume you have
heartburn and turn to an antacid for relief. Antacids only work
if your stomach is producing too much Hydrochloric Acid. If
after taking an antacid you find that it doesn't work you can
buy Hydrochloric Acid pills.
 Many things can bring about a deficiency of Hydrochloric Acid
such as lack of a mineral or vitamin. Worrying, arguing, and
everyday stresses can all be a cause of poor production of
Hydrochloric Acid.
 SOURCE : VOICES.YAHOO.COM/Leanna Teaque

11. PYRAMID OF PROTEIN

12. SUMMARY
 Proteins serve various functions in the body.
The structure of a protein determines its
function. For example, collagen has a super-
coiled helical shape. It is long, stringy, strong,
and resembles a rope. This structure is great for
providing support. Hemoglobin on the other
hand, is a globular protein that is folded and
compact. Its spherical shape is useful for
maneuvering through blood vessels.
sources: ABOUT.COM.BIOLOGY )