SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 19
Descargar para leer sin conexión
Machine Translation vs. Common Language: !
Effects on Idea Exchange in Cross-Lingual Groups


 Hao$Chuan)Wang       )Na#onal'Tsing'Hua'University,'Taiwan'
 Susan)R.)Fussell     )Cornell'University,'NY,'USA'
 Dan)Cosley )         )Cornell'University,'NY,'USA'
 '
 )
 '
 ACM'CSCW'2013'.'San'Antonio,'TX,'USA'


 '                               !
                                 !
Globalizing Idea Exchange
Ideas)distributed)across)countries)and)cultures)
   •  Ex.)Different)language)edi?ons)of)Wikipedia)varying)in)
      content)of)the)same)topics.) [Hecht)et)al.,)2011]'
   •  Valuable)source)for)intelligence)and)problem)solving.)
       [Wang)et)al.,)2011]'

CMC:)Opportunity)for)global)idea)exchange)
  •    Need)to)cross)the)language)barrier)first.)




                                        !
                              Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                        !
                                                               2)
Ways for Cross-Lingual Communication

Common)solu?ons:))
   Common)language)(e.g.,)English))or)
   human)transla?on.))
•  Common)language:)Second)language)to)
   some)individuals.)Learning)required.)
•  Human)transla?on:)Expensive)and)
   inflexible.)



Machine(transla-on((MT)(as)a)non$
expensive,)flexible)tool)for)cross$lingual)
idea)exchange.(
)
                                     !
                           Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                     !
                                                   3)
Problems in Machine Translation (MT)
Concern)for)transla?on)quality)                             English

•  “computer'bug”'may)become)“computer'
   insect.”'
•  Transla?ons)of)complex)ideas)like)
    “need'to'confirm'with'her'to'see'if'
    there's'enough'#me'to'make'it”'can)be)
    unpredictable.)                                         Chinese

)
)
People)oYen)communicate)beZer)over)
a)common,)second)language)than)MT.)
 [Yamashita)&)Ishida,)2006;)Yamashita)et)al.,)2009]'



                                              !
                                    Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                              !
                                                                      4)
Can MT Still Be Useful?
MT$based)communica?on)has)both)cost)and)benefit)
   •  Cost:(Transla?on)errors)make)message)comprehension)
      and)repairing)difficult.(
   •  Benefit:()Producing)messages)in)na?ve)language)is)easier)
      than)non$na?ve)language.)
)
Current)study:)American$Chinese)idea)exchange)over)MT)or)
  English)as)common)language))
   •  H1:'Chinese)produce)more)ideas)over)MT)than)English))
      (MT(benefit(>(MT(cost)(
   •  H2:'Americans)produce)less)ideas)over)MT)than)English)
      (MT(has(no(benefit(but(only(extra(cost)(


                                 !
                       Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                 !
                                                                 5)
Experimental Design
                       64)individuals)
             32)two$person)cross$lingual)groups)

Randomly)assign)cross$lingual)groups)to)media?on)condi?on)

        MT-mediated                  English-mediated
    American-Chinese Dyad          American-Chinese Dyad




                              !
                    Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                              !
                                                             6)
Experimental Design
Randomly)assign)cross$lingual)groups)to)media?on)condi?on)

        MT-mediated                    English-mediated
    American-Chinese Dyad            American-Chinese Dyad




          Brainstorm)two)trials)(15)min)each)))
               in)counterbalanced)order)

      “Benefits and costs         “Benefits and costs
      for having an extra         for having an extra
            thumb”                       eye”




                     Measure)
         Produc?vity)and)Comprehensibility)

                              !
                    Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                              !
                                                             8)
Measurement: Productivity
Produc-vity)
        •  Manually)translated)Chinese)contribu?ons)to)English)for)
           consistency)of)coding'
        •  Count)number'of'original'ideas'by)manually)coding)
           brainstorming)conversa?ons)
                                                             Idea?        Original?
(       How
about
sleeping,
with
one
eye
contac5ng
with

    A   pillow?                                             idea     1‐some
originality
        New
opportuni5es
for
business:
glasses
for
the
3

    B   eyed


person.                                      idea     1‐some
originality
        I
think
sleeping
on
your
side
would
become
the

    B   norm.                                               idea    0‐duplicate
    A   Are
we
s5ll
talking
about
the
advan?                no_idea
    B   New
hats
would
need
to
be
made.                     idea    1‐some
originality
    B   sure.                                               no_idea
    A   ok                                                  no_idea
    B   haircuts
would
certainly
be
modified.                idea    1‐some
originality

                                             !
                                   Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                             !
                                                                                          9)
Results: Productivity

                    14
                                       English   MT
                    12                                       In)English)groups,)Americans)
                                                                (na?ve)speaker))produced)
                    10
                                                                more)ideas)than)Chinese)
Idea Productivity




                    8                                           (non$na?ve)speaker).)
                    6


                    4


                    2


                    0
                         American          Chinese




                                                     !
                                         Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                                   !
                                                                                             10)
Results: Productivity

                    14
                                       English   MT
                                                             Chinese)produce)more)ideas)
                    12                                          using)MT)than)English.))
                                                                p<.05)for)the)second)trial;))
                    10
                                                                p=.1)overall.)
Idea Productivity




                    8                                          )(H1:'MT(benefit(>(MT(cost))
                    6
                                                             )
                                                             MT)did)not)affect)Americans’)
                    4
                                                                produc?vity.))
                    2                                          )(H2'not'supported:'no)MT)
                    0
                                                                cost)on)produc?vity))
                         American          Chinese           )
                                                             )


                                                     !
                                         Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                                   !
                                                                                                11)
Measurement: Comprehensibility
Perceived(Comprehensibility)
    •  Asked)par?cipants)aYer)each)brainstorming)trial))
       how)clear)were)the)messages)to)them.)

    •  “I)could)understand)other)members’)ideas.”)
       “I)am)confident)that)other)group)members)understand)
       my)ideas.”))
       “I)didn’t)understand)what)other)group)members)said.”)
      (alpha=.89))
(




                                 !
                       Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                 !
                                                               12)
Results: Comprehensibility


                              7   English    MT                        Both)American)and)Chinese)
                                                                         par?cipants)rated))
Perceived Comprehensibility




                              6
                                                                         MT)less)comprehensible)
                              5                                          than)English.)
                              4                                        )
                              3                                        MT)harms)comprehensibility)
                                                                         both)to)na?ve)and)non$
                              2
                                                                         na?ve)speakers.)
                              1
                                                                       )
                              0                                        Consistent)with)previous)
                                  American           Chinese
                                                                         studies.)



                                                             !
                                                   Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                                             !
                                                                                                     13)
Discussion
                                   14
                                                        English   MT
                                   12                                     MT)benefits)idea)produc?on)by)
                                   10                                       enabling)na?ve)language)use,)
Idea Productivity




                                   8                                        though)MT)harms)
                                   6                                        comprehensibility.)
                                   4
                                                                          )
                                   2
                                                                          )
                                   0
                                        American            Chinese       How)does)MT)benefit)Chinese)
                                    7   English    MT
                                                                             par?cipants’)produc?on?)
     Perceived Comprehensibility




                                    6


                                    5                                     •  Was)it)because)Chinese)talking)
                                    4                                        more?))
                                    3
                                                                          •  Or)was)it)because)Chinese)being)
                                    2
                                                                             more)efficient)in)producing)
                                    1
                                                                             ideas?)
                                    0
                                        American            Chinese


                                                                                 !
                                                                       Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                                                                 !
                                                                                                                14)
Message versus Idea Production Behaviors
                    culture
MT
                                   Chinese                 Compare)number(of(new(ideas(
English
                    12                                        and)number(of(chat(turns:)
                    10                                     )
      #New Ideas




                    8
                    6
                                                           MT:)~40%)chat)turns)contain)
                    4                                         ideas)
                    2                                      English:)~33%)turns)contain)
                    0
                                                              ideas)
                    35
                    30                                     )
      #Chat Turns




                                                           Chinese)produce)ideas)more)
                    25
                    20
                    15                                     efficiently)over)MT)than)English.)
                                                                                          )
                    10
                    5
                    0
                         0   180 360 540 720 900
          Time (seconds)
      #Words




                                                       !
                                             Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                                       !
                                                                                              15)
#New Ideas
                       Message versus Idea Production Behaviors
              MT
                                          culture
              English
                            American                    Chinese             Exploratory)analysis)of)
              12                                                               American’s)produc?on)
              10                                                               behaviors:)
#Chat Turns
#New Ideas




              8                                                             )
              6
              4
                                                                            MT:)~44%)chat)turns)contain)
              2
                                                                               ideas)
              0                                                             English:)~35%)turns)contain)
              35                                                               ideas)
              30
#Chat Turns




              25
  #Words




              20
                                                                            Americans)talked)less)over)
              15
              10
                                                                            MT)than)English.)
              5
              0
                   0   180 360 540 720 900   0   180 360 540 720 900
                                       Time (seconds)

                                                                  !
#Words




                                                    Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                                              !
                                                                                                          16)
Style of Communication

MT)appears)to)influence)people’s)style)of)communica?on)
   •  Higher)propor?on)of)ideas)in)MT,)both)to)Chinese)and)
      Americans.)
   •  Chinese)produced)more)ideas;)
      Americans)produced)less)turns.)
)
Incoming)messages)s?ll)have)impact.)
)
Future)work:)People’s)prac?ces)and)strategies)for)dealing)
   with)poor)transla?on)in)different)language)
   communi?es.)

                                !
                      Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                !
                                                              17)
Design Implications
Asymmetrical(design:(MT)benefits)produc?on,)but)harms)
comprehension.)
)
)
)                 “       ”                     “How are you”
                                translated
)
)                  “I’m fine”                   “I’m fine”
                              untranslated
)
)
For)bilinguals,)combine)MT)and)second)language)ability:)
•  Translate)outgoing)messages)to)enable)produc?on)in)na?ve)
   language.)
•  Leave)incoming)messages)untranslated.)People)use)second)
   language)proficiency)for)understanding.)

                                  !
                        Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                  !
                                                                18)

)
Or, Interface Design for Comprehension
Use)highligh?ng)to)direct)people’s)aZen?on)to)keywords)in)
  transla?ons.) [Gao)et)al.,)CHI'2013])
)




                                !
                      Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                !
                                                             19)
Acknowledgement
     Na?onal)Science)Founda?on)grants)#0845351)and)#1025425)
             Undergraduate)assistants)Meaghan)Frank,))
           Johna)Seo)and)Monica)Chen)at)Cornell)University)
Anonymous)CSCW)reviewers)for)their)valuable)comments)and)sugges?ons)




                                   !
                         Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                   !

Más contenido relacionado

Más de haochuan

Nctu seminar may26_2014
Nctu seminar may26_2014Nctu seminar may26_2014
Nctu seminar may26_2014haochuan
 
Nthu cs seminar_may21
Nthu cs seminar_may21Nthu cs seminar_may21
Nthu cs seminar_may21haochuan
 
Kinect-taped communication: Using motion sensing to study gesture use and sim...
Kinect-taped communication: Using motion sensing to study gesture use and sim...Kinect-taped communication: Using motion sensing to study gesture use and sim...
Kinect-taped communication: Using motion sensing to study gesture use and sim...haochuan
 
OpenHCI 2013 Closing Address
OpenHCI 2013 Closing AddressOpenHCI 2013 Closing Address
OpenHCI 2013 Closing Addresshaochuan
 
Computers and People
Computers and PeopleComputers and People
Computers and Peoplehaochuan
 
Interaction Beyond the Individual: A Lecture on HCI-Oriented Collaborative an...
Interaction Beyond the Individual: A Lecture on HCI-Oriented Collaborative an...Interaction Beyond the Individual: A Lecture on HCI-Oriented Collaborative an...
Interaction Beyond the Individual: A Lecture on HCI-Oriented Collaborative an...haochuan
 

Más de haochuan (6)

Nctu seminar may26_2014
Nctu seminar may26_2014Nctu seminar may26_2014
Nctu seminar may26_2014
 
Nthu cs seminar_may21
Nthu cs seminar_may21Nthu cs seminar_may21
Nthu cs seminar_may21
 
Kinect-taped communication: Using motion sensing to study gesture use and sim...
Kinect-taped communication: Using motion sensing to study gesture use and sim...Kinect-taped communication: Using motion sensing to study gesture use and sim...
Kinect-taped communication: Using motion sensing to study gesture use and sim...
 
OpenHCI 2013 Closing Address
OpenHCI 2013 Closing AddressOpenHCI 2013 Closing Address
OpenHCI 2013 Closing Address
 
Computers and People
Computers and PeopleComputers and People
Computers and People
 
Interaction Beyond the Individual: A Lecture on HCI-Oriented Collaborative an...
Interaction Beyond the Individual: A Lecture on HCI-Oriented Collaborative an...Interaction Beyond the Individual: A Lecture on HCI-Oriented Collaborative an...
Interaction Beyond the Individual: A Lecture on HCI-Oriented Collaborative an...
 

Machine translation vs. common language: Effects on idea exchange in cross-lingual groups (CSCW 2013)

  • 1. Machine Translation vs. Common Language: ! Effects on Idea Exchange in Cross-Lingual Groups Hao$Chuan)Wang )Na#onal'Tsing'Hua'University,'Taiwan' Susan)R.)Fussell )Cornell'University,'NY,'USA' Dan)Cosley ) )Cornell'University,'NY,'USA' ' ) ' ACM'CSCW'2013'.'San'Antonio,'TX,'USA' ' ! !
  • 2. Globalizing Idea Exchange Ideas)distributed)across)countries)and)cultures) •  Ex.)Different)language)edi?ons)of)Wikipedia)varying)in) content)of)the)same)topics.) [Hecht)et)al.,)2011]' •  Valuable)source)for)intelligence)and)problem)solving.) [Wang)et)al.,)2011]' CMC:)Opportunity)for)global)idea)exchange) •  Need)to)cross)the)language)barrier)first.) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 2)
  • 3. Ways for Cross-Lingual Communication Common)solu?ons:)) Common)language)(e.g.,)English))or) human)transla?on.)) •  Common)language:)Second)language)to) some)individuals.)Learning)required.) •  Human)transla?on:)Expensive)and) inflexible.) Machine(transla-on((MT)(as)a)non$ expensive,)flexible)tool)for)cross$lingual) idea)exchange.( ) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 3)
  • 4. Problems in Machine Translation (MT) Concern)for)transla?on)quality) English •  “computer'bug”'may)become)“computer' insect.”' •  Transla?ons)of)complex)ideas)like) “need'to'confirm'with'her'to'see'if' there's'enough'#me'to'make'it”'can)be) unpredictable.) Chinese ) ) People)oYen)communicate)beZer)over) a)common,)second)language)than)MT.) [Yamashita)&)Ishida,)2006;)Yamashita)et)al.,)2009]' ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 4)
  • 5. Can MT Still Be Useful? MT$based)communica?on)has)both)cost)and)benefit) •  Cost:(Transla?on)errors)make)message)comprehension) and)repairing)difficult.( •  Benefit:()Producing)messages)in)na?ve)language)is)easier) than)non$na?ve)language.) ) Current)study:)American$Chinese)idea)exchange)over)MT)or) English)as)common)language)) •  H1:'Chinese)produce)more)ideas)over)MT)than)English)) (MT(benefit(>(MT(cost)( •  H2:'Americans)produce)less)ideas)over)MT)than)English) (MT(has(no(benefit(but(only(extra(cost)( ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 5)
  • 6. Experimental Design 64)individuals) 32)two$person)cross$lingual)groups) Randomly)assign)cross$lingual)groups)to)media?on)condi?on) MT-mediated English-mediated American-Chinese Dyad American-Chinese Dyad ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 6)
  • 7. Experimental Design Randomly)assign)cross$lingual)groups)to)media?on)condi?on) MT-mediated English-mediated American-Chinese Dyad American-Chinese Dyad Brainstorm)two)trials)(15)min)each))) in)counterbalanced)order) “Benefits and costs “Benefits and costs for having an extra for having an extra thumb” eye” Measure) Produc?vity)and)Comprehensibility) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 8)
  • 8. Measurement: Productivity Produc-vity) •  Manually)translated)Chinese)contribu?ons)to)English)for) consistency)of)coding' •  Count)number'of'original'ideas'by)manually)coding) brainstorming)conversa?ons) Idea? Original? ( How
about
sleeping,
with
one
eye
contac5ng
with
 A pillow? idea 1‐some
originality New
opportuni5es
for
business:
glasses
for
the
3
 B eyed


person. idea 1‐some
originality I
think
sleeping
on
your
side
would
become
the
 B norm. idea 0‐duplicate A Are
we
s5ll
talking
about
the
advan? no_idea B New
hats
would
need
to
be
made. idea 1‐some
originality B sure. no_idea A ok no_idea B haircuts
would
certainly
be
modified. idea 1‐some
originality ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 9)
  • 9. Results: Productivity 14 English MT 12 In)English)groups,)Americans) (na?ve)speaker))produced) 10 more)ideas)than)Chinese) Idea Productivity 8 (non$na?ve)speaker).) 6 4 2 0 American Chinese ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 10)
  • 10. Results: Productivity 14 English MT Chinese)produce)more)ideas) 12 using)MT)than)English.)) p<.05)for)the)second)trial;)) 10 p=.1)overall.) Idea Productivity 8 )(H1:'MT(benefit(>(MT(cost)) 6 ) MT)did)not)affect)Americans’) 4 produc?vity.)) 2 )(H2'not'supported:'no)MT) 0 cost)on)produc?vity)) American Chinese ) ) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 11)
  • 11. Measurement: Comprehensibility Perceived(Comprehensibility) •  Asked)par?cipants)aYer)each)brainstorming)trial)) how)clear)were)the)messages)to)them.) •  “I)could)understand)other)members’)ideas.”) “I)am)confident)that)other)group)members)understand) my)ideas.”)) “I)didn’t)understand)what)other)group)members)said.”) (alpha=.89)) ( ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 12)
  • 12. Results: Comprehensibility 7 English MT Both)American)and)Chinese) par?cipants)rated)) Perceived Comprehensibility 6 MT)less)comprehensible) 5 than)English.) 4 ) 3 MT)harms)comprehensibility) both)to)na?ve)and)non$ 2 na?ve)speakers.) 1 ) 0 Consistent)with)previous) American Chinese studies.) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 13)
  • 13. Discussion 14 English MT 12 MT)benefits)idea)produc?on)by) 10 enabling)na?ve)language)use,) Idea Productivity 8 though)MT)harms) 6 comprehensibility.) 4 ) 2 ) 0 American Chinese How)does)MT)benefit)Chinese) 7 English MT par?cipants’)produc?on?) Perceived Comprehensibility 6 5 •  Was)it)because)Chinese)talking) 4 more?)) 3 •  Or)was)it)because)Chinese)being) 2 more)efficient)in)producing) 1 ideas?) 0 American Chinese ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 14)
  • 14. Message versus Idea Production Behaviors culture MT Chinese Compare)number(of(new(ideas( English 12 and)number(of(chat(turns:) 10 ) #New Ideas 8 6 MT:)~40%)chat)turns)contain) 4 ideas) 2 English:)~33%)turns)contain) 0 ideas) 35 30 ) #Chat Turns Chinese)produce)ideas)more) 25 20 15 efficiently)over)MT)than)English.) ) 10 5 0 0 180 360 540 720 900 Time (seconds) #Words ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 15)
  • 15. #New Ideas Message versus Idea Production Behaviors MT culture English American Chinese Exploratory)analysis)of) 12 American’s)produc?on) 10 behaviors:) #Chat Turns #New Ideas 8 ) 6 4 MT:)~44%)chat)turns)contain) 2 ideas) 0 English:)~35%)turns)contain) 35 ideas) 30 #Chat Turns 25 #Words 20 Americans)talked)less)over) 15 10 MT)than)English.) 5 0 0 180 360 540 720 900 0 180 360 540 720 900 Time (seconds) ! #Words Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 16)
  • 16. Style of Communication MT)appears)to)influence)people’s)style)of)communica?on) •  Higher)propor?on)of)ideas)in)MT,)both)to)Chinese)and) Americans.) •  Chinese)produced)more)ideas;) Americans)produced)less)turns.) ) Incoming)messages)s?ll)have)impact.) ) Future)work:)People’s)prac?ces)and)strategies)for)dealing) with)poor)transla?on)in)different)language) communi?es.) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 17)
  • 17. Design Implications Asymmetrical(design:(MT)benefits)produc?on,)but)harms) comprehension.) ) ) ) “ ” “How are you” translated ) ) “I’m fine” “I’m fine” untranslated ) ) For)bilinguals,)combine)MT)and)second)language)ability:) •  Translate)outgoing)messages)to)enable)produc?on)in)na?ve) language.) •  Leave)incoming)messages)untranslated.)People)use)second) language)proficiency)for)understanding.) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 18) )
  • 18. Or, Interface Design for Comprehension Use)highligh?ng)to)direct)people’s)aZen?on)to)keywords)in) transla?ons.) [Gao)et)al.,)CHI'2013]) ) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 19)
  • 19. Acknowledgement Na?onal)Science)Founda?on)grants)#0845351)and)#1025425) Undergraduate)assistants)Meaghan)Frank,)) Johna)Seo)and)Monica)Chen)at)Cornell)University) Anonymous)CSCW)reviewers)for)their)valuable)comments)and)sugges?ons) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley !