1. HmÀ½Ifn _mXvhme
AUz: F³. jwkp±o³
C´y³ bqWnb³ apkvenw eoKnsâ tZiobm²y£³ Kpemw alvaqZv _mXv hme
kmln_v hnS]dªn«v mtf¡v cp hÀjw XnIbpIbmWv. 2008 Pq¬ 25þmWv apkvenw
PtImSnIfpsS [njWmimenbmb tXmhv A´ybm{XbmbXv. AKm[amb
]mWvUnXyhpw AnXckm[mcWamb {]Xn`m hnemkhpw nÀ`bXzhpw AXncnÃm¯
kapZmb kvtlhpw H¯p tNÀ¶ DuÀÖkzemb mbImbncp¶p _mXvhme.
{]XnkÔnIÄ ndª C´y³ apkvenwIfpsS nen¸npw AhImi
kwc£W¯npw thn At±lw S¯nb {iaIchpw kpZoÀLhpamb ]cn{ia§sf
hnkvacn¨p sImv kzmX´ym´c `mcX¯nse apkvenw yq]£¯nsâ Ncn{Xw
tcJs¸Sp¯pI Akm[yamWv. JmCsZ anïv apl½Zv Ckvambn kmln_nsâ,
apkvenw kaql¯nsâ A`namIcamb AkvXnXzw F¶ e£y km£mXvImc¯nmbn
PohnXw Dgnªp sh¨ almmbnc¶p At±lw. cmPys¯ {]_e yq]£
hn`mK§fpsS {]iv§fpw {]bmk§fpw IrXyambn Is¯pIbpw Ah AhXcn¸nt¡-
nS¯v nÀ`bt¯msS iàamb `mjbn AhXcn¸n¡pIbpw hÀ¤ob Iem]§Ä
Bfn¡¯nbncp¶ D¯tc´y³ {Kma§fn IS¶v sN¶v aÀ±nXÀ¡p oXn e`n¡phm³
tXrXzw sImSp¡pIbpw, nba nÀ½mW k`Ifn t{]mÖzeamb {]IS§Ä
S¯n, apkvenw yq]£§fpsS AhImi§Ä kwc£n¡p¶tXmsSm¸w cmPy¯nsâ
atXXc Pm[n]Xyaqey§Ä kwc£n¡p¶ almbXv§fnepw Xsâ hgn
tcJs¸Sp¯nbmWv _mXvhme IS¶p t]mbXv. kw`h _lpeamb B
PohnXbm{XbpsS ZuXyw hnebncp¯p¶Xpw hniIew sN¿p¶Xpw Hcp
]pÀhmbbv¡p hnt[bam¡p¶Xpw ]pXp Xeapdbv¡p Gsd {]tNmZtaIpw.
_mXvhme kz]vw IXv atXXc C´ybnse kpc£nXcmb apkvenw kaqls¯bmWv.
At±lw t]mcmSnbXv Ahsc ]mÀizh¡cn¡phm³ {ian¡p¶
iànIÄs¡XnscbmWv. ]mÀ«nbpsS AJnte´ym A²y£³, {]apJ ]mÀensatâdnb³
F¶o neIfn _m¯vhme S¯nb CSs]SepIfpw AXnse {]mKÂ`yhpw
bNmXpcnbpw AXphgn kapZmb¯n¶p ssIh¶ t«hpw A`namhpw
hnebncp¯nbm B P·w k^eambncp¶p F¶v ap¡v hnthNn¨dnbmmhp¶p.
aXhpw cmjv{Sobhpw C´ybn F¶ _rl¯mb {KÙ¯nsâ cN nÀÆln¨
_mXvhmebv¡v aX cmjv{Sob _Ô¯nsâ Ncn{Xhpw, kmaqlnIhpw, cmjv{Sobhpw,
nba]chpamb ]mckv]cy¯nse k¦oÀ®XIsf¡pdn¨pw, Ahbpm¡p¶ {]iv§sf
kw_Ôn¨pw hyàamb Adnhpw [mcWbpw Dmbncp¶p. Ch F{Xam{Xw
Bg¯nepÅXmsW¶v ta kqNn¸n¨ {KÙw hyàam¡p¶pv. aX þ cmjv{Sob
_Ô¯nsâ hyXykvX kao]§sf¡pdn¨pw aX cmjv{Sob ]mc¼cy§sf¡pdn¨pw aX
cmjv{Sob ]mckv]cy¯nse kaImenIamXrIIsf¡pdn¨psams¡ {]Xn]mZn¡p¶
{KÙw _mXvhmebnse ]WvUnXs AdnbphmpÅ Ahkc§fnsem¶mWv.
At±lw Hcp `cWLSm hnZKv[³ IqSnbmbncp¶p. `cWLSbpsS AptÑZ§Ä
At±l¯nv ax]mTambncp¶p. `cWLSm hymJym§fpw IrXyambn S¯phm³
At±l¯nmIpambncp¶p. nbanÀ½mW thfIfn C´y³ ]mÀesaâpw
almcmjv{Sm nbak`bpw ]e kµÀ`§fnepw Cu sshZKv[y¯nv km£yw hln¨n«pv.
C´y I {]KÂ`cmb ]mÀesaâv AwK§fpsS ]«nIbnte¡p _mXvhmesb
DbÀ¯nbXv At±l¯nsâ ]mWvUnXyhpw `mjm ss]pWyhpw Xm³ hnizkn¨

2. BZÀi§Ä¡p thnbpÅ AÀ¸W atm`mht¯msSbpÅ {]hÀ¯§fpambncp¶p.
hnhn[ cmPy§fpsS `cWLSIfpw C´y³ `cWLSbpw X½nepÅ kmayhpw
hyXykvX§fpw ¶mbn aÊnem¡nbn«pÅ _mXvhmebpsS ]mÀesaânse
{]IS§Ä FXncmfnIÄ t]mepw k½Xn¨n«pÅXmWv. 1977 apX 1991 hscbpw ]n¶oSv
1996 apX 2004 hscbpw temIvk`bn s]m¶mn aWvUes¯ {]Xnn[oIcn¨
At±lw nch[n nba nÀ½mW thfIfnepw NÀ¨Ifnepw kPohhpw ^e{]Zhpamb
CSs]SepIÄ S¯nbn«pv. kz´ambn cq]I¸ sNbvX _nÃpIÄ ]mÀesaânÂ
]eXhW AhXcn¸n¨ _mXvhme aäpÅhÀ AhXcn¸n¨ _nÃpIfpsS NÀ¨m
thfIfn kapZmb XmÂ]cy {]ImcapÅ t`ZKXnIfpw Bt£]§fpw kaÀ°ambn
D¶bn¨p. Ahbn ]eXpw nbaambn amdnbn«papv. im_mp _oKw tIknse kp{]ow
tImSXn hn[nsb XpSÀ¶v 1985 _mXvhme AhXcn¸n¨ kzImcy _nÃmWv hnhml
tamNnXbmb apkvenw kv{XoIfpsS kwc£W nbaambn amdnbXv. Cu nbaw
_mXvhmebpsS t]cnemWv nba temI¯v Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. ]ctam¶X oXn
]oT¯nsâ hn[n ymb¯neqsS C´y³ apkÂam³ hnizmk]camb {]XnkÔnsb
A`napJoIcn¨t¸mÄ AXnp ]cnlmcapm¡nbXv _mXvhmebpsS IqÀ½_p²nbpw
bNmXpcnbpamWv.
C´y³ `cWLSbpsS amÀ¤ nÀt±iIXXz§fpsS ad]nSn¨v GI knhnÂtImUv sIm-
phcphm³ {ia§fpmbt¸msgms¡ apkvenw hyàn nbaw ]cnc£n¡phm³ _mXvhme
ITnm²zmw sNbvXp. ]cnip² JpÀBpw Xncpkp¶¯pw `cWLS hn`mhw
sN¿p¶ ]ucsâ aueoI AhImi§fpw DbÀ¯n GI knhn tImUv hmZ¡msc
_mXvhme ASn¨ncp¯n. 1985 amÀ¨v amk¯n GI knhn tImUv sImphcm³
{ian¡Ww F¶ C´y³ `cWLSbpsS BÀ«n¡nÄ 44 ZpÀ_es¸Sp¯Wsa¶
Bhiyhpambn _mXvhme AhXcn¸n¨ _nÃv ]mÀesaân Kuchamb NÀ¨IÄ¡v
hgnsh¨p. Hcp aWn¡qtdmfw _nÃv AhXcn¸n¨p sImv kwkmcn¨ At±lw
C´yt]mepÅ Hcp _lpaX kaql¯n GI knhn tImUnsâ ncÀ°IX hc¨p
ImWn¨p. mmXz¯nse GIXzamWv mw DbÀ¯n¸nSnt¡Xv þ At±lw kaÀ°n¨p.
apkvenw hyàn nbaw ssZhoIimkbmsW¶pw AXp amäm³ BÀ¡pw
AhImiansöpw JpÀBsâ IÂ]Ifn NneXv sImÅmpw aäv NneXv XÅmpw
hnizmknIÄ¡mhnsöpw AXpsImv Xs¶ GI knhn tImUv hmZw
hnizmk¯n³taepÅ IS¶v IbäamsW¶pw AXv `cWLSm hncp²amsW¶pw
ImcyImcW klnXw hnJymXcmb temI Nn´I·mcpsS D²cWnIÄ klnXw
_m¯vhme AhXcn¸n¨t¸mÄ GI knhn tImUnmbn hmZn¡p¶hÀ
ncmbp[cmbnt¸mbn.
C´ybpsS atXXc kz`mhw nendp¯phmpw yq]£mhImi§Ä
kwc£n¡phmpw _mXvhme S¯nb CSs]SepIÄ nch[nbmWv. AeoKÀ apkvenw
bqWnthgvknänbpsS yq]£ kz`mhw nenÀ¯nbXpw, Bcm[meb§fpsS
AhImiXÀ¡¯nv ASnØm Xn¿Xn nÝbn¨Xpw nÀ_Ô hÔywIcW {iaw
Ahkmn¸n¨Xpw, hJ^v kz¯p¡Ä kwc£n¡phmpÅ nbaS]SnIÄ D-
m¡nbXpsaÃmw _mXvhmebpsS _p²n]camb ]mÀesaânse CSs]SepIÄ aqeamWv.
nbas¯¡pdn¨pw ]mÀesaâv S]SnIsf¡pdn¨papÅ AKm[amb ]mWvUnXyw sImv
Xs¶ C´ybnse hnhn[ nba k`Ifntebpw C´y³ ]mÀesaântebpw hmKX
AwK§Ä¡pÅ ]cnioe ]cn]mSnbn eIvNÀ S¯phmpÅ Ahkcw ]eXhW
At±l¯nv ssIh¶n«pv.
hn`Pm´cw t_mws_bn apkvenw eoKv {]hÀ¯n¨Xv t^mÀ¯v ]mÀ«n F¶
t]cnembncp¶p. AXneqsSbmWv _m¯vhme Xsâ s]mXp {]hÀ¯amcw`n¨Xv.
t^mÀ¯v ]mÀ«n ]ncn¨phn«v ]e tXm¡fpw aäv ]mÀ«nIfn A`bw tXSnbt¸mÄ
_mXvhmebpsS tXrXz¯n apkvenw eoKv ]pxkwLSn¸n¡pIbpw 1962se
nbak`mXncsªSp¸n apkvenw eoKv ØmmÀ°nbmbn nbak`bnte¡p aÂkcn¨v
sNdnb thm«pIÄ¡p ]cmPbs¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. AtX DaÀJmUn aWvUe¯n n¶v
1967epw 1972epw aÂkcn¨v hnPbn¨v nbak`mwKamb At±lw 1977 apXÂ nc´cambn
Ggv XhW s]m¶mn aWvUe¯n n¶v C´y³ ]mÀesaânte¡p
sXcsªSp¡s¸«p. ]mÀ«nsb iàns¸Sp¯phm³ C´y apgph³ nc´cw
k©cn¨ncp¶ _mXvhme¡v hnhn[ kwØm§fn ]mÀ«n¡p taÂhnemkapm¡m³
Ignsª¦nepw Xsâ ]cn{ia§Ä¡pkrXamb ^eapmIp¶nÃtÃm F¶ thZ

3. ]¦psh¨ncp¶p.
tZiob Xe¯n BZchv e`n¨ tXmhmbncp¶p _mXvhme. ap³ {][m a{´namcmb
CµncmKmÔnbpw cmPohv KmÔnbpw ]e yq]£ hnjb§fnepw _mXvhmebpsS
A`n{]mbamcmªncp¶p. k¬tU Ìm³tUÀUn ]mÀesaânse AhnkvacWobamb
Ap`h§Ä F¶ ]c¼cbn ]s¦Sp¯psImv ap³ {][ma{´n hmPvt]bn ]dªXv
Hcp NÀ¨m thfbn {Ia{]ivs¯¸än _mXvhmebpw sU]yq«n kv]o¡dpw X½nÂ
S¶ hmZ{]XnhmZ§fmWv Xn¡p ad¡mmhm¯ ]mÀesaâdn Ap`hsa¶mWv.
_mXvhmebpsS FXnÀ ØmmÀ°n¡p thn {]NmcW¯np h¶ kn.]n.sF. tZiob
tXmhv _ÀZ³ ]dªXv ]mÀesaân _mXvhme CÃmXncn¡p¶Xv Hcp jvSamWv
F¶mbncp¶p. H«pan¡ tZiob tXm¡³amcpambn _mXvhme¡p à kplrZv
_ÔamWv Dmbncp¶Xv. B{Ôbnse kemlp±o³ DsshknbpsS ]mÀ«ntbbpw aäv Nne
ssatmdnän kwLSIsfbpw DÄs¸Sp¯n apkvenw eoKnsâ tXrXz¯n tZiob
Xe¯n Hcp ap¶Wn kwhn[mapm¡phm³ _mXvhme {ian¨ncp¶p. ]s£ AXv
A[nI Imew op n¶nÃ. tIcf¯nsebpw Xangvm«nsebpw apkvenw eoKnsâ ap¶Wn
_Ô§fn {]iv§Ä Dmbt¸mgpw Ah ]cnlcn¨v ]mÀ«n¡p t«apm¡phm³ _mXv
hmebpsS ]cn{ia§Ä¡mbn«pv. aebmfn apkvenansâ kwLt_m[s¯¡pdn¨p
{]IoÀ¯n¡mdpmbncp¶ _mXvhme kmln_v yq]£ cmjv{Sob¯nse tIcf
tamUÂ C´y apgph³ hym]n¡p¶ Hcp ImeapmIpsa¶v Xsâ {]kwK§fnÂ
]eXhW ]dªtXmÀ¡p¶p. tZiob Xe¯n apkvenw yq]£w cmjv{Sob
imàoIcW¯np {iant¡Xv tIcf¯nsâ amXrI ]n³]änbmhWw F¶v hnhn[
kwØm§fn S¶n«pÅ kt½f§fn At±lw AXniàamb `mjbnÂ
hnhcn¡mdpmbncp¶p. acWw hsc IÀ½ncXmbncp¶p B alm tXmhv. Xangvm«nse
apkvenw eoKnsâ kwØm kt½fhpw Ignªv t_mws_bn Xncns¨¯nb
sXm«Sp¯ ZnhkamWv At±lw acWs¸«Xv. Xsâ Pohs¡mtfsd At±lw kvtln¨
]mÀ«n¡pw kapZmb¯npw thnbpÅ bm{X¡nSbnemWv AÃmlphnsâ
AewLobamb hn[n At±ls¯ tXSnsb¯nbXv.