all about contraception

1. CONTRACEPTION
HARSHITA
IInd YEAR
A.B.C.O.N

2. Male reproductive system

3. Male reproductive system
 The human male reproductive
system consists of a number of sex
organs that form a part of the human
reproductive process.
 In this type of reproductive system, these
sex organs are located outside the body,
around the pelvic region.

4. Male reproductive system
The main male sex organs are
the penis and the testicles which
produce semen and sperm, which, as part
of sexual intercourse, fertilize an ovum in
the female's body; the fertilized ovum
(zygote) develops into a fetus, which is
later born as a child.

5. PENIS
The penis is the male copulatory organ. It
has a long shaft and an enlarged bulbousshaped tip called the (glans penis), which
supports and is protected by the foreskin.
When the male becomes sexually
aroused, the penis becomes erect and
ready for sexual activity.

6. PENIS
Erection occurs because sinuses within
the erectile tissue of the penis become
filled with blood. The arteries of the penis
are dilated while the veins are passively
compressed so that blood flows into the
erectile cartilage under pressure.

7. SCROTUM
The scrotum is a pouch-like structure that
hangs behind the penis. It holds and
protects the testes. It also contains
numerous nerves and blood vessels.
The scrotum remains connected with the
abdomen or pelvic cavity by the inguinal
canal.

8. VAS DEFERENS
The vas deferens, also known as the
sperm duct, is a thin tube approximately
30 centimetres (0.98 ft) long that starts
from the epididymis to the pelvic cavity.

9. ACCESSORY GLANDS
Three accessory glands provide fluids that
lubricate the duct system and nourish the
sperm cells. They are the seminal
vesicles, the prostate gland, and the
bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands).

10. SEMINAL VESICLES
Seminal vesicles are sac-like structures
attached to the vas deferens at one side of
the bladder. They produce a sticky,
yellowish fluid that contains fructose. This
fluid provides sperm cells energy and aids
in their motility. 70% of the semen is its
secretion.

11. PROSTATE GLAND
• The prostate gland surrounds the
ejaculatory ducts at the base of the male
urethra, just below the bladder. The
prostate gland is responsible for the proof
semen, a liquid mixture of sperm cells,
prostate fluid and seminal fluid.

12. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

13. Female Reproductive System
The female genital system contains two
main parts: the uterus, which hosts the
developing fetus, produces vaginal and
uterine secretions, and passes the
male's sperm through to the fallopian
tubes; and the ovaries, which produce the
female's egg cells

14. VAGINA
The vagina is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from
the uterus to the exterior of the body
in female mammals .
The vagina is the place where semen from
the male penis is deposited into the
female's body at the climax of sexual
intercourse, a phenomenon commonly
known as ejaculation.

15. VAGINA
The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix
(the lower part of uterus) to the outside of
the body. It also is known as the birth
canal.

16. CERVIX
The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of
the uterus where it joins with the top end of
the vagina.
 It is cylindrical or conical in shape and
protrudes through the upper anterior
vaginal wall.

17. CERVIX
Approximately half its length is visible to
the naked eye, the remainder lies above
the vagina beyond view.
The vagina has a thick layer outside and it
is the opening where the fetus emerges
during delivery. The cervix is also named
the neck of the uterus.

18. UTERUS
The uterus or womb is the major female
reproductive organ of humans. The uterus
provides mechanical protection, nutritional
support, and waste removal for the
developing embryo (weeks 1 to 8) and
fetus (from week 9 until the delivery).

19. UTERUS
The uterus is a pearshaped muscular organ. Its major function
is to accept a fertilized ovum which
becomes implanted into the endometrium,
and derives nourishment from blood
vessels which develop exclusively for this
purpose.

20. FALLOPIAN TUBE
The Fallopian tubes or oviducts are two
tubes leading from the ovaries of female
mammals into the uterus. On maturity of
an ovum, the follicle and the ovary's wall
rupture, allowing the ovum to escape and
enter the Fallopian tube.

21. FALLOPIAN TUBE
There it travels toward the uterus, pushed
along by movements of cilia on the inner
lining of the tubes. This trip takes hours or
days. If the ovum is fertilized while in the
Fallopian tube, then it normally implants in
the endometrium when it reaches the
uterus, which signals the beginning
of pregnancy.

22. OVARIES
The ovaries are small, paired organs that
are located near the lateral walls of the
pelvic cavity.
 These organs are responsible for the
production of the ova and the secretion of
hormones.

23. OVARIES
Ovaries are the place inside the female
body where ova or eggs are produced.
The process by which the ovum is
released is called ovulation. The speed of
ovulation is periodic and impacts directly
to the length of a menstrual cycle.

24. OVARIES
After ovulation, the ovum is captured by
the oviduct, after traveling down the
oviduct to the uterus, occasionally being
fertilized on its way by an incoming sperm,
leading to pregnancy and the eventual
birth of a new human being.

25. CONTRACEPTION
The deliberate use of
artificial methods or
other techniques to
prevent pregnancy .

26. PURPOSE OF CONTRCEPTION
• CONTRACEPTION HELPS IN PREVENTING
PREGNANCY
• CONTRACEPTION METHOD LIKE CONDOM
GIVES PROTECTION AGAINST STD’S…….

27. TYPES OF CONTRACEPTION
SPACING
A. Barrier
B. Chemical
 INTRA UTRINE DEVICES
A. First Generation IUD’s
B. Second Generation IUD’s
C. Third Generation IUD’s

28. TYPES OF CONTRACEPTION
Oral pills
Menstrual Regulation
Natural Method
Natural Family Planning
Male Sterilization
Female Sterilization

29. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE
COMBINED PILLS
The combined oral contraceptive
pill (COCP), often referred to as the birthcontrol pill or colloquially as "the Pill", is
a birth control method that includes a
combination of an estrogen (estradiol) and
a progestogen (progestin)

30. The progestogen-only pill
• It contains the hormone progestogen but
doesn't contain oestrogen.
• Take the progestogen-only pill at or
around the same time every day.
• The progestogen-only pill thickens the
mucus in the cervix, which stops sperm
reaching an egg. In can also stop
ovulation, depending on the type of
progestogen-only pill you take.

31. PILLS
SOME PILLS ARE
TAKEN AFTER HAVING UNPROTECTED
SEX.
I-PILL

32. Possible Side Effects
• The birth control pill is a safe and effective
method of birth control. Most young
women who take the Pill have none to
very few side effects. The side effects that
some women have while on the Pill
include:

33. Possible Side Effects
• irregular menstrual bleeding
• nausea, headaches, dizziness, and breast
tenderness
• mood changes
• blood clots (rare in women under 35 who
do not smoke)

34. Possible Side Effects
• The Pill also has some side effects that
most girls are happy about. It usually
makes periods lighter, reduces cramps,
and is often prescribed for women who
have menstrual problems.

35. Possible Side Effects
• Taking the Pill often improves acne, and
some doctors prescribe it for this purpose.
Birth control pills have also been found to
protect against some forms of breast
disease, anemia, ovarian cysts, and
ovarian and endometrial cancers

36. Possible Side Effects
OVER USE OF SUCH PILLS CAN
MAKE A FEMALE TOTALLY
UNFERTILE FOR LIFE
TIME…………….

37. TUBECTOMY
Tubectomy also referred to, as
Tubal Sterilization is a surgical
procedure done on women as a
permanent method of
contraception. Gynecologists,
general surgeons and
laparoscopic surgeons perform
Tubectomy.

38. TUBECTOMY

39. TUBECTOMY
The Fallopian Tubes are two in number
and are attached on either side of the
uterus at one end and the other end is
open in the abdomen.
 The length of each Fallopian tube is about
10cm.When the ovum or egg is released
from the ovary, it is picked up by Fallopian
tube through which it moves into the
uterus.

40. TUBECTOMY
If sperms are present in the Fallopian
tubes, the ovum is fertilized and the
resulting embryo is transmitted to the
uterus where it is embedded.
 In short, we can say that Fallopian tubes
are channels through which the eggs from
the ovaries travel to the uterus.

41. TYPES OF TUBECTOMY
• There are different surgical approaches for
the tubal sterilization operations are:1. Laparoscopy
2. Micro laparoscopy
3. Laparotomy (concurrent with cesarean
delivery)
4. Minilaparotomy
5. Hysteroscopy
6. Vaginal approaches.

42. TYPES OF TUBECTOMY
• The most popular is using a laparoscope;
where the patient has just a couple of
small scars and is discharged home the
same day.
If laparoscopy is not available an open
surgical operation maybe required. Here
the tubes are completely divided and a
section is excised.
•

43. ADVANTAGES OF
TUBECTOMY
In Micro-laparoscopy small endoscopes of
tiny diameter (5 to 7 mm) are involved using
which suprapubic incisions is made.
This surgery is the result of improved
technology in light transmission and fiber optic
bundles.

44. LAPROSCOPY

45. ADVANTAGES OF
TUBECTOMY
 The advantages that are most common in
Tubectomy specifically Laparoscopic (the
most popular type of Tubectomy)
includes:
• Small incisions
• Easy and fast access to the fallopian tubes
• Recovery is speedy

46. ADVANTAGES OF
TUBECTOMY
• However the difference is so nominal that
it could never get very popular despite
being available for almost 20 years.

47. DISADVANTAGES
•
•
•
•
•
Uterus may get puncture often
Laceration of the cervix
Fallopian tube also may get perforated
Perforation of major vessels
Cardiac arrhythmias because of CO2

48. PRECAUTIONS
The follow-up visit for open or
laparoscopic approaches is 1-2 weeks
postoperatively.
 Notify the health care provider if you
develop fever (38°C or 100.4°F),
increasing or persistent abdominal pain, or
bleeding or purulent discharge from the
incision.

49. PRECAUTIONS
Medications should be taken as per the
doctor’s prescription.
 Ensure to complete the whole course of
the antibiotic.
 Refrain from sexual intercourse for about
a week after surgery or as advised by your
doctor

50. PRECAUTIONS
If you have delayed periods, vaginal
bleeding/spotting, and severe abdominal
pain, consult the doctor immediately, as it
could be an ectopic pregnancy.

51. VASECTOMY
Vasectomy is a surgical procedure
for male sterilization and/or
permanent birth control. During
the procedure, the vasa
differentia of a man are severed,
and then tied/sealed in a manner
such to prevent sperm from
entering into the seminal stream
(ejaculate).

52. VASECTOMY
The vas deferens from each testicle is
clamped, cut, or otherwise sealed.
 This prevents sperm from mixing with the
semen that is ejaculated from the penis.
The vas deferens is then replaced inside
the scrotum and the skin is closed with
stitches that dissolve and do not have to
be removed.

53. ADVANTAGES OF
VASECTOMY
Vasectomy is a minor surgery that is safe,
highly effective and permanent.
Whether done on men who did not want to
have kids.
Vasectomy is cheaper and fewer
complications than tubule sterilization.
Men have the opportunity to turn
contraception with his wife.

54. DISADVANTAGE OF
VASECTOMY
Some men fear a vasectomy will affect his
ability having sex or cause erection
problems.
 There is little pain and discomfort a few
days after surgery, this pain can usually
be relieved by the consumption of soft
drugs.

55. DISADVANTAGE OF
VASECTOMY
 Often have to do with an ice pack for 4
hours to reduce swelling, bleeding and
discomfort and had to wear pants that
can support the scrotum for 2 days.
 Vasectomy does not provide protection
against sexually transmitted infections
including HIV.

56. DISADVANTAGE OF
VASECTOMY
The operation is not effective immediately.
Patients were required to wear a condom
beforehand to clean the tube from the rest
of the existing sperm. To know is sterile or
not, microscopic examination is usually
performed 20-30 times after ejaculation.
Regret after vasectomy is greater if the
man was still under the age of 25 years,
there has been a divorce or a child who
died.

57. DISADVANTAGE OF
VASECTOMY
It takes 1-3 years to really determine
whether vasectomy could work effectively
100 percent or not.
The man who wants to open a vasectomy
can be done in a way that is reconnect the
channel sperm, but the small chances
of success

58. PRECAUTION
The patients are normally advised to take
painkiller or place ice packs over the
wound (usually covered with a dressing)
for 15 to 20 minutes every one hour, for
the next 12 hours. This minimizes pain
and reduces the swelling following the
surgery.

59. PRECAUTION
Bed rest for 24-72 hours following the
surgery is preferable. It is important to
refrain from shower, bathing for 24 hours
following the surgery. This prevents the
dressing from getting soaked and hence
reduces the possibility of an infection.

60. PRECAUTION
The dressing is usually left in place for 2-3
days, to absorb the bleeding if any at the
site of incision. It is a good idea to get the
dressing changed in a local hospital or at
home once in every two days. It is very
important that patients abide by the
instructions for a speedy recovery.

61. PRECAUTION
• The patient can resume their normal
activities 72 hours after the procedure and
are instructed about wearing a scrotal
support for a short period (1 week). Some
doctors advise patients to resume sexual
activity once they feel comfortable. This of
course varies from person to person and is
dependent on the recovery rate, presence
of complications such as infection etc.

62. PRECAUTION
The couples must be advised to follow
contraceptive precautions until the
success of the surgery has been
confirmed by semen analysis, (absence of
sperms in the ejaculate confirms success
of vasectomy) performed 4 to 6 weeks
following the procedure.

63. NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING
NFP is an umbrella term for certain
methods used to achieve and avoid
pregnancies.
These methods are based on observation
of the naturally occurring signs and
symptoms of the fertile and infertile
phases of a woman's menstrual cycle.

64. NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING
 Couples using NFP to avoid pregnancy
abstain from intercourse and genital
contact during the fertile phase of the
woman's cycle. No drugs, devices, or
surgical procedures are used to avoid
pregnancy.

65. NATURAL METHOD
WITHDRAWAL
The man withdraws his penis from the
woman's vagina before he ejaculates. This
doesn't always work; even before
ejaculation, the penis releases small
amounts of semen that can contain sperm,
so this is only 60 to 80 percent successful
at preventing pregnancy.

66. NATURAL METHOD
THE MUCUS METHOD
This involves tracking changes in the
amount and texture of vaginal discharge,
which reflect rising levels of estrogen in
the body.
 For the first few days after your period,
there is often no discharge, but there will
be a cloudy, tacky mucus as estrogen
starts to rise..

67. NATURAL METHOD
When the discharge starts to increase in
volume and becomes clear and stringy,
ovulation is near. A return to the tacky,
cloudy mucus or no discharge means that
ovulation has passed

68. NATURAL METHOD
CALENDAR MEHOD
Abstention from sex during the week the
woman is ovulating. This technique works
best when a woman's menstrual cycle is
very regular. The calendar method doesn't
work very well for couples who use it by
itself (about a 75 percent success rate),
but it can be effective when combined with
the temperature and mucus methods
described below.

69. NATURAL METHOD
LACTATIONA AMENORRHEA METHOD
Some experts believe that exclusively
breastfeeding protects a woman from
pregnancy by curbing hormones that
trigger ovulation. However, every woman's
body responds differently to the hormonal
influences of breastfeeding, so this is an
unreliable method.

70. SPACING
BARRIER
Barrier methods of birth
control block sperm from entering
the uterus. Using a spermicide with a
barrier method gives you the best possible
barrier method protection.

71. BARRIER
• The spermicide kills most of the sperm
that enter the vagina.
• The barrier method then blocks any
remaining sperm from passing through the
cervix to fertilize an egg.
• Unlike other methods of birth control,
barrier methods are used only when you
have sexual intercourse.

72. BARRIER
Barrier methods include the:• Diaphragm,
• Cervical cap,
• Cervical shield
• Male condom
• Female condom and spermicidal foam,
sponges, and film.

73. BARRIER-PHYSICAL METHOD
CONDOM
A condom is a barrier device commonly
used during sexual intercourse to reduce
the probability of pregnancy and
spreading sexually transmitted
diseases such as HIV.
It is put on an erect penis and physically
blocks ejaculated semen from entering the
body of a sexual partner.

74. ADVANTAGES OF CONDOM
• Condoms are also used for collection of
semen for use in infertility treatment.
Because condoms are waterproof, elastic,
and durable, they are also used for nonsexual purposes such as creating
waterproof microphones and protecting rifle
barrels from clogging.

75. ADVANTAGES OF CONDOM
• As a method of birth control, male
condoms have the advantage of being
inexpensive, easy to use, having few side
effects

76. DISADVANTAGES OF
CONDOM
• Condoms may slip off the penis
after ejaculation, break due to improper
application or physical damage (such as
tears caused when opening the package),
or break or slip due to latex degradation
(typically from usage past the expiration
date, improper storage, or exposure to oils

77. MALE CONDOMS

78. DISADVANTAGE OF FEMALE
CONDOM
• Most people can use female condoms with
no problems for themselves or their
partners.
• Some women and men may not like the
female condom because it may
• cause irritation of the vagina, vulva, penis,
or anus
• slip into the vagina during vaginal
intercourse, or into the anus during anal
intercourse

79. FEMALE CONDOM

80. DIAPHRAGM
• The diaphragm is a barrier method of birth
control. It is a round, dome-shaped device
made of rubber that has a firm, flexible
rim. It fits inside a woman's vagina and
covers the cervix. It should always be
used with a sperm-killing cream or jelly
(spermicide).

81. ADVANTAGE OF DIAPHRAGM
It does not affect future fertility for either the
woman or the man.
It is used only at the time of sexual
intercourse.
It is safe to use while breast-feeding.

82. ADVANTAGE OF DIAPHRAGM
It is less expensive than hormonal
methods of birth control.
It can be used by women who have health
problems that would make estrogen use
dangerous, and by women who smoke.

83. DISADVANTAGE OF
DIAPHRAGM
• The diaphragm should not be used by
women who have ever had toxic shock
syndrome.
• Women who use diaphragms may get
more bladder infections (urinary tract
infections, or UTIs

84. DISADVANTAGE OF
DIAPHRAGM
• Some people are embarrassed to use this
method or feel the method interrupts
foreplay or intercourse.
• A couple must be comfortable with using
the diaphragm and be prepared to use it
every time they have sex.
• A diaphragm can't be used if either person
is allergic to latex.

85. VAGINAL SPONGE
The vaginal contraceptive sponge is a
barrier method of birth control. It contains
a spermicide called nonoxynol-9 that is
released over the 24 hours that the
sponge may be left in the vagina. The
sponge also blocks the cervix so sperm
can't pass. It can be inserted immediately
before intercourse or up to 24 hours
before. It is left in place for 6 hours after
intercourse.

86. Advantages of contraceptive
sponge
• It does not affect future fertility for either
the woman or the man.
• It is used only at the time of sexual
intercourse.
• It is safe to use while breast-feeding.
• It is available in drugstores without a
prescription.

87. Disadvantages of contraceptive
sponge
• Failure rates for the sponge and other
barrier methods are higher than for most
other methods of birth control.
• Some people are embarrassed to use this
method or feel the method interrupts
foreplay or intercourse.

88. Disadvantages of contraceptive
sponge
• The couple must be comfortable with
using the sponge and be prepared to use
it every time they have sex.

89. SPERMCIDES
• A spermicide is a substance that kills
sperm. Spermicides are available as jelly,
foam, cream, suppositories, and film. The
active ingredient of most spermicides is a
chemical called nonoxynol-9.

90. ADVANTAGES OF
SPERMICIDES
• They do not affect future fertility for either
the woman or the man.
• They are used only at the time of sexual
intercourse.
• They are safe to use while breast-feeding
(birth control that contains estrogen affects
milk supply).

91. ADVANTAGES OF
SPERMICIDES
• They are less expensive than hormonal
methods of birth control.
• They are safe for women who have other
health problems (birth control that contains
estrogen makes some health conditions
worse).

92. DISADVANTAGES OF
SPERMICIDE
• Spermicides cause an extra discharge
from the vagina. Women who use
spermicides should not douche for at least
8 hours after intercourse so that the
spermicide continues to work to prevent
pregnancy. (Douching is not
recommended for women in general.)

93. DISADVANTAGES OF
SPERMICIDE
• Some people are allergic to nonoxynol-9,
the active ingredient in most spermicides.
They can develop itching or sores in the
vagina or on the penis, which make it
more likely that HIV can be passed from
an infected person during sex.
• The nonoxynol-9 in spermicides may also
increase the risk of getting HIV/AIDS from
an infected partner.

94. DISADVANTAGES OF
SPERMICIDE
• Some people are embarrassed to use
spermicide and a barrier method or worry
that it may interrupt foreplay or
intercourse. This can create a problem
with using it every time they have sex.

95. CERVICAL CAPS
The cervical cap is a barrier method of birth
control. A cervical cap, which is made of
rubber, fits tightly over the opening to the
uterus (the cervix). It is used with a
spermicide.

96. ADVANTAGES OF CERVICAL
CAP
• It does not affect future fertility for either
the woman or the man.
• It is used only at the time of sexual
intercourse.
• It is safe to use while breast-feeding.
• It is less expensive than hormonal
methods of birth control.

97. DISADVANTAGES OF
CERVICAL CAP
• The cervical cap should not be used by a
woman who has ever had toxic shock
syndrome.
• The cervical cap cannot be used during a
woman's period.
• Some women experience odor problems if
the cervical cap is left in place longer than
24 hours.

98. DISADVANTAGES OF
CERVICAL CAP
• The cervical cap can be difficult to place
properly or to remove.
• Use of the cervical cap can irritate the
cervix.
• The cervical cap should not be used by
women who currently have a vaginal or
cervical infection

99. DISADVANTAGES OF
CERVICAL CAP
• The cervical cap is less effective in
preventing pregnancy after a woman has
had a vaginal delivery.
• Some people are embarrassed to use this
method or feel the method may interrupt
foreplay or intercourse.
• A couple must be comfortable with using
the cap and be prepared to use it every
time they have sex.

100. CERVICAL SHEILD
• The cervical shield, such as Lea's Shield,
is similar to the diaphragm and cervical
cap. It is thought to be as effective as
other female barrier methods (the cervical
cap, diaphragm, and sponge).
• But only limited studies have been done
so far. The cervical shield is made of
silicone, so latex allergy is not a problem..

101. CERVICAL SHEILD
• The device comes in one size only,
simplifying the fitting process. The shield
currently requires a prescription

102. ADVANTAGES OF BARRIER
METHOD
• Do not affect a woman's or man's
future fertility.
• Are only used at the time of sexual
intercourse.
• Are safe for a woman to use while she is
breast-feeding.
• Do not affect other health conditions, such
as high blood pressure or diabetes .

103. ADVANTAGES OF BARRIER
METHOD
• Are less expensive than hormonal
methods of birth control, and some are
available without a prescription.

104. ADVANTAGES OF BARRIER
METHOD
• Condoms and diaphragms may reduce the
risk of cervical cancer, which is caused by
a sexually transmitted human
papillomavirus. Condoms also are the best
method for reducing the risk of sexually
transmitted diseases, including HIV.

105. DISADVANTAGES OF
BARRIER METHOD
• Failure rates for barrier methods are
higher than for most other methods of birth
control. If you are considering using a
barrier method for birth control, think
through what the emotional and financial
costs of an unintended pregnancy would
be if the method fails.

106. DISADVANTAGES OF
BARRIER METHOD
• To prevent pregnancy with a barrier
method, you and your partner must be
comfortable with using it and be prepared
to use it every time you have sex. For
some couples, barrier methods are not a
good choice because one or both
partners:
• Find it embarrassing to use.

107. DISADVANTAGES OF
BARRIER METHOD
• Do not want a barrier method to interrupt
foreplay or intercourse.
• Some people develop allergies to
spermicides. But using spermicide is
advised with diaphragms, cervical caps, or
cervical shields. So if you can't use
spermicide, you will need to find a different
form of birth control.

108. DISADVANTAGES OF
BARRIER METHOD
• For people who have an allergy to latex,
polyurethane condoms are available.
Latex condoms are slightly more
dependable than polyurethane condoms.

109. Barrier methods of birth control
Barrier
Male condom
Failure rate*
Effectiveness in preventing
STDs
15 (spermicide further lowers Most effective
this failure rate)
Female condom
21
Somewhat effective
Diaphragmwith spermicide
16
Limited effectiveness
Spermicide
29
Not effective if used alone;
may actually increase risk of
getting HIV/AIDS
Sponge with spermicide
16 (no past vaginalchildbirth) Limited effectiveness
32 (past vaginal childbirth)
Cervical capwith spermicide
16 (no past vaginal childbirth) Limited effectiveness
32 (past vaginal childbirth)

110. CHEMICAL METHOD
FOAMS
Contraceptive foam is a form of birth control,
which uses a chemical known as
spermicide to prevent pregnancy.
The mostly common form of spermicide
used in contraceptive foam is Nonoxynol9. The foam is inserted into the vagina
prior to sexual intercourse.

111. FOAMS
Contraceptive foam can be used with other
forms of birth control, such as a female or
male condom . Contraceptive foam
prevents pregnancy in two ways.
The spermicide destroys the sperm cell
membrane, which prevents it from
fertilizing the egg.

112. FOAMS
• The foam also creates a barrier and blocks
the opening of the cervix. This prevents
the sperm from getting to the fertilized
egg.

113. FOAM

114. SIDE EFFECTS
The chemical in contraceptive foams can
be irritate the vagina or the penis in some
men and women.
 Changing to a different brand of
contraceptive foam may help if irritation
occurs. Contraceptive foam can also be
messy and may leak from the vagina.

115. SUPPOSITORY
• Each suppository is individually wrapped
and contains nonoxynol-9, a standard
spermicide.
• After opening the package, the
suppository is pushed deeply into the
vagina so that it lies against the cervix.
• IT CAN CAUSE IRRITATION

116. SUPPOSITORY

117. IUD
The current intrauterine devices (IUD) are
small devices, often 'T'-shaped, often
containing either copper or levonorgestrel,
which are inserted into the uterus..

118. IUD
• They are one form of long-acting
reversible contraception which are the
most effective types of reversible birth
control.
• Failure rates with the copper IUD is about
0.8%.

119. IUD
• Among types of birth control, they along
with birth control implants result in the
greatest satisfaction among users. As of
2007, IUDs are the most widely used form
of reversible contraception, with more than
180 million users worldwide.

120. IUD
1. Medicated IUD:
Those IUDs that carry biologically active
agents into the uterine cavity like
levonorgestrel-releasing device [MIRENA].
It is an intrauterine system (LNG_IUS) that
has sleeves of levenorgestril 52mg around
its stem releasing 20 microgram/day and
lasting for at least five years. The
advantage of medicated IUDs is that the
carrier part of the devices is smaller and
less traumatic.

121. IUD
• 2. Non-medicated IUD:
No drugs are added to the matrix or plate
form of the IUD. It consists of plastic
polyethylene and copper. There are so
many types of this group. The most
commonly used are
• copper T,
• TCU 380A,
• Multiload 375 and Nova T.

122. IUD Penetrating the
wall of the uterus

123. CONTRA-INDICATIONS FOR
THE USE OF IUD
RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS of Intra
uterine contraceptive devices:1. Nulliparity
2. Valvular heart disease and
cardiomyopathy
3. Previous ectopic pregnancy
4. Moderate to severe anemia

124. RELATIVE
CONTRAINDICATIONS
5. Hypermenorrhea
6. Wilson's liver disease
7. Copper allergy
8. AIDS
9. High risk of STD

125. ABSOLUTE
CONTRAINDICATIONS
1.Cardiomyopathy
2.Recent acute pelvic inflammatory
disease
3.Chronic or recurrent PID
4.Recent septic abortion
5.Acute cervical or vaginal infection
6.Congenital uterine anomalies
7.Uterine tumors
8.Undiagnosed uterine bleeding

126. SOME IUD’s
EARLIER DEVICES
• COPPER-T 200
• COPPER-7
FIRST GENERATION DEVICES
• LIPPES LOOP
MULTI LOAD DEVICES
• ML-Cu-250
• ML-Cu-375