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Y490 Politics of
the Inter net
April 11, 2012
Pirates of Silicon
Valley
  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80zFQ57R
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80zFQ57
Polish Legislature anti-ACTA protest




 Source:
 http://www.theverge.com/2012/1/27/2751960/polish-politiican-acta-protest-anony
Polinter11
China’s Intra/Internet Control Structure




Source: Ziang (Alex) Tan: Telecommunications Policy 23 (1999), p. 272.
Pearson’s Correlation: 11 cases: Unit: per Year.

Number of Internet Users in China by Press
Freedom
   YEAR        Number of                    Press Freedom             Correlation
               Internet Users in            *
               China (ml)
   2000                            22.5                          80 .855
   2001                            33.7                          80
   2002                            59.1                          80
   2003                            69.0                          80
   2004                            94.0                          80
   2005                           103.0                          82
   2006                           137.0                          83
   2007                           162.0                          84
   2008                           253.0                          84
   2009                           384.0                          85
   2010                           420.0                          84

      p= 0.01 level (2 tailed)
      *Freedom of the Press: Higher scores = less freedom
       Press Freedom Scale: 0-30: Free 31-60: Partly Free 61-100: Not Free, Source:
      Freedom House, www.freedomhouse.org/China
Some of our original
concerns:
  Does the Internet make it possible for there to
   be more diversity in the political views
   expressed in the public sphere?
  How do we compare the media on the Internet
   to the media that were previously available?
  Does the greater amount of user-generated
   content in blogs and social networks result in
   stronger democracies?
User-Gener ated Content and
Applications
  Blogs and Vlogs
  Web 2.0 applications
    Facebook
    Other social networking sites
       Twitter
       eBay
       Amazon reviews
       IMDB reviews and other content
       Craigslist
       Wikipedia
       Flickr
T he Long Tail
Hypothesis
     Pareto Distribution
       (aka Power Law)
Another Way to Look at
the Long Tail
Questions

 Will the people on the left side of the long
  curve be hurt by the people on the right
  side? If so, what is gained and lost?
 Does bad behavior by the little guys ruin
  it for everybody?
 How can people protect themselves
  against network mischief?
Zittr ain Contr asts PCs
with iPhones
              PC           iPhone

 Type of      Generative   Appliancized/
 Technology                Tethered
 Type of      Open         Proprietary
 Software
 Type of      Anarchic     Controlled
 Network
Definition of
Gener ativity
  “… a system’s capacity to produce
   unanticipated change through unfiltered
   contributions from broad and varied
   audiences…” (p. 70)
Featur es of a
Gener ative System (pp.
71-73)
    Leverage
    Adaptability
    Ease of mastery
    Accessibiity
    Transferabiity
Basic Pr opositions
(Zittr ain, p. 64)
  The IT ecosystem functions best with
   generative technology at its core.
  Generativity instigates a pattern both
   within and beyond the technological
   layers of the IT ecosystem.
  Proponents of generative IT systems
   ignore the drawbacks attendant to
   generativity’s success at their peril.
Layer Model
 Highest: Content
 Intermediate High:
  applications
 Intermediate Low:
  operating systems
 Lowest: physical
Advanta ges of Layer s

  Engineers can tinker with one layer
   without necessarily affecting the other
   layers.
  The hourglass shape means that there is
   lots of room for innovation above and
   below the operating systems and
   protocols levels.
Pr oblems with Gener ative
Technologies and Anar chic
Networ ks
  Malware: worms, viruses, trojan horses
  Incompatibilities in hardware and software
   which create difficulties for beginners (steep
   learning curves)
  Use by criminals, political extremists, hate
   mongers, pornographers, child molesters,
   cyberstalkers
  Vulnerability to cyber attacks of various kinds
   that go beyond malware (e.g. denial of service
   attacks, identity theft)
Identity Theft
 The blanket term for any type of crime wherein the
  offender uses another individual’s legitimate personal
  information to commit acts of fraud or deception, typically
  for illicit financial gain

 Where a person’s identification details are obtained
  through various covert methods, from rifling through the
  contents of household dustbins to “phishing.’

       Phishing is a form of fraud where the criminal
        pretends to be a reputable organization that needs
        information about some business you may have
        done with them
Identity Theft and
Fraud
 Identity theft is not really a
  specific kind of fraud, but an
  act that leads a person to
  be able to commit fraud

 Fraud generally is the
  attempt to convince for any
  reason that you are
  someone other then
  yourself.

                                   FTC video on identity theft
Examples of Hate
Speech on the Internet
  Nazis and Neo-Nazis
    Sale of Nazi objects
     (involving EBay)
    French policies
     (involving Yahoo
     based sales of Nazi
     stuff)
  Hate groups
  Hate Watch
Danger s Inherent in
Tether ed Systems
  Network service can reprogram appliances at
   will (through their periodic updating of
   appliance software)
  Some appliances can record private
   information and make it available to those with
   access to the network (police for example)
  Tethered networks can be used for censorship


          Controversy over Amazon e-books
Examples of
Censor ship on
Tether ed Networ ks
  Skype in China is used to censor words
   like Falun Gong and Dalai Lama
  Google.cn makes searches for Falun
   Gong and Tibet fail
  FBI can use OnStar for surveillance
  Use of cameras in mobile phones?

         Flexispy software for cell phones
The News Corporation
Scandal
 News of the World tabloid in UK hacks into cell
  phones of Prince Harry and others to get
  sensational stories
 Photo of Prince Harry wearing a Nazi uniform
  to a fancy dress party
 2002 kidnap and murder of a British schoolgirl,
  Milly Dowler
 Exposure of
  top level News Corporation approval of illegal phon
Should Cell Phones Networks
be more like the PC-Based
Internet?
  Cell phone operators clearly are opposed
   to this
  Should “net neutrality” be extended to
   cell phone networks?
  Should we personally favor PC-like
   Google-Android platforms over more
   tethered platforms like Apple’s iTunes,
   iPod, iPhone, iPad?

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Polinter11

  • 1. Y490 Politics of the Inter net April 11, 2012
  • 2. Pirates of Silicon Valley  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80zFQ57R http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80zFQ57
  • 3. Polish Legislature anti-ACTA protest Source: http://www.theverge.com/2012/1/27/2751960/polish-politiican-acta-protest-anony
  • 5. China’s Intra/Internet Control Structure Source: Ziang (Alex) Tan: Telecommunications Policy 23 (1999), p. 272.
  • 6. Pearson’s Correlation: 11 cases: Unit: per Year. Number of Internet Users in China by Press Freedom YEAR Number of Press Freedom Correlation Internet Users in * China (ml) 2000 22.5 80 .855 2001 33.7 80 2002 59.1 80 2003 69.0 80 2004 94.0 80 2005 103.0 82 2006 137.0 83 2007 162.0 84 2008 253.0 84 2009 384.0 85 2010 420.0 84 p= 0.01 level (2 tailed) *Freedom of the Press: Higher scores = less freedom Press Freedom Scale: 0-30: Free 31-60: Partly Free 61-100: Not Free, Source: Freedom House, www.freedomhouse.org/China
  • 7. Some of our original concerns:  Does the Internet make it possible for there to be more diversity in the political views expressed in the public sphere?  How do we compare the media on the Internet to the media that were previously available?  Does the greater amount of user-generated content in blogs and social networks result in stronger democracies?
  • 8. User-Gener ated Content and Applications  Blogs and Vlogs  Web 2.0 applications  Facebook  Other social networking sites  Twitter  eBay  Amazon reviews  IMDB reviews and other content  Craigslist  Wikipedia  Flickr
  • 9. T he Long Tail Hypothesis Pareto Distribution (aka Power Law)
  • 10. Another Way to Look at the Long Tail
  • 11. Questions  Will the people on the left side of the long curve be hurt by the people on the right side? If so, what is gained and lost?  Does bad behavior by the little guys ruin it for everybody?  How can people protect themselves against network mischief?
  • 12. Zittr ain Contr asts PCs with iPhones PC iPhone Type of Generative Appliancized/ Technology Tethered Type of Open Proprietary Software Type of Anarchic Controlled Network
  • 13. Definition of Gener ativity  “… a system’s capacity to produce unanticipated change through unfiltered contributions from broad and varied audiences…” (p. 70)
  • 14. Featur es of a Gener ative System (pp. 71-73)  Leverage  Adaptability  Ease of mastery  Accessibiity  Transferabiity
  • 15. Basic Pr opositions (Zittr ain, p. 64)  The IT ecosystem functions best with generative technology at its core.  Generativity instigates a pattern both within and beyond the technological layers of the IT ecosystem.  Proponents of generative IT systems ignore the drawbacks attendant to generativity’s success at their peril.
  • 16. Layer Model  Highest: Content  Intermediate High: applications  Intermediate Low: operating systems  Lowest: physical
  • 17. Advanta ges of Layer s  Engineers can tinker with one layer without necessarily affecting the other layers.  The hourglass shape means that there is lots of room for innovation above and below the operating systems and protocols levels.
  • 18. Pr oblems with Gener ative Technologies and Anar chic Networ ks  Malware: worms, viruses, trojan horses  Incompatibilities in hardware and software which create difficulties for beginners (steep learning curves)  Use by criminals, political extremists, hate mongers, pornographers, child molesters, cyberstalkers  Vulnerability to cyber attacks of various kinds that go beyond malware (e.g. denial of service attacks, identity theft)
  • 19. Identity Theft  The blanket term for any type of crime wherein the offender uses another individual’s legitimate personal information to commit acts of fraud or deception, typically for illicit financial gain  Where a person’s identification details are obtained through various covert methods, from rifling through the contents of household dustbins to “phishing.’  Phishing is a form of fraud where the criminal pretends to be a reputable organization that needs information about some business you may have done with them
  • 20. Identity Theft and Fraud  Identity theft is not really a specific kind of fraud, but an act that leads a person to be able to commit fraud  Fraud generally is the attempt to convince for any reason that you are someone other then yourself. FTC video on identity theft
  • 21. Examples of Hate Speech on the Internet  Nazis and Neo-Nazis  Sale of Nazi objects (involving EBay)  French policies (involving Yahoo based sales of Nazi stuff)  Hate groups  Hate Watch
  • 22. Danger s Inherent in Tether ed Systems  Network service can reprogram appliances at will (through their periodic updating of appliance software)  Some appliances can record private information and make it available to those with access to the network (police for example)  Tethered networks can be used for censorship Controversy over Amazon e-books
  • 23. Examples of Censor ship on Tether ed Networ ks  Skype in China is used to censor words like Falun Gong and Dalai Lama  Google.cn makes searches for Falun Gong and Tibet fail  FBI can use OnStar for surveillance  Use of cameras in mobile phones? Flexispy software for cell phones
  • 24. The News Corporation Scandal  News of the World tabloid in UK hacks into cell phones of Prince Harry and others to get sensational stories  Photo of Prince Harry wearing a Nazi uniform to a fancy dress party  2002 kidnap and murder of a British schoolgirl, Milly Dowler  Exposure of top level News Corporation approval of illegal phon
  • 25. Should Cell Phones Networks be more like the PC-Based Internet?  Cell phone operators clearly are opposed to this  Should “net neutrality” be extended to cell phone networks?  Should we personally favor PC-like Google-Android platforms over more tethered platforms like Apple’s iTunes, iPod, iPhone, iPad?