This document outlines a research proposal on designing informal mobile collaborative learning objects using mobile smart devices in higher education institutions. The research questions examine the current state of informal mobile collaborative learning, appropriate learning activities/objects, the role of smart mobile devices, and how informal mobile learning can be conducted in higher education contexts. If conducted, the study would develop a framework for creating mobile collaborative learning objects to support informal learning activities and complement formal education. It would extend theories of mobile learning and provide models for implementing informal mobile collaborative learning.

1. Hasnain Zafar
hasnainzafar@ieee.org
Supervisions :
AP Dr. Azizah and Dr. Noorminshah

2. Content
 Introduction
 Research Background
 Problem Statement, Research Questions, & Objectives
 Scope & Significance of Study
 Literature Review
 Conceptual Framework
 Research Design
 Preliminary Study
 Conclusion

3. Mobile Learning
Mobile Mobile
Learner Device
A B C
Learning

4. Learning Object (LO)
 Introduced Gerard (1967); Electronically applied
Wayne Hogins (1994)
 A learning object is "a collection of content
items, practice items, and assessment items that are
combined based on a single learning objective".
Beck, Robert J. (2009)
 "any digital resource that can be reused to support
learning" David A. Wiley (2000)
 "any entity, digital or non-digital, that may be used for
learning, education or training". (IEEE)
Learning
Activities
content context
LO

5. Example of LO
Content
Chicken Curry Recipe
Ingredients
LA
½ kg chicken
Instructions
100 ml onion paste
Fry onion paste in oil to light brown. Add
50 ml. yogurt
Ginger (Adrak), Garlic (Lehsan)
1 tsp. coriander (Dhaniya) powder
paste, yogurt, Coriander Seeds (Dhaniya)
3 to 4 tsp salt (to taste)
¼ tsp. turmeric (Haldi) powder Context
powder, chili powder, Turmeric (Haldi)
English class
powder, tomato, and salt.
1 tsp chili (Lal Mirch) powder Physic class
Cooking class
Mix and fry briefly and then add the chicken.
1 tsp. garlic (Lehsan) paste
Mix it and let it cook for 10-15 minutes till the
1 tsp. ginger (Adrak) paste
chicken becomes tender and the desired
100 ml. oil
consistency of curry is achieved. (add water
1 to 1½ tsp. salt (as per taste)
only to have the required consistency)
100 ml. tomato - ground
1-2 green chilies -chopped

6. Zonal Proximal Development (ZPD)
Things
I can’t
do
Things I Can do
Things I can do
with little support
(Vygotsky 1920)

8. Problem statement back ground
 Real challenge for the educators, instructional
designers, and technology developers of the future is to
ensure that new learning should be highly situated,
personal, collaborative, and long term; in other words,
truly learner-centred learning.
 A substantial issue, including conflicts between
informal learning with personal mobile devices and
traditional classroom education.
 Emerging learning landscape.
Naismith(2004), Lonsdale(2004), Vavoula & Sharples (2007, 2010), Skipol (2010)

9. Components of Learning Landscape
Learning Landscape Context Technical tools
Features
Acting Thrown in task Devices
Conceptualizing & Coping with Social Mobile phones
adapting
Reflecting Projecting Class room Wiki , Google doc.
Sharing and Spaces for outdoor etc
Producing communication
etc etc etc
Adapted from Spikol (2010)

10. “How to design informal mobile learning object
using mobile smart devices in HE institutions?”
Research Question Objective
1. How informal MCL is being 1.To investigate the current status of
practiced? Informal MCL.
2. What are the appropriate 2. To identify appropriate learning
learning activities/objects for activities/objects for informal
informal MCL? MCL.
3. What is the role of smart mobile 3. To design new learning activities
device in informal CL? supported by mobile smart
devices for Informal CL.
4. How informal MCL will be 4. Develop framework for
conducted in context of HE? conducting Informal MCL in HE.

11. Significance of Research
Extend the theories of learning and
Utilization of model for implementation of
MSD for mobile Informal mobile collaborative
informal learning learning.
Handle the conflicts between informal learning
will reduce the with personal mobile devices and traditional
pedagogical gap classroom education.
Conceptualization of context, LO, LA and MSD to informal
learning and formal learning

12. Scope of the study
•Development of MCL Object
to support Informal learning •Informal learning service provider and support
activities focus to current mode of learning to university
pedagogy, Context and students. Which Complements the formal
learning theory. learning.
•To address new learning
Landscape suitable for Mobile
smart devices.
•To deliver informal and life-long
learning, alongside conventional structured
formal learning.
•Not looking into technical performance of mobile
smart devices.

13. Literature Review
Mobile
Collaborative
Mobile Smart Collaborative Mobile Mobile learning object
devices learning learning learner
(MCLO)
Collaborative
Hand held learning
/Mobile Devices Learning Vygotsky (1978) ZPD
Distance Mobile devices
Memex (1945 Bush) education 1700 Communication
Computer vanish into Open , collaboration (Klopfer
background (weiser universities 2002)
1991) 1969 MLO (Quinn 2002)
Tablets, Smart devices Formal CSCL (Zurita 2007; 2010)
Informal Mobile Society (Sharple
Mobile 2010)
Mobility as new landscape
(Skipol 2010)

14. Author ; Year Instrument /Method Brief explanation
Engestrom AT Study AT organizational
(1996,1987,2007,2010) activities
Edwards, A. (2011) AT Work related learning,
Expensive learning , learning
Context
Kurti, Spikol (2010) Learning Activities Indoor and outdoor LA,
Serendipity , Learning
landscape in School
Sharple (2007,2010) AT , LO Language learning , HCI
Zurita (2010) MCSCL , AT Conceptual framework , Maths
Park (2011) transactional distance (TD) Mobile learning link to
theory distance learning
Sharples, Taylor, & Vavoula, AT,CT Mobile learning , CSCL
(2005); Uden, (2007); Zurita &
Nussbaum, (2007),
Kukulska-Hulme & Traxler, Review of Mobile learning Mobile devices in Distance
(2005) learning

15. Mobile Learning Objects success factors
Diana René Cruz (2008) (Jones, Issroff
Laurillard CSCL LO Mobile et al., 2007;
(2008) Sharples, 2007)
Exploration Support activity Interoperability Personalization Collaboration
group
Investigation Face-to-face Reusability Adaptation Continuity
communication between context
Sharing Collaboration Accessibility Mobility control (over
awareness goals)
Recording, Mutual support Durability Portability learning-in-
capturing data
context
Building, making, Remote Granularity Wireless
modeling
communication connection
Discussion Adaptability

17. Adaptation of Engestrom’s (1987-2002) model

18. Multi activity ,Multi role , Multi
Context
O1 O2
Activity O3 Activity
1 II
Activity
III

19. Research Design
Research Paradiagm
Desgin Paradiagm – Post Positivists
Research Approach
Quntitative and Qualitative Research
Research Strategy
Desing Sceince
Research Method
Survey, Interview
Theoritical Framework
• Rresearch Method including :
• Activity Theory accomplish Objective 2 ,3& 4
Research Design
Details Next slide

20. Objective1
Objective2
Objective 3
Objective4
Objective5

23. (Tools)Instruction,
training ,community
knowledge & experience,
other technologies
To integrate
New User
New tool new tool to
(Subjects)
(objectives) other activities
(outcome)
Governing how new (Community)
Provision of
tool will be used; why Facilitator, other technology
training; technology
it was introduced users; technology
support etc.
(Rules) designers& implementers-
(Division of labor)
contribute to “narratives of
use’
Waycott, 2004

24. (Tools)Technological,
Mobile phone/Pocket
PC/Notebook/PDAs
Changed
Technologica
New LO object(Revised
l Subjects
(Technological knowledge &
(User)
object) skills)
(outcome)
Technological Control (Community)
Technological
(Usability of device; Search , Navigate , variety
Communication
access to materials) of devices
(Wifi, Chat etc)
Technological LO Appropriation

25. Framework
Interaction
Facilitator
Learner Mobile Smart Device
Mediates
Learning Object Learning
Mediates

26. MCILO Framework

27. Preliminary Study
Objective 1:To explore the
Activity Theory Framework
current status of Informal Published three papers and
CL
book chapter on perception of
E/Mobile learning
 Objective2:. To identify Conceptual Framework
appropriate learning
activities/learning Key Factors for MCILO
objects for informal
MCL
Next Tasks:
 Objective3:. To design
MCILO factors validity check
new learning Design pilot study
experiences supported
by mobile smart Conducting the pilot study
devices for Informal
CL.
Published article for sharing
results.

28. Conclusion
 Current status of MCIL is less collaborative
, interactive and situated.
 Design the MCIL from the first objective of
research.
 Test MCILO in real situations.

29. Thank you