HASSAN AHMED KHAN MUHAMMAD SOHAIL FAISAL ISLAM

3. Water Resources of the world

5. About one-sixth of the world’s people don't have easy access to safe water Most water resources are owned by Government and are managed as publicly owned resources

7. Principal source of drinking water

8. GROUND WATER Most of the rural areas and many major cities rely on it, although some cities such as Islamabad, Karachi, Hyderabad etc, get water from a number of other sources

9. About 80% of Punjab has fresh Groundwater

10. In Sindh, less than 30% of groundwater is fresh

11. In Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, increasing abstraction has resulted in wells now reaching into saline layers

12. Balochistan also has saline groundwater

13. Ground Water cycle Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation Stream Infiltration Water table Infiltration Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Lake Well requiring a pump Flowing artesian well Runoff Precipitation Confined Recharge Area Aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confirming permeable rock layer

14. Problems Using Groundwater

15. Water Table Lowering

16. Depletion

17. SALTWATER INTRUSION is the movement of saline water into fresh water aquifers

18. Reduced Stream Flow

19. The drying up of wells Groundwater in the sub basin of Quetta would be exhausted by 2016

20. In Islamabad, the drop has been 50 feet between 1986 and 2001

21. In Lahore, the drop has been about 20 feet between 1993 and 2001 .

22. Rural Water Supply in Pakistan Punjab has the best rural water supply The vast majority of the rural population has either piped water or water from a hand pump or motor pump.

23. Only 7 % of the rural population depends on a dug well or a river, canal or stream.

24. Sindh is considerably worse: some 24% of the rural population depend on these sources

25. Situation in Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa is worse still 46%

26. In Balochistan, 72% of the rural population depend on dug well or from a river/canal/stream .

28. In the Pakistan each person uses about 188 gallons/day An additional 657 gallons/person/day are used for irrigation, industrial use

29. If world’s water supply were 100 liters, the usable supply would be about 0.5 tsp

30. US has highest per capita water withdrawal, followed by Canada, Australia, Russia, Japan

31. Water Condition in Pakistan

32. Pakistan has decreased from 5,000 in 1951 to 1000 cubic meter per Annum in 2010

33. 2010 and 2025 have reached 173 million and 267 million respectively

34. The situation could get worse in areas where it is already below 1000m 3 per head

35. WATER AVAILABILITY

36. Per Capita Water Availability 2700 65 1971 659 267 2025 850 207 2013 1200 148 2000 1600 115 1991 2100 84 1981 3950 46 1961 5000 34 1951 Per Capita Availability (m 3 ) Population (million) Years

37. WATER AVAILABILITY IN PAKISTAN

38. The water Shortage The water shortage in the agriculture sector is another serious issue. 29% for the year 2010 and 33% for 2025.

39. Today groundwater contributes a merely 48% of the water available

40. The hike in the cost of electricity in 1990s and the development of new technologies have led to a considerable increase of diesel pumps whose numbers have grown 6 times over the last 30 years. (SOE 2005)

41. WATER QUALITY IN PAKISTAN

43. Pakistan

47. Municipal Sewage It has been estimated that around 2,000 million gallons of sewage is being discharged to surface water bodies every day in Pakistan (Pak-SCEA 2006)

48. NCS states that 40% of death are related to water born diseases

50. It is estimated that 50% Nationally (less than 20% in many rural areas), with only about 10% of collected sewage is effectively treated

51. Industrial Water Pollution

52. Most industries in the country are located in or around major cities and are recognized as key sources of increasing pollution in natural streams, rivers, as well as the Arabian Sea to which the toxic effluents are discharged

53. Major Industrial Contributors to Water Pollution in Pakistan Petrochemicals, Paper and pulp, Food processing, Sugar, Textile, Cement and fertilizer produce more than 80% of the total industrial effluents

55. In Pakistan, only 1% of wastewater is treated by industries before being discharged directly into rivers and drains

56. Tanneries It may take hundreds or even thousands of years for pollutants such as toxic metals from the tanneries to be flushed out of a contaminated aquifer

57. In K.P, 80,000 m 3 of industrial effluents containing a very high level of pollutants are discharged every day into the river Kabul

58. In Karachi, Sindh Industrial Trading Estate (SITE) and Korangi Industrial and Trading Estate (KITE), two of the biggest industrial estates in Pakistan, there is no effluent treatment plant and the waste containing hazardous materials, heavy metals, oil etc. is discharged into rivers.

59. In Multan, a fertilizer factory discharges its waste untreated to cultivated land causing death of livestock and increasing health risk to humans. (WB-CWRAS Paper 8, 2005)

60. In Lahore, only 3 out of some 100 industries using hazardous chemicals treat their wastewater. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels in water courses receiving these wastes are as high as 800mg/l and Mercury levels over 5 mg/l

61. In Faisalabad, one of the biggest industrial cities, there is little segregation of domestic and industrial wastes

62. Agriculture Water Pollution

63. According NWP, the irrigation network of Pakistan is the largest infrastructural approximately $ 300 billion of investment, 25% to the country's GDP. provides 90 % of food and fiber The remaining 10 % arid.

64. xcv animal manure erosion and dust from cultivation, pesticide drift and volatilization This includes runoff and leaching Fertilizers

65. The study revealed that in Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan and all drains were carrying saline and sodic waters due to high values of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) and all of them also had very high values for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD).

66. The contribution of agricultural drainage to the overall contamination of the water resources exists but is marginal compared to the industrial and domestic pollution. For example, in Sindh, the pollution of water due to irrigation is only 3.21% of the total Pollution (SOE 2005)

68. Point and Non point NONPOINT SOURCES Urban streets Suburban development Wastewater treatment plant Rural homes Cropland Factory Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES

72. Fertilizers in runoff from agriculture including nitrates and phosphates

76. Organic water pollution

78. Petroleum hydrocarbons like Diesel, Gasoline, Jet fuel, Motor oil, Detergents

79. Disinfection by products found in chemically Disinfected drinking water, such as chloroform

87. Pollution of Lakes

88. Eutrophication Results

89. Ocean Pollution

90. Oil Spills Pollution Sources of pollution: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks

92. HEALTH ISSUES RELATED TO WATER POLLUTION

94. Health Impacts of Water Pollution

95. Water Related Deaths

96. Deposited in organs like the kidney, pancreas, liver, intestinal mucosa, etc. Cadmium poisoning causes headache, vomiting, bronchial pneumonia, kidney necrosis, etc. Cadmium industries, Fertilizers Cadmium Absorbed into blood and affects PBCs, liver, kidney, bone, brain and the peripheral nervous system. Lead poisoning can even lead to coma. Industrial wastes Lead Minamata disease - causes numbness of limbs, lips and tongue, blurred vision, deafness and mental derangement. Industrial wastes Metals-Mercury Oxygen depletion Spread of diseases/ epidemics Sewerage of rural and urban areas. Sewage that includes domestic wastes, hospital wastes, excreta, etc. Effect Source/Cause Pollutant

97. cause cancers of colon, rectum and bladder Decaying Plant Material Trihalomethane(Trihalomethanes are a group of organic chemicals formed in water when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter (such as humic acids from decaying vegetation). Humic acids are present in all natural water used as sources of drinking water) Blue Baby Syndrome Pesticides Nitrates/Nitrogen Damage Kidney Mining and Smelting Industries Wastes Accumulates in the bodies of fishes, birds, mammals including man. Adversely affects the nervous system, fertility. Causes thinning of egg shells in birds. Pesticides Agrochemicals like DDT Arsenic poisoning causes renal failure and death, It can cause nerve disorder, kidney and liver disorders, muscular atrophy, etc. Fertilizers Arsenic

98. PREVENTING AND REDUCING SURFACE WATER POLLUTION

100. REDUCING NONPOINT SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION

105. REDUCTING POINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION

108. WATER TREATMENT

109. OVERVIEW

111. Tertiary Treatment

122. SOLUTION OF WATER POLLUTION

126. Questions ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

127. We thanks to all those teachers who encourage us but Our sincere thanks to: Mam RAZIA for there guidance, Mam SAIMA GUL , who gave a lot of time for correction without them this was difficult task for us