3. Essential amino acids
Animals require 20 amino acids, but can synthesize approximately half of theses, as long as diet includes nitrogen
Human adults need 8 amino acids in their diet
Deficient in essential amino acids is called a protein deficiency
Essential fatty acids
Animals cannot make certain unsaturated fatty acids, and must obtain them through diet
Deficiencies are rare
Vitamins
Organic molecules required in the diet in amounts that are smaller compared with the relatively large quantities required of essential amino acid and
essential fatty acids
Divide in fat-soluble and water-soluble
Minerals
nutrition, a chemical element other than hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen that an organism requires for proper body functioning
Ingestion
Heterotrophic mode of nutrition in which other organisms or detritus are eaten whole or in pieces
4. Digestion
Process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
Absorption
Ingested dietary substance must cross cell membranes to be used by the body
large surface area in the gut directly facilitates
Elimination
Passin of undigested material out of the digestive compartment
Gastrovascular Cavity
Extensive pouch that serves as the site of extracellular digestion and a passage watto disperse
materials throughout most of an animal’s body
Alimentary Canal
Complete digestive tract, consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus
5. Peristalsis
Rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscle that push food along the digestive tract
Sphincters
Ringlike valve consisting of modified muscles in a muscular tube, such as digestive tract; closes off the tube like a drawstring
Oral cavity
Mouth f an animal
Salivary glands
Exocrine glands associated with the oral cavity. The secretions of this contain substances to lubricate food, adhere together
chewed pieces into a bolus, and deign the process of chemical digestion
Bulk feeders
Animals that eat relatively large pieces of food, adaptations include diverse utensils
An animal that eats relatively large pieces of food
6. Bolus
Lubricated ball of chew food
Pharynx
Area in the vertebrate throst where air and food passages cross; in flatworms, the muscular tube that protrudes from the ventral side of the worm and ends in
the mouth
Esophagus
Channel that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach
Stomach
Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic
Gastric juice
Digestive fluid secreted by the stomach
Chyme
Mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach
Pepsin
Enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment
7. Pepsinogen
Inactive form of pepsin that is first secreted by specialized cells located on gastric pits f the stomach
Small intestine
Longest section of the alimentary canal; the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food
macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients
Bile
Mixture of substances that is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; enables formation of
fat droplets in water as an aid in the digestion and absorption fats
Duodenum
First section of the small intestine, where acid chime from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from
the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and gland cells of the intestinal wall
Liver
Large internal organ in vertebrates that performs diverse functions
Gallbladder
Organ that stores bile and release it as needed into the small intestine
8. Villi
Fingerlike projection of the inner surface of the small intestine
Microvilli
Oner of many fine, fingerlike projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area
Hepatic portal vein
Large circulatory channel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood’s nutrient content
Chylomirons
Lipid transport globule composed of fats mixed with cholesterol and coated with proteins
Lacteal
Tiny lymph vessel extending into the core of an intestinal villus and serving as the destination for absorbed chylomicrons
Colon
Large section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces
Cecum
Blind pouch forming one branch of the large intesne
9. Fluid Feeder
Animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism
Fats
Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing
chemical energy
Leptin
Hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite
10. Explain the basic body of organization of
animals:
Most animals have 4 types of tissues organized organs & organ system
Exctracellular fluid serves as the body’s internal environment
Animal development produces cells of many types
Cell of different types with extracellular matrix from tissues
Cell junctions connected the cells of a fissure hold cells in place & allow them to
cooperate in a specific tasks
11. Define what tissue is and 4 main types of
tisses in vertebrates
Tissues is community of cells and intercellular substances that interact n one or more tasks
4 main tissue types in vertebrates are epithelium connective tissue, muscle tissue, and
nervous tissue.
Epithelium tissue line the body’s surface cavities ducts and tubes, Its job is to exposed to a
body fluid or the environment.
Connective tissue are cells that have a considerable amount of intercellular material
between them. Their function is to organize, strengthen, support and insulate. Located
below the epithelium tissue.
12. Muscle tissue helps the movement of the body or a specific part of the body, Does this by
contract in response to a stimulus; relax passively; and works in pairs. Located in muscles
attached to the bones. Muscle tissue function is to maintain posture.
Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system. The tissue is found in the
brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body
activist.
13. Different types of cell junction and their
purpose:
There are 3 times of cell junction. They are tight junction, adhering junction. And gap
junction.
Tight junction job is to prevent leaking.
Gap junction helps pass information along.
Adhering junction locks cells together.
14. What is cartilage and where is itfoundin
vertebrates:
Cartilage is cells and elastic/collogen fibers inside a pliable, solid ground substance.
It is found in ears, nose, protects joints, and bones.
He function of he cartilage is to support, flexion, and joint movement.
15. Adipose tissue
Cells with many stored fat droplets
Connective tissue specializing in fat storage
Little extracellular matrix but lots of blood vessels
Is located under the skin, around the heart and kidneys
Energy storage, insulation padding
16. Two types of blood & marrow
The two types of blood is compact bone and spongy bone
Compact bine : resist mechanical stock
Spongy bone: gives strength without weight
The two types of bone marrow is yellow marrow and red marrow.
Yellow marrow: fat found in the central cavity
Red marrow: site of blood cell information
17. Difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Skull bones
Rib cage
Vertebral column
Appendicular Skeleton
Prectoral girdle and upper limb
Pelvic girdle and lower limb bone
18. Define blood and what it is made of
Derived from stern cells and marrow in boned , a connective tissue
Blood is made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
19. Define what neuron is and function
Neurons: nervous system communication lines
Function: relay information from sense organs
20. 3 different types of neurons and function
3 different types of neurons are sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons
Sensory neurons are excited by specific stimuli, such as light or pressure
Motor neurons relay commands from the brain and spinal cord to glands and muscle cells
21. Endothermic and Ectoherm
Endothermic: Maintains an internal temperature due to a high metabolic rate
Ectotherm: Maintains body Temperature based on the external enviroment