12. Various Contexts to Knowledge Intangible source of economic growth and corporate value; input for product development; organizational outcome, strategic action to problem or opportunities, innovation etc. Various other authors (2003-2008) Knowledge is justified belief, validated by experience, shaped to benefit organization. Bij, Song and Weggeman (2003) Knowledge life cycle : creation, mobilization, diffusion and commoditization. Knowledge exists in 3 locations: codified information sets, inside individuals and in teams. Peter Murray (2002) Birkinshaw and Sheehan (2002) 4 knowledge dimensions: factual, conceptual, procedural & meta-cognitive Cognitive and Community based knowledge models for innovation. Sorensen & Snis (2001) Salisbury & Plass (2001) Product of experience and human reflection; located in an individual; embedded in a routine or process; embodied in language, concepts, rules and tools. 3 types – human (individual know-how), social (relationships between individuals or within groups) & structured (organization systems, processes) Intellectual capital = f{stock of knowledge accumulated by individuals and units} x {extent to which this knowledge is mobilized} Knowledge constructing, imbibing, interchanging & using is a social process. McAdam & Reid (2000) Gupta & Govindrajan (2000) Long & Fahey (2000) Meaningfully organized accumulated information; Knowledge is an object (stored) and process; Interactive (tacit) & integrated (explicit) knowledge Knowledge is information that could be acted upon. Lim, Ahmed & Zairi (1999) Zack (1999) Embedded & embodied knowledge types Knowledge means customer or commercial value created. Ulrich (1998) Madhvan & Grover (1998) Experience, context, interpretation are components of knowledge. Davenport, Long & Beers (1998) Tacit & explicit theory of knowledge transfers Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995) Knowledge as source of distinctive capabilities and competitive advantage Hamel & Prahalad (1994) Intellectual capital = commitment x competence = knowledge Quinn (1992) Ranked knowledge as scientific, technical & social Henry & Walker (1991) Effective use of knowledge depends upon organizational learning. Senge (1990) Context of Knowledge Authors