1. The
Scientific
Method

4. Scientific Method
– a logical approach to
solving problems by
observing and collecting
data, formulating and
testing hypotheses ,
forming theories that are
supported by data, then
communicating these

8. Observing
– qualitative or
quantitative data in
a system

11. Qualitative Data
Observable,
non-measurable
information
Ex. Windex is blue

14. Quantitative Data
Measurable,
numerical
information
Ex. the candle is
6.55 cm tall

17. System
-an environment in
which observations
are made
Ex. this classroom
or a test tube

22. Hypothesis
– a generalization
that is to be tested

24. Theory –
is a logical explanation
for
describing the behavior
of
natural phenomena.
It originates from or is
supported by
experimental evidence.

25. Models
– diagrams,
equations, or
representations
that help explain a
theory

30. Law
– generalization
that describes
phenomena (does
not explain)

41. Alchemy – responsible for the
tools and techniques needed for
working with chemicals both
mystical and practical.
The word chemistry comes from
alchemy – practiced in China and
India since 400 B.C.

42. An Experimental Approach
In the 1500s, a shift started from
alchemy to science
“Royal Society of London for the
Promotion of Natural Knowledge”
was responsible for this shift.
Encouraged scientists to use more
experimental evidence

43. Lavoisier
In the late 1700s, Antoine
Lavoisier helped transform
chemistry from a science of
observation to the science of
measurement
He settled on long-standing debate
about burning, which was…
Oxygen was required!

44. OK, Now a Review…
The Scientific Method
A logical approach to solving
problems or answering questions.
Starts with observation- noting
and recording information and
facts
Hypothesis- a proposed
explanation for the observation;
must be tested by an experiment

45. Steps in the Scientific Method
1. Observations (uses your senses)
a) quantitative involves numbers = 95oF
b) qualitative is word description = hot
2. Formulating hypotheses (ideas)
- a testable statement
3. Performing experiments (the test)
- gathers new information to help decide
whether the hypothesis is valid

46. Scientific Method
 “Controlled” experiment- designed
to test the hypothesis
 We gather data and observations by
doing the experiment
 Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle

47. Outcomes over the long term…
Theory (Model)
- A set of well-tested hypotheses that give an overall
explanation of some natural phenomenon – not able
to be proved
Natural Law (or Scientific Law)
- The same observation applies to many
different systems; summarizes results
- an example would be:
the Law of Conservation of Mass

48. Law vs. Theory
A law summarizes what has
happened.
A theory (model) is an attempt to
explain why it happened – this
changes as new information is
gathered.

49. - Page 22
Using your senses to The procedure that is used to
obtain information test the hypothesis
Hypothesis is a proposed
Tells what happened
explanation; should be
based on previous A well-tested explanation for the
knowledge; an “educated” observations; cannot be proven
guess due to new discoveries

50. Collaboration / Communication
When scientists share ideas by
collaboration and communication,
they increase the likelihood of a
successful outcome.