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HISTORY OF
COMMUNICATION
PART II
TELEGRAPH
• Major shift occurred with arrival of electricity
• Telegraph
first wave new telecommunication revolution
• With telegraph in 1840
words transformed into electrical impulses(dots
and dashes of Morse code)
• Telegraphdivided into 2
1. Optical telegraph
2. Electric telegraph
OPTICAL TELEGRAPH
• First practical telecommunication system
• Inventor  Claude Chappe(1763-1805)
• Chappe’s telegraph: made from wood, iron or
stone
• Not included electricity
• Had a codebook (first codebook=9999 entries)
• Codebook in 1830:45050 words/phrases
• A complex system, because;
1. Require long codebooks
2. Skilled and efficient administration
3. Requires many stations
4. Too expensive
• Weaknesses of optical telegraph;
1. Human: performance related to human’s
capacityneed military discipline
2. Natural:not usable at night, in fog or rain
• Reasons for success of Optical telegraph;
1. Military necessity: Real time info. on battles
2. Deep political, ideological significance:
• It shortens distance
• Instrument in formation of French nationstate
• Tool in defending unity of nation
• System operated and owned by Government
• Used for Government messages
• Military reasons/reports Napoleon
3. Optical telegraph
result of Age of Enlightenment
• Optical telegraph was useful;
1. Building nationhood
2. Maintaining public order
3. Transmitting commercial information
ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH
• Through 1830s
electricity was used to transmit messages
• Samuel Morse: Morse codes
• His codes: used to transformed into the codes
• Electric telegraph: 10 times handled more
info.
TELEPHONE
•
•
•
•

Alexander Graham Bell: inventor
Appeared in 1876
Based on voice transmission
Eliminated telegraphy
• Benefits of telephone;
1. Rapid two-way exchange
2. Interactive, Person-2-Person contact
3. By 1880s: simplicity and efficiency of
telephone(used in private homes)
4. Reshaped range of business practices
IMAGE
TECHNOLOGIES(PHOTOGRAPHY)
• Beginning of photography: 1839
• Louis Daguerre: inventor
• There were 2 things that made possible to use
photograph in newspapers and magazines
1. Lithography: Halftone engraving
2. Halftone: Print obtained from photo
engraving
EARLY PHOTOJOURNALISM
• After 1885s, it started with emergence of early
photographers
• First US president to be photographed:
Abraham Lincoln
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF
PHOTOJOURNALISM
1. Halftone Pictures: Newspapers using halftone
illustrations
2. Press Photographers: News agency
distributing photographs
3. Photo Agencies: Photographers equipped
with small, fast hand-held cameras
1.Halftone Pictures
• Since 1867: Halftone reproductions in weekly
newspapers & magazines
• Since 1880:Daily papers
• Since 1890: Large circulation of newspapers
with Halftone illustrations
• After 1910: With new technique(Halftone
block) increase in amount of illustrations
• EX: 903 pictures per week in 1910
2.Press Photographers
• Throughout 1880s: Limited photos in
newspapers
• Within 15 years; several newspapers replaced
their draughtsman with cameraman
• By 1900: Existence of many photographers in
America rising in news images published
• Subject of photos :Limitless
• Around 1900s: Modern photojournalism
• First war to be photographed: SpanishAmerican conflict
• Jimmy Hare: One of first photojournalists who
was photographed Spanish-American war
• He also played a leading role in early
photojournalism
HISTORY OF RADIO
• Telegraph and telephone were important
inventions
• Their only weakness messages transmitted
only via wires
• The solution Wireless communication by
using radio frequencies
• Heinrich Hertz: in 1885, he demonstrated
radio waves
• Guglielmo Marconi: Italian inventor, known as
radio-telegraph system
• Transmitted Morse code across Atlantic by
wireless
• Marconi did not discover a new principle; but
he improved and adapted the components
• Marconi’s radio-telegraph system was used in
Titanic in 1912
• Reginald Fessenden : First to transmit voice
over air
• Introduced in 1906 Christmas Eve, the radio by
broadcasting music and voice
• Nicola Tesla: Developed new systems for
wireless communication
•
•
•
•
•

Commercial Broadcast: started in 1920
Stations on air in 1923: 556
Commercial radio licenses: in 1912
Domination of live music: in 1920s
Diversity of programing: in 1930s
CINEMA
• Projected motion picture photography
reality in 1890s
• The first motion picture camera(kinescope)
Thomas Edison’s employee; Dickson
• Edison patented the system in US
• Introduced at Chicago World’s Fair in 1893
• Kinetograph: only source of films
• Early films: ended just in 15 seconds
• When Edison patented his system
simultaneously
The Lumiére Brothers patented
cinematograph system in France in 1895
(Auguste&Louis)
• Cinematograph: portable, suitcase-sized
• Consisted of a camera, film processing unit
and projector; all in one
1. Record in morning
2. Process in afternoon
3. Project to audience in that evening
• The first film: Arrival of the express train
TELEVISION
•
•
•
•
•

The invention John Logie Baird
Developer Philo Taynor Farnsworth
Date of invention/patent 1926
First demonstration 1928
BBC public broadcasting 1932
•
•
•
•
•

Summer Olympics broadcast1936
First demonstration all electronic TV sets 1938
Suspending Broadcasting of BBC 1939
First TV ad 1941
IN TURKEY
• Turkish Radio Television Corporation( TRT)
Public Broadcaster
• Founded 1964
• Test transmissions 1968
• A full national TV schedual in Ankara, İstanbul,
İzmir 1971
• Color tests 31 December 1981
• Lining up switched to color 1984
• Turkey’s first private channel Star TV
• Date of foundation1989
RESOURCES
• Special thanks to;

İrem Özgören Kınlı
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KTxZCj
OqWc
•THANK
YOU
FOR
LISTENING!!!
• Created by;
Halil İbrahim ULUHAN
CONTACT INFORMATION
/halil.uluhan
/hllbrh
hiuluhan@gmail.com
/haliluluhan/
halil.uluhan@std.ieu.edu.tr

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History of communication II.

  • 2. TELEGRAPH • Major shift occurred with arrival of electricity • Telegraph first wave new telecommunication revolution • With telegraph in 1840 words transformed into electrical impulses(dots and dashes of Morse code)
  • 3. • Telegraphdivided into 2 1. Optical telegraph 2. Electric telegraph
  • 4. OPTICAL TELEGRAPH • First practical telecommunication system • Inventor  Claude Chappe(1763-1805) • Chappe’s telegraph: made from wood, iron or stone • Not included electricity • Had a codebook (first codebook=9999 entries) • Codebook in 1830:45050 words/phrases
  • 5. • A complex system, because; 1. Require long codebooks 2. Skilled and efficient administration 3. Requires many stations 4. Too expensive
  • 6. • Weaknesses of optical telegraph; 1. Human: performance related to human’s capacityneed military discipline 2. Natural:not usable at night, in fog or rain
  • 7. • Reasons for success of Optical telegraph; 1. Military necessity: Real time info. on battles 2. Deep political, ideological significance: • It shortens distance • Instrument in formation of French nationstate • Tool in defending unity of nation
  • 8. • System operated and owned by Government • Used for Government messages • Military reasons/reports Napoleon 3. Optical telegraph result of Age of Enlightenment
  • 9. • Optical telegraph was useful; 1. Building nationhood 2. Maintaining public order 3. Transmitting commercial information
  • 10. ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH • Through 1830s electricity was used to transmit messages • Samuel Morse: Morse codes • His codes: used to transformed into the codes • Electric telegraph: 10 times handled more info.
  • 11. TELEPHONE • • • • Alexander Graham Bell: inventor Appeared in 1876 Based on voice transmission Eliminated telegraphy
  • 12. • Benefits of telephone; 1. Rapid two-way exchange 2. Interactive, Person-2-Person contact 3. By 1880s: simplicity and efficiency of telephone(used in private homes) 4. Reshaped range of business practices
  • 13. IMAGE TECHNOLOGIES(PHOTOGRAPHY) • Beginning of photography: 1839 • Louis Daguerre: inventor • There were 2 things that made possible to use photograph in newspapers and magazines 1. Lithography: Halftone engraving 2. Halftone: Print obtained from photo engraving
  • 14. EARLY PHOTOJOURNALISM • After 1885s, it started with emergence of early photographers • First US president to be photographed: Abraham Lincoln
  • 15. INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF PHOTOJOURNALISM 1. Halftone Pictures: Newspapers using halftone illustrations 2. Press Photographers: News agency distributing photographs 3. Photo Agencies: Photographers equipped with small, fast hand-held cameras
  • 16. 1.Halftone Pictures • Since 1867: Halftone reproductions in weekly newspapers & magazines • Since 1880:Daily papers • Since 1890: Large circulation of newspapers with Halftone illustrations • After 1910: With new technique(Halftone block) increase in amount of illustrations • EX: 903 pictures per week in 1910
  • 17. 2.Press Photographers • Throughout 1880s: Limited photos in newspapers • Within 15 years; several newspapers replaced their draughtsman with cameraman • By 1900: Existence of many photographers in America rising in news images published
  • 18. • Subject of photos :Limitless • Around 1900s: Modern photojournalism • First war to be photographed: SpanishAmerican conflict • Jimmy Hare: One of first photojournalists who was photographed Spanish-American war • He also played a leading role in early photojournalism
  • 19. HISTORY OF RADIO • Telegraph and telephone were important inventions • Their only weakness messages transmitted only via wires • The solution Wireless communication by using radio frequencies
  • 20. • Heinrich Hertz: in 1885, he demonstrated radio waves • Guglielmo Marconi: Italian inventor, known as radio-telegraph system • Transmitted Morse code across Atlantic by wireless • Marconi did not discover a new principle; but he improved and adapted the components
  • 21. • Marconi’s radio-telegraph system was used in Titanic in 1912 • Reginald Fessenden : First to transmit voice over air • Introduced in 1906 Christmas Eve, the radio by broadcasting music and voice • Nicola Tesla: Developed new systems for wireless communication
  • 22. • • • • • Commercial Broadcast: started in 1920 Stations on air in 1923: 556 Commercial radio licenses: in 1912 Domination of live music: in 1920s Diversity of programing: in 1930s
  • 23. CINEMA • Projected motion picture photography reality in 1890s • The first motion picture camera(kinescope) Thomas Edison’s employee; Dickson • Edison patented the system in US • Introduced at Chicago World’s Fair in 1893
  • 24. • Kinetograph: only source of films • Early films: ended just in 15 seconds • When Edison patented his system simultaneously The Lumiére Brothers patented cinematograph system in France in 1895 (Auguste&Louis)
  • 25. • Cinematograph: portable, suitcase-sized • Consisted of a camera, film processing unit and projector; all in one 1. Record in morning 2. Process in afternoon 3. Project to audience in that evening
  • 26. • The first film: Arrival of the express train
  • 27. TELEVISION • • • • • The invention John Logie Baird Developer Philo Taynor Farnsworth Date of invention/patent 1926 First demonstration 1928 BBC public broadcasting 1932
  • 28. • • • • • Summer Olympics broadcast1936 First demonstration all electronic TV sets 1938 Suspending Broadcasting of BBC 1939 First TV ad 1941
  • 29. IN TURKEY • Turkish Radio Television Corporation( TRT) Public Broadcaster • Founded 1964 • Test transmissions 1968 • A full national TV schedual in Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir 1971 • Color tests 31 December 1981 • Lining up switched to color 1984
  • 30. • Turkey’s first private channel Star TV • Date of foundation1989
  • 31. RESOURCES • Special thanks to; İrem Özgören Kınlı • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KTxZCj OqWc
  • 33. • Created by; Halil İbrahim ULUHAN