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V 2.00 Of Essay On International Project Finance
1.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 From Ashkelon To Ashdod A tour around Project Finance in Israel © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 1
2.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 Table of contents I - Overview II - Project Appraisal III - Risk Analysis IV - Conclusions © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 2
3.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 I. Overview The objective of this Paper is to provide a potential Sponsor +/or Lender with facts and opinion based upon those facts that will assist the Reader to make an informed decision upon their possible future association with Desalination Plants financed by Project Finance, in Israel. The method will be to examine past & present Project Finance ventures in Israel and in particular, those that relate to Desalination Plants. Gustavo Kronenberg, the director-general of VID Desalination Company Ltd., (“VID”). the SPC that controls the Ashkelon project, said in 2007, shortly after the new Ashkelon portable Desalination plant had begun pumping water, that this represented a “… true revolution in [Israel's] water network. We will soon enter a situation in which there will be no more shortage of drinking water…" On 01-Feb-09, Mekorot Development & Enterprises (“MD&E”), a subsidiary of the Israeli national water company, issued a tender for the design, building, commissioning and supervision on a turnkey basis of the Ashdod seawater desalination plant.1 It will have production capabilities of at least 16,000 m³/h (384,000 m³/d) and at least 100 million m³/year. The successful bidder would, at the option of Mekorot, be able to join MD&E as a shareholder of up to 40% in the special project company and/or the operation and maintenance company, which will be established by MD&E for the project. Time Schedule for Proposed Ashdod Project 1 http://www.desalination.biz/news/news_story.asp?id=4727 © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 3
4.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 The final date for tender submissions is 01-Jul-09 2009. A Bid Security of NIS 20,000,000 (twenty million NIS) fulfilling the conditions indicated in the Bidding Documents must accompany all bids. The winning bidder will be announced on 01- Sep-09 & the plant is expected to begin producing desalinated water in 2012. II Project Appraisal Desalination Projects in Israel Israel has completed or in construction 5 large state-of-the-art desalination plants, plus 31 smaller facilities. Some experts believe that ½ of Israel's potable water supply will eventually come from desalination.2 Israel recycles 75% of its water. The second largest water recycler is Spain, with 12% recycling.3 Fig. 3: Distribution of Mekorot's Desalination Sites - Active and Reserve Installations (1999) 4 The Ashkelon desalination plant is the largest and most advanced negative osmosis facility in the world.5 2 Desalination No "Silver Bullet" in Mideast, by Mati Milstein in Amman, Jordan for National Geographic News on May 22, 2008, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/56886964.html 3 http://www.verticalpulse.com/my_weblog/the_water_industry/ 4 http://www.biu.ac.il/soc/besa/waterarticle1.html 5 http://www.jr.co.il/articles/desalination.txt © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 4
5.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 The negative osmosis process is attractive and has export capability. Israel Desalination Enterprises Technologies (“IDE”), one of the three sponsors VID, has recently won tenders to build 3 desalination plants in Asia worth a total of $80m. 6 Thus association with the anticipated Ashdod Desalination Plant will place a participant in an excellent position not merely to bid for further projects in Israel, but also elsewhere in the world. The Ashkelon Desalination Project The estimated global market for fresh water amounts to some $ 400b. The World Bank estimates that in the Middle East, there are approximately 5% of the world's people but less than 1% of its renewable fresh water. The UN Population Fund projects that at present consumption rates, in 2025, 5 billion of the 7.9 billion people on Earth will live in areas where safe water is scarce. Thus involvement in the Israel Water Recycling Industry has ample scope for application in other areas of the world. According to VID's agreement with the State,7 the Ashkelon project will run as a build-operate-transfer (“BOT”) deal, by which VID will operate the facility for 25 years (including the 3 year construction period) before it becomes government property. VID is a single purpose company created especially for this Project.8 Ashkelon Project Sponsors V.I.D. Desalination comprises 3 shareholders9 : i) IDE Technologies Ltd. (50%), leading the Joint-Venture; ii) Veolia Water S.A. (25%); iii) Elran (D.D.) Infrastructures Ltd. (25%). IDE Technologies Ltd. is a 50/50 subsidiary of the Delek Group, & Israel Chemicals Ltd. IDE has built 350 desalination facilities in 40 countries, including 65 in Spain & 20 in the Indian sub-continent. Veolia Water S.A. is wholly owned by the Veolia (formerly Vivendi) Group, the 2nd largest communication company in the world. Veolia Water, created by the merger between Générale des Eaux and US Filter in September 1999, is the international brand name of Veolia’s water business. Elran D.D. (formerly Dankner Ellern) Infrastructures Ltd. is a subsidiary of Dor Gas, the First International Bank of Israel, and the Dankner Group 6 http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssEnergyNews/idUSL2031912320080520 7 http://www.jr.co.il/articles/desalination.txt 8 http://www.ide-tech.com/News_item.asp?iid=5850&pid=1600&ppid=1489&z=4&p=1 9 http://www.ide-tech.com/News_item.asp?iid=5850&pid=1600&ppid=1489&z=4&p=1 © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 5
6.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 In Israel generally project sponsors are required to guarantee their equity contributions either by up front payments or via undertakings (underwritten through credit support instruments from strongly rated banks) to inject equity upon the achievement of a defined construction milestone. Sponsors are also typically required to provide other means of support, such as completion guarantees, which tends to transform Israeli project financings into limited recourse rather than purely non- recourse financings (but this is, generally a matter for intense negotiation).10 Ashkelon Project Financing Plan The financing plan for the Ashkelon Project11 was signed on 22-Jan-03. The whole project debt was raised locally and is NIS-denominated. The project sponsors provided the project equity which comprised approximately 24% of the capital cost. The remaining 76% of the project funds has been raised as a limited recourse debt through a special financing arrangement. The three tranches have similar terms, i.e., CPI-indexed fixed interest rate over 23 years - compared to the BOT agreement term of 25 years - with an average life of approx. 14.5 years. In addition, Standby Facilities were provided by Shareholders and Lenders to cover unforeseen cost overruns during the Availability Period of the Facilities (2 ½ years), with all undrawn amounts being cancelled at the end of the Availability Period. The Standby Facilities represent 10% of the total Financing Requirements. The BOT Project comprises the financing, design, construction, operation and transfer of a seawater desalination facility with guaranteed production capability of 100,000,000 m3/year for a term of 25 years. The production of the plant is sold to the Water and Desalination Authority (“WDA”), whose obligations under the BOT agreement are deemed to be the obligations of the State of Israel. Following termination of the Agreement, the Facility will be transferred to the State.12 Infrastructure background to the Ashkelon Project The main input for the operation of the Ashkelon seawater desalination / purification plant is energy. Accordingly the project initiators contracted Delek an Israeli Fuel Company (one of the owners of IDE Technologies Ltd.) to construct a natural gas fuelled power supply station at its own expense, at an estimated cost of US $70 million. The intended output of this power supply station is some 80 megawatts of electricity, of which the water desalination / purification plant is expected to, consume 10 In March 2000, in Project Finance Magazine an article entitled -Israel comes of age was written by Paul Rubenstein, advocate at Herzog Fox & Neeman, Tel Aviv - http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/default.asp? Page=20&PubID=157&ISS=10987&SID=434296&SM=ALL&SearchStr=israel&itemCount=4 11 http://www.ide-tech.com/News_item.asp?iid=5850&pid=1600&ppid=1489&z=4&p=1 12 http://www.ide-tech.com/News_item.asp?iid=5850&pid=1600&ppid=1489&z=4&p=1 © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 6
7.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 about 50 megawatts.13 The power plant was built on the basis that it will be fuelled by natural gas from Egypt.14 . The feed water to the plant is pumped from the Mediterranean Sea, from a pumping station is located on the sea shore, 400 meters from the site. The water quality is typical Mediterranean sea water.15 Project Timescale In respect of the Ashkelon Project, it took a record 14 months from issuance of the Tender Documents until the announcement by the Tender Committee of the Successful Bidder. Please see Annex I, for a schedule of the Project Milestone Dates for the Ashkelon Project.16 17 The proposed phases for the Ashdod Project are:- 13 http://ppp.mof.gov.il/Mof/PPP/MofPPPTopNavEnglish/MofPPPProjectsEnglish/PPPProjectsListEng/MitkaneiAtpalatMaim/A shkelonWater/ 14 http://www.jr.co.il/articles/desalination.txt 15 http://www.ide-tech.com/News_item.asp?iid=5850&pid=1600&ppid=1489&z=4&p=1 16 http://www.ide-tech.com/News_item.asp?iid=5850&pid=1600&ppid=1489&z=4&p=1 17 http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/specs.html © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 7
8.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 Ashkelon Project Technical Data Other technical Data includes18 Contribution to national demand 5–6% total Initial filtration pools 20 Treatment 32 RO trains on four floors; 40,000 membrane elements Plant footprint 75,000m² (300m x 250m) Power plant Dedicated gas turbine – 80MW capacity, integrated cycle Grid connection 161kV overhead line Maximum nominal electrical consumption <4kWh per m³ product water Water Data: Feed water input temperature 15–30° C Feed water salinity 40,750ppm TDS Product water salinity <40ppm TDS Salinity reduction 99.9% Boron reduction >92% 18 http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/specs.html © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 8
9.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 Set out above is a graphic which seeks to explain the Desalination Process that does occur in the Ashkelon Project. Set out below is the proposed process flow for the Ashdod Project Ashkelon Project products services and markets According to the BOT contracts the State of Israel is committed to purchase, (take or pay) at least 100,000,000 m3/year19 The overall revenue over the period of the contract will be in the region of $825m.20 The initial price of the water provided to Mekorot, the government water company, stands at roughly NIS 2.60 (52.7 US cents according to the tender submitted) per 19 http://www.desline.com/Geneva/Veolia.pdf 20 http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/ © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 9
10.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 cubic meter - or just over one-quarter of an agora per litre of high quality, low sodium water.21 Price Breakdown Graphic22 More recent tenders for similar projects both in Israel and abroad have put the price of water at around $0.80 to $1, due to the latest rises in the price of both raw materials and energy inputs and rising interest rates. Gustavo Kronenberg, CEO of VID, has indicated that 10 years ago, desalination cost $1.10 per cubic meter. It now costs $0.60, and growing demand and advances in technology will continue to drive costs lower.” 23 “China alone will propel tremendous demand for desalination: China’s goal is to produce 5.5 billion cubic meters of desalinated water a year, 55 times the capacity of the Ashkelon facility. China is expected to invest $18.6 billion a year in water desalination by 2020,” according to Mr. Wanetick. Thus involvement in the Ashdod Project will strategically position a member for future input into other projects elsewhere e.g. China Israeli Regulatory & Environmental Information Set out below is a graphic taken from the pre-tender conference for the proposed Ashdod Desalination Project which illustrates the spread of permits and regulatory approvals as between the 21 http://www.jr.co.il/articles/desalination.txt 22 http://www.desline.com/articoli/5772.pdf 23 http://www.verticalpulse.com/my_weblog/the_water_industry/ © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 10
11.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 SPC : EPC : O&M24 . The Israeli government recognises the benefits that this form of financing can have upon its infrastructure projects. The public-private partnership (“PPP”), enabled government to involve the private sector in the development of infrastructure in the country. 25 . For all sides there were benefits. The - Public sector had a level of certainty for schedule and cost. - Private sector had continuity for the delivery of its service, (usually 20 to 30 years). The Israeli government has, in the past, provided tangible support to projects of national importance. In the Cross Israel Highway project, in order to make the project bankable, the government agreed to offer tangible support in the form of a sophisticated traffic revenue support mechanism pursuant to which the government guaranteed traffic levels below certain minimum levels (subject to various exceptions, of course), and shared in the upside, where traffic levels exceed basic forecast levels.26 24 http://www.mekorot.co.il/Eng/ProfessionalServices/MekorotDevelopmentEnterprise/Documents/Ashdod%20Conference %20Presentation2.pdf 25 http://www.iflr1000.com/LegislationGuide/88/Public-private-partnerships-an-effective-model-for-project-financing.html 26 http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/default.asp? Page=20&PubID=157&ISS=10987&SID=434296&SM=ALL&SearchStr=israel&itemCount=4 © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 11
12.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 Other forms of support which have been offered by the Israeli government include the passage of special enabling legislation to streamline the implementation of projects, the offering of a fast-track through planning and regulatory bodies, agreement to accept certain change of law risks and the provision of specific tax pre-rulings to clarify the application of certain taxation laws to the terms of a particular project. Consideration of Environmental Issues generally in Israel Concern for the environment is an issue actively discussed in many circles in Israel. http://www.eib.org/attachments/pipeline/1755_nts_en.pdf is an illustration of the environmental impact studies that are required for Such plants before they can be proceeded with in Israel The Water Wisdom conference in 2008 was an illustration of the active debate that pervades the scientific community and which crosses the communal divide. Convened in April 2008 by Professors Alon Tal of Israel's Ben-Gurion University and Alfred Abed-Rabbo of the West Bank's Bethlehem University, these scholars raised serious questions about the potential environmental, geopolitical, and social impacts of desalination.27 They noted that a typical reverse osmosis system, which can also remove some chemicals, requires three to seven kilowatt hours of energy to produce one cubic meter of fresh water, according to a 2008 National Academies Press report on desalination. At that rate, it would take 7,500 kilowatt hours to fill an Olympic-size swimming pool —the same amount of energy the average person in Israel uses over the course of two months, for everything from cooking to driving. They noted a litany of other environmental considerations and problems—many of them not fully researched potentially associated with desalination. • High boron concentrations in desalinated water could cause reproductive and developmental toxicity in animals and affect agricultural crops, according to some experts. • While there is concern about desalination of sewage-contaminated seawater, there is a converse problem—overly pure water. The reverse osmosis process used in new facilities can reduce calcium and carbonate concentrations, making the water acidic enough to damage pipes. • Desalination may also remove a range of beneficial ions normally found in drinking water that could have a supplementary dietary role, especially in certain high-risk populations. 27 Desalination No "Silver Bullet" in Mideast, by Mati Milstein in Amman, Jordan for National Geographic News on May 22, 2008, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/56886964.html © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 12
13.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 • Reverse osmosis desalination can discharge chemicals and brine two to three times saltier than seawater back into maritime environments. It is still unclear what the ecological effects of these discharges might be. However, these scholars accepted that "Maybe [desalination] is the only way we can get through the coming years without drawing down aquifers to the point where they're really destroyed," 28 Tender Documentation Re the Ashkelon Project The Ashkelon Contractual Structure is set out in the graphic below Operations are governed by an Operation & Maintenance Agreement (“O&M Agreement”) entered into between the Consortium and the Operating and Maintenance Company (named ADOM) made up jointly of Veolia Group, IDE Technologies Ltd., and Elran. 28 Desalination No "Silver Bullet" in Mideast, by Mati Milstein in Amman, Jordan for National Geographic News on May 22, © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 13
14.
International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 The tender documents29 outlined, among other things, the fundamental principles of the Agreement. The main contracts were the BOT Agreement, the Engineering Procurement and Construction Contract (“EPC Contract”), the Operation and Maintenance Contract (“O&M Contract”), the Power Purchase Agreement (“PPA”) and the Financial Agreement(s). Construction of the first 50Mm3/y took 27 months and the second 50Mm3/y, 3 additional months (total of 30 months) from Issuance of Notice to Proceed. The Construction was undertaken under an Engineering and Procurement Contract (“EPC Contract”) entered into between the Consortium and the Construction Company made up jointly of OTV (Veolia Group) and IDE Technologies Ltd. The name of the EPC Consortium is OTID. Re the Proposed Ashdod Project The proposed contractual structure as set out in the pre-Tender Conference is Legal analysis 29 http://www.ide-tech.com/News_item.asp?iid=5850&pid=1600&ppid=1489&z=4&p=1 © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 14
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International Project Finance
1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 The Legal Services market in Israel is highly developed & sophisticated. English is almost universally spoken by almost all lawyers (and for that matter most professional & business people). The Laws of Israel in relation to Law & Regulations for water in Israel. Principles of Water Legislation Water Rights Water Uses and Permits Legal Tools for the Management of Scarce Water Resources The Governmental Authority for Water and Sewerage Water Resources Management - Institutions Payment for Water Use Public Participation The Environmental Protection of Water Resources are all publically available, in English in a transparent and clear manner30 Typically, Israeli project financing involves a bid process that is subject to Israeli tender laws. Recent experience has shown that the tender process on large-scale projects tends to be well managed and conducted in an open and competitive environment. During the tender period, detailed negotiation of the concession contract as well as basic terms of other project related documents (such as construction and operation and maintenance contracts) are the norm. Bidding groups are also expected to demonstrate fairly firm commitments from lenders, which often take the form of fairly lengthy financing term sheets, with closed lists of conditions precedent to funding.31 Israel is a transparent country that is governed by the rule of law, which is presided over by an independent judiciary, and enforced by a police force & prosecution service that will not tolerate direction from the Executive. Any participant in a project in Israel can be confident that should anything improper there are present the institutions & processes to provide an effective remedy. Financing plan For the Ashkelon Project Total Project Costs: about NIS 1,000 million Equity will fund 23% of the Total Project Costs Credit facility provided by Lenders (Bank Leumi & 106 Institutional Lenders) will fund about 77% of the Total Project Costs (approx. NIS 800 million). 30 http://www.emwis-il.org/EN/legislation.xml 31 http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/default.asp? Page=20&PubID=157&ISS=10987&SID=434296&SM=ALL&SearchStr=israel&itemCount=4 © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 15
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1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 Bank Standby facilities will be provided by Shareholders (25%) and by Bank Leumi (75%) in the limit of 10% of the Total3233 Israel has displayed a range of innovative financing combinations.34 Banks and institutional investors are the essential participants of almost all PPP projects. Traditionally, the perception has been that banks negotiated the financing and served as lead arrangers, whereas institutional investors acted as co-investors. However, in recent years a new perception has been developed, according to which both of these actors join together in the financing (including the process of negotiations). In such cases, banks negotiate and finance the short-term construction facilities while the institutional investors participate in the long-term credit facilities. An explicit example of this innovative financing is that of Highway 431, a PFI contract for the construction and maintenance of a 22km, three-lane suburban highway designed for the purpose of reducing the traffic from the main entry routes to Tel Aviv. In this project, banks financed the short-term construction loans and the institutional lenders committed to finance the long-term loans. Highway 431 was awarded the project finance deal of the year for 2006 by Project Finance magazine Current sources of finance to projects in Israel include:- In these credit crunch times Lenders have sought to extend the ability in facility agreements to pass increased costs of through to the borrower not only to the extent that they are attributable to a change in law or regulation, but also to the application of an existing law or regulation, e.g. to pass through increased costs associated with a deterioration in the borrower’s credit standing. Tenders for new Project Finance Deals have reduced from the previously typical 25 to 27 years to 7 to 12 years, which means that because these projects still broadly speaking, amortise at the same rate as a long term facility, leave a repayment at final maturity which the borrower must refinance35 . Grants from the government of Israel are available for major civil works. The Tel Aviv Light Railway project, a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) project will be built on a government grant of up to 80% of project cost. Successful bidders will have to undertake to engage with domestic industry for 30% of the value of the grant.36 Additional government support can be provided by way of tax breaks37 Non-Israeli government sources of Project Finance for projects in Israel include38 the 32 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTWAT/Resources/4602122-1213366294492/5106220- 1213366309673/6.4PrivateSectorPerspective_Trends_inDesalination_Market-WillWillersdorf.pdf 33 http://cals.arizona.edu/azwater/programs/conf2008/presentations/Michael_Tramer-June-2008.pdf 34 http://www.iflr1000.com/LegislationGuide/88/Public-private-partnerships-an-effective-model-for-project-financing.html 35 Article published on 25-Mar-2009, Charles Wood and Christopher McGee-Osborne of Denton Wilde Sapte LLP 36 http://www.tamas.gov.il/NR/exeres/85C96324-328D-40FC-9E8A-78B6CC5F6E7E.htm 37 http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/exeres/9DF4F491-E41C-406F-8903-894F11A502E0.htm 38 http://www.infoexport.gc.ca/eng/document.jsp?did=38474 © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 16
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1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 World Bank Group: Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency & European Investment Bank Israel is a pro-creditor jurisdiction39 and allows lenders to protect themselves properly against insolvency by the taking of adequate security and through set-off mechanisms (although the Israeli Supreme Court has not looked favourably upon unregistered security mechanisms, such as set-off, which purportedly grant a creditor security over other secured creditors). The Israeli legal system permits lenders to take both fixed and floating security over all of a borrower's assets. Perfection and registration of security is fairly routine, with security being protected by a public filing. There is a reasonably high degree of certainty relating to issues such as priority, preferences and the scope of remedies available upon an enforcement of security. However, the SPV can only grant security over assets that it owns and typically, the government will retain ownership of the site upon which a project is developed, providing the SPV with rights of use only. The main assets that can be pledged, therefore, are usually restricted to the SPV's rights under the main concession contract as well as the SPV's rights and interest in the revenue stream of the project and its bank accounts. Financial Statements Please refer to the references below which set out the financial statements of the Ashkelon Holding Company40 III Risk Analysis PPP projects are generally structured on a project basis requiring all parties to share the risks of the project.41 These risks are spread between the various parties; each risk is usually assumed by the party that can most efficiently control or handle it. Project risk-sharing is necessary since the sponsor, a joint venture of one sort or another, will possess a limited worth substantially less than the aggregate net worth of the equity parties. The Ashkelon Project's contractual structure 42 has been designed with a view to allocating the different risks to those parties that are the most qualified to manage and control them. The Laws of Israel are the Governing Law which applies to all contracts. 39 Israel comes of age was written by Paul Rubenstein, advocate at Herzog Fox & Neeman, Tel Aviv -http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/default.asp? Page=20&PubID=157&ISS=10987&SID=434296&SM=ALL&SearchStr=israel&itemCount=4 40 http://www.fibi.co.il/STORAGE/FIBI/files/0/4530.pdf?FileCode=Financial_Statements_20033 http://www.fibi.co.il/STORAGE/FIBI/files/4/1584.pdf?FileCode=Financial_Statements_2001 41 http://www.iflr1000.com/LegislationGuide/88/Public-private-partnerships-an-effective-model-for-project-financing.html 42 http://www.ide-tech.com/News_item.asp?iid=5850&pid=1600&ppid=1489&z=4&p=1 © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 17
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1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 Save as not addressed above one can evaluate the subsequent risks upon the following basis 1. Sponsor risk For the Proposed Ashdod Project these are: - 2. Pre-completion risk An illustration of the spread of Development & Construction Risks as between can be observed from those ascribed in the Ashdod Desalination Plant Project43 SPC : O&M Contractor : EPC Contractor : WDA 43 http://www.mekorot.co.il/Eng/ProfessionalServices/MekorotDevelopmentEnterprise/Documents/Ashdod%20Conference %20Presentation2.pdf © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 18
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1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 An illustration of the content agreements entered into by the Government of Israel, (“GOI”), can be found in the Professional Services Agreement 44 that relates to the monitoring of Railway Projects 3 Completion risk The construction period for the Ashkelon Project was estimated at 3 years,45 however it was completed in 30 months. 4 Technology risk This is perhaps one of the less riskier elements for any party to a project in Israel. According to the IMD World Competitive Yearbook for 2007, Israel was ranked out of the 125 countries surveyed coming 1st Total Expenditure on R&D as a % of GDP & Availability of qualified engineers 2nd Information Technology Skills 3rd Flexibility & adaptability of the workforce 4th Higher education achievements In December 2006, Augusto Lopez-Claros, Chief Economist, World Economic Forum, December 2006, said that “Israel does spectacularly well on those indicators 44 http://www.mof.gov.il/Tools/tenders/Documents/ בקרה%20על%20תקציב%20פיתוח%20של%20רכבת%20ישראל /AGREEMENT %20-%20%20MONITORING%20RAILWAYS%20PROJECTS.pdf 45 http://ppp.mof.gov.il/Mof/PPP/MofPPPTopNavEnglish/MofPPPProjectsEnglish/PPPProjectsListEng/MitkaneiAtpalatMaim/A shkelonWater/ © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 19
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1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 that capture technology innovation, education, human capital and this accounts for the very rapid movement of the Israeli Economy .” The WEF ranked Israel as 1st Availability of scientists & engineers 3rd Technological readiness 4th Quality of research organisations According NASDAQ in 2007 Israel had 70 companies listed as opposed to 60+ from Canada and under 20 from the UK Israel is credited with breakthroughs that led to o Intel’s Centrino and Pentium 4 microprocessors o IP Telephony invented by founders of Vocal Tec o AOL Instant Messenger ICQ o Zip compression technology 5 Input or Supply risk The principal input elements are: - - sea water, which hold no impediment to its availability and - energy in the form of natural gas, which comes from Egypt, with who Israel has been at peace with for over 30 years 6. Operating Risk The contract period, including construction period: 24 years and 11 months Mode of payment schedule to the awardees46 i) Regular, fixed payments starting from the date of completion of construction. ii) Variable payments, according to the actual quantity of water purchased by the State. An illustration of the spread of Development & Construction Risks as between can be observed from those ascribed in the Ashdod Desalination Plant Project47 46 http://ppp.mof.gov.il/Mof/PPP/MofPPPTopNavEnglish/MofPPPProjectsEnglish/PPPProjectsListEng/MitkaneiAtpalatMaim/A shkelonWater/ModeofPayment.htm 47 http://www.mekorot.co.il/Eng/ProfessionalServices/MekorotDevelopmentEnterprise/Documents/Ashdod%20Conference %20Presentation2.pdf © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 20
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1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 7. Off take and Sales risk The (Ashkelon) Project consists of the financing, design, construction, operation and transfer of a seawater desalination facility with guaranteed production capability of 100 Mm3/year for a term of 25 years. The facility which started operating in August 2005, achieved an initial water price of US¢ 52.7/m3, one of the lowest prices ever offered in a BOT project for seawater desalination. 48 Inflation and Foreign Exchange Risk Most Israeli projects involve the use of Shekel denominated loans49 to match the financing with revenue streams. Legal issues worthy of particular note in a Shekel denominated loan are as follows: a) Inflation Given the hyperinflationary environment of the 1980's, Shekel loans are always linked on a monthly basis to the Israeli CPI. This trait adds a layer of complexity to the basic credit agreement, which is not usually present in foreign currency denominated loans. The inflation 48 http://www.ide-tech.com/News_item.asp?iid=5850&pid=1600&ppid=1489&z=4&p=1 49 Israel comes of age was written by Paul Rubenstein, advocate at Herzog Fox & Neeman, Tel Aviv - http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/default.asp? Page=20&PubID=157&ISS=10987&SID=434296&SM=ALL&SearchStr=israel&itemCount=4 © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 21
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1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 factor can also play a significant role in determining the level of outstanding debt under an inter-creditor agreement, where some creditors lend in Shekels and others in foreign currency. b) Interest rate Israeli banks have been able to offer fixed rate funding based on base rates derived from an average of long term Israeli government bonds. However, interest rates are usually fixed upon the date of each successive drawdown under the credit agreement, leaving a number of tranches with different interest rates which need to be averaged out at the end of the drawdown period. This has given Israeli lawyers reason to develop specialised loan documentation. c) Market disruption and increased costs provisions Standard provisions dealing with these matters in a syndicated loan will almost certainly need to be adapted in the context of a Shekel loan, given the different loan maturities and bases upon which interest rates are set. 10. Political risk Israel had a GDP: $161.8b (2007) from a population of 7.0 million, in an area of 22,000 sq km, (a size smaller, than the Kruger National Park) It is a stable Parliamentary Democracy, governed by the rule of law both of whom are answerable to the intense scrutiny of its free press and vocal & critical public. Israel is an attractive place in which to do business. In 2008 the World Economic Forum, (“WEF”), Israel was placed just behind Taiwan in 18th place in the world in the Networked Readiness Index50 , (NRI) for variables capturing government readiness and use, such as government procurement of ICT, government R&D subsidies, government ICT vision, success in ICT promotion, ICT productivity and the pervasiveness of ICT use.[[ The United Kingdom held position 12]] Israel has by far the highest number of engineers per capita in the world—140 per 10,000 employees, more than twice the level of the United States and Japan, the second and third ranking countries in the list. In interpersonal relations Israel is a relaxed environment. Indeed, senior managers in top Israeli companies in the high-tech sector will often refer to their strong preference for original thinkers, who will not hesitate to tell their bosses how wrong they are, and why a particular alternative approach will be better. Conformity with and awe of one’s supervisors is neither encouraged, nor in keeping with the culture of independent thinking and active intellectual dissent. 50 http://www.investinisrael.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/61BD95A0-898B-4F48-A795-5886B1C4F08C/0/israelcompleteweb.pdf © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 22
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1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 IV Conclusions Israeli government policy is to expand the country’s physical infrastructure, and thereby facilitate economic growth. The government budget infrastructure investment in 2003 was NIS 1b. The 5-year plan was to increase that budget by NIS 1b annually. It was recognized that51 :- - State funding alone would not provide that budgeted expenditure - Private sector involvement would provide for o continuity of stakeholder involvement through all project stages, o provision of higher quality service to end users, o a mechanism for importing expertise, o reducing the level of direct governmental involvement in the economy. Lessons were learnt from a number of Project Finance schemes in Israel Project Finance was used in Israel in The Cross Israel Highway Project This was a (30) year BOT concession contract, wherein the highway was Operated & Managed by a special purpose state-owned company known as Cross Israel Highway Ltd. ("CIHL") it was an important milestone in the development of project fiancé in Israel due to the ability to reach financial closure on $850m with an international consortia of sponsors and lenders. It was considered that appropriate risk allocation between the government, the concessionaire and the lenders significant main feature of the concession agreement. Two of the main governmental commitments are the provision of a partial revenue guarantee and incorporation of a mechanism for adjusting the toll rate in accordance with the actual financing costs. The CIH, as the first major PPP project in Israel, was a learning process for all parties and serves as a benchmark for future projects in Israel. The CIH project was named by “Project Finance International” magazine as its 1999 Infrastructure Deal of the Year for Europe, Middle East and Africa. The Red Line BOT Project In many ways, the $1.5 billion Tel-Aviv light rail project (the Red Line), is the largest and most ambitious transportation project Israel has seen to date. It will cross 50 intersections & provide capacity of up to 10,000. The Red Line project will be implemented as a 32 year BOT concession to finance, design, construct, operate and maintain the Red Line, and to transfer it to the State upon termination of the 51 http://www.s-t.org.il/files/documents/Issue_03_Neta_BOT_and_PFI_projects.pdf © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 23
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1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 concession contract. To facilitate implementation a special purpose government company, was established in 1997, called NTA. Several mechanisms have been established in order to attract the private sector and to facilitate and promote financial closing including: - a revenue risk sharing mechanism, - investment grant milestone payments, - payment of the investment grant in foreign currencies, - an adjustment mechanism in accordance with the actual financing costs, - a mechanism to mitigate the impact of terrorist and/or political matters on the concessionaire and for dealing with unexpected geotechnical conditions. In 2004 the range of other projects, financed under the project finance module included - Desalination plants x 5 - Roads & Tunnels x5 - Prison x 1 The government of Israel recognizes and seeks the benefits of mutually beneficial partnerships between the public and the private sectors. This progressive governmental attitude and the experience gained from the above-mentioned projects make Israel an attractive opportunity for the global Project Finance Industry. Israel is a suitable and friendly environment, which has proven itself conducive to the development of both large- and medium-scale infrastructure projects. This has already resulted in the implementation of several large-scale projects52 An aerial view of the Ashkelon Project which came into full capacity production in 2007 52 In March 2000, in Project Finance Magazine an article entitled -Israel comes of age was written by Paul Rubenstein, advocate at Herzog Fox & Neeman, Tel Aviv -http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/default.asp? Page=20&PubID=157&ISS=10987&SID=434296&SM=ALL&SearchStr=israel&itemCount=4 © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 24
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1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 Annex I - Project Milestone Dates for the Ashkelon Project. © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 25
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1ICP7A1 Word Count – 4,933, plus references & Annex. Submitted on 14-Apr-09 Jul-2000 Issuance of the Tender Documents, except for Tender Document D (the Agreement) 27-Sep-00 Issuance of the Agreement 21-Nov-00 Pre-Qualification Submissions 21-Dec-00 Announcement of Pre-Qualified Bidders 25-Feb-01 Issuance of Amended Agreement 01-May-01 First Bid Submission 15-Aug-01 Second Bid Submission 03-Sep-01 Best and Final Offer and Award of the Project to the Consortium 25-Nov-01 Signature Date (execution of the Agreement for 50MCM/y); Dec-2001 Selection of Arranger Feb-Apr-02 Negotiations between VID and WDA for additional 50MCM/year 28-Apr-02 Signature of Agreement for additional 50 MCM/year 31-Oct-02 Effective Date (beginning of the 25 years Contractual Term) 22-Jan-03 Financial Close 22-Apr-03 Construction started & Issuance of Notice to Proceed Aug-Sep-05 Completion Date of Sub-Phase 1 (50 Mm3/year) Nov– Dec-05 Completion Date of Sub-Phase 2 (100 Mm3/year) Dec-05 Full capacity production Mar-06 Desalination plant of the year award Oct-06 First 100 million m3 produced Oct-2027 Term of Agreement (24 years and 11 months from Effective Date) © Howard Brown Student reference number W11572970 26
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