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Stepping  Stones:
               Ge#ng  to  enhancement  by  focusing  on  disease




                                                    Mikhail  G.  Shapiro,  PhD
                                                                H+  Summit  2010
©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
Brain-­‐machine  interfaces
                                   Brain  reading  and  uploading
                                        Enhanced  learning
                                    Greater  cogniEve  abiliEes
                                     Greater  sensory  powers


                            Need  for  mulEple  technology  breakthrougs
                            High  performance  requirements
                            High  safety  requirements
                            Long  and  expensive  investment  proposiEon




©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
Brain-­‐machine  interfaces
                                           Brain  reading  and  uploading
                                                Enhanced  learning
                                            Greater  cogniEve  abiliEes
                                             Greater  sensory  powers
      Schizophrenia

                    Spinal  Cord  Injury

                                                   Alzheimer’s        Depression
                      Blindness

                                                                    Deafness
                                                Epilepsy

                                                      Parkinson’s




©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
Brain-­‐machine  interfaces




                                  Locked  in  syndrome

                                          ALS


                                   Spinal  Cord  Injury


©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro   John  Donoghue  et  al,  Brown  University
‘mouse’



          array



©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro             Serruya  et  al,  Nature  (2001)
©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro   Hockberg  et  al,  Nature  (2006)
Reliability                   Speed,  Low  effort        Natural  feeling             Super-­‐enablement

                         2D  cursor  &  click          Wheelchair  control       Invisible  electronics
Must  Deliver




                         Unaended  operaEon           Basic  limb  control      Fine  limb  control  (eg  
                                                                                 digits)
                                                       MulE-­‐dimensional  
                                                       device  control




                                                                                                                           Healthy  people
                         Very  late-­‐stage  ALS,                                      Low  quad,  
                         Locked-­‐in                                                   Paraplegia,  
Market




                                                         ALS,  High  Quad
                                                           Tens  of  thousands
                                                                                       Amputees
                         Hundreds  to  few  thousand
                                                                                  Hundreds  of  thousands
                                                                                                                                   millions
CompeMng  Technologies




                                                       Voice         EMG
                          EMG            TAP


                                                                                 JoysMck
                                                             Tongue,  
                                                                                                 EMG,  PNS
                                                          sip&puff,  etc.
                          EEG          NIRS

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
Brain  Reading  and  Uploading




                                          Parkinson’s

                                           Epilepsy


                                     Rare  GeneEc  Diseases

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
[ ]

©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
InspiraEon:  Hemoglobin  in  fMRI




                                          Heeger,  Ress.  Nat.  Rev.  Neurosci  (2002)
©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
HOH                  Ligand




                            Fe3+




                             Dopamine
        HOH




                        Fe3+

                                        Shapiro  MG  et  al.,  Nature  Biotechnology  (2010)
©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro               Alan  Jasanoff,  Frances  Arnold,  Robert  Langer,  Gil  Westmeyer
Adrenoleukodystrophy




©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro                          Car$er  N  et  al.,  Science  (2009)
Rare  GeneEc  Diseases

                                        Parkinson’s

                                                      Schizophrenia




                                                       Epilepsy




©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
Enhanced  learning




                               Alzheimer’s

                            Learning  disability

                                  Stroke



©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro   Williams  and  Eskandar.,  Nature  Neuroscience  (2006)
Greater  sensory  powers




                                      Deafness

                                      Blindness




©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
Blindness                                           Deafness




©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro      Boyden  ES,  et  al.  Nature  Neuroscience  (2005)   Bi  et  al.  Neuron  (2005)
Success  factors  for  commercial  clinical  venture  


       •  Addresses  a  disease  not  well  served  by  exisEng  technology

       •  High-­‐quality  science  demonstraEng  key  scienEfic  principles

       •  Technology  is  a  good  fit  for  the  problem  at  hand

       •  Big  clinical  market  either  iniEally  or  clear  path  to  one

       •  Ability  to  get  to  clinical  trials  within  1-­‐2  years,  market  3-­‐5  years

       •  The  usual:  best  people,  strong  backing,  great  management



©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
Brain-­‐machine  interfaces
                                           Brain  reading  and  uploading
                                                Enhanced  learning
                                            Greater  cogniEve  abiliEes
                                             Greater  sensory  powers
      Schizophrenia

                    Spinal  Cord  Injury

                                                   Alzheimer’s        Depression
                      Blindness

                                                                    Deafness
                                                Epilepsy

                                                      Parkinson’s




©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
Thank  You




                            mikhail@thirdrockventures.com
©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro

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Stepping Stones - Mikhail Shapiro - H+ Summit @ Harvard

  • 1. Stepping  Stones: Ge#ng  to  enhancement  by  focusing  on  disease Mikhail  G.  Shapiro,  PhD H+  Summit  2010 ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 2. Brain-­‐machine  interfaces Brain  reading  and  uploading Enhanced  learning Greater  cogniEve  abiliEes Greater  sensory  powers Need  for  mulEple  technology  breakthrougs High  performance  requirements High  safety  requirements Long  and  expensive  investment  proposiEon ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 3. Brain-­‐machine  interfaces Brain  reading  and  uploading Enhanced  learning Greater  cogniEve  abiliEes Greater  sensory  powers Schizophrenia Spinal  Cord  Injury Alzheimer’s Depression Blindness Deafness Epilepsy Parkinson’s ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 4. Brain-­‐machine  interfaces Locked  in  syndrome ALS Spinal  Cord  Injury ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 5. ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro John  Donoghue  et  al,  Brown  University
  • 6. ‘mouse’ array ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro Serruya  et  al,  Nature  (2001)
  • 7. ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro Hockberg  et  al,  Nature  (2006)
  • 8. Reliability Speed,  Low  effort Natural  feeling Super-­‐enablement 2D  cursor  &  click Wheelchair  control   Invisible  electronics Must  Deliver Unaended  operaEon Basic  limb  control Fine  limb  control  (eg   digits) MulE-­‐dimensional   device  control Healthy  people Very  late-­‐stage  ALS,   Low  quad,   Locked-­‐in Paraplegia,   Market ALS,  High  Quad Tens  of  thousands Amputees Hundreds  to  few  thousand Hundreds  of  thousands millions CompeMng  Technologies Voice EMG EMG TAP JoysMck Tongue,   EMG,  PNS sip&puff,  etc. EEG NIRS ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 9. Brain  Reading  and  Uploading Parkinson’s Epilepsy Rare  GeneEc  Diseases ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 10. [ ] ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 11. InspiraEon:  Hemoglobin  in  fMRI Heeger,  Ress.  Nat.  Rev.  Neurosci  (2002) ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 12. HOH Ligand Fe3+ Dopamine HOH Fe3+ Shapiro  MG  et  al.,  Nature  Biotechnology  (2010) ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro Alan  Jasanoff,  Frances  Arnold,  Robert  Langer,  Gil  Westmeyer
  • 13. Adrenoleukodystrophy ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro Car$er  N  et  al.,  Science  (2009)
  • 14. Rare  GeneEc  Diseases Parkinson’s Schizophrenia Epilepsy ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 15. Enhanced  learning Alzheimer’s Learning  disability Stroke ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 16. ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro Williams  and  Eskandar.,  Nature  Neuroscience  (2006)
  • 17. Greater  sensory  powers Deafness Blindness ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 18. Blindness Deafness ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro Boyden  ES,  et  al.  Nature  Neuroscience  (2005) Bi  et  al.  Neuron  (2005)
  • 19. Success  factors  for  commercial  clinical  venture   •  Addresses  a  disease  not  well  served  by  exisEng  technology •  High-­‐quality  science  demonstraEng  key  scienEfic  principles •  Technology  is  a  good  fit  for  the  problem  at  hand •  Big  clinical  market  either  iniEally  or  clear  path  to  one •  Ability  to  get  to  clinical  trials  within  1-­‐2  years,  market  3-­‐5  years •  The  usual:  best  people,  strong  backing,  great  management ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 20. Brain-­‐machine  interfaces Brain  reading  and  uploading Enhanced  learning Greater  cogniEve  abiliEes Greater  sensory  powers Schizophrenia Spinal  Cord  Injury Alzheimer’s Depression Blindness Deafness Epilepsy Parkinson’s ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro
  • 21. Thank  You mikhail@thirdrockventures.com ©  2010  Mikhail  Shapiro