1. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN IN –
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET)
ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print)
ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online)
Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October 2013, pp. 195-202
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.asp
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IJARET
©IAEME
A STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS
OF A COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE USING METHYL ESTER OF
SIMAROUBA AND JATROPHA AT DIFFERENT INJECTION PRESSURES
Sharun Mendonca1, John Paul Vas1
1
(Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, St. Joseph Engineering College,
Vamanjoor, Mangalore, Karnataka, India-575028)
ABSTRACT
Environmental concerns and limited amount of petroleum fuels have caused interests in the
development of alternative fuels for internal combustion (IC) engines. As an alternative,
biodegradable, and renewable fuel, ethanol is receiving increasing attention. Efforts are being made
throughout the World to reduce the consumption of liquid petroleum fuels wherever is possible.
Biodiesel is recently gaining prominence as a substitute for petroleum based diesel mainly due to
environmental considerations and depletion of vital resources like petroleum and coal. According to
Indian scenario, the demand for petroleum diesel is increasing day by day hence there is a need to
find out an appropriate solution. Under Indian condition only such plants can be considered for bio
diesel, which produce non edible oil in appreciable quantity and can be grown in large scale on non
cropped marginal lands and waste lands. However, the current utilization of non-edible oilseeds is
very low .Bio-diesel has become more attractive recently because of the fact that it is made from
renewable resources.
In the present work, biodiesel has been prepared from edible and non edible oils. As in India
the non-edible oil like simarouba glauca and Jatropha oil are available in abundance, which can be
converted to biodiesel. The performance and emission characteristics of simarouba oil and Jatropha
oil at 20% blend with diesel have been studied. Tests were carried out for analyzing various
parameters such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), emission of CO, HC
and NOx gases in exhaust. S20 is more suitable biodiesel compare to J20.
Keywords: simarouba, Jatropha, injection pressure, viscosity, BTE, BSFC, emission
1. INTRODUCTION
Efforts are being made throughout the World to reduce the consumption of liquid petroleum
fuels wherever is possible. Two general approaches are in use. First is to switch over the energy
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2. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME
consumption devices on alternative energy source which are either abundant or are reproducible. The
second is to enhance the efficiency of combustion devices. Recently, there has been a growing
concern about the increasing air pollution caused by the combustion of petro diesel. In addition,
depleting resources of conventional fuels has caused an increase in its price. Biodiesel is a renewable
fuel which is produced from non-edible oil through a chemical process and can be used as either
direct substitute, extender or as an additive to fossil diesel fuel in compression ignition engines. The
most promising feature of biodiesel is that it can be utilized in existing design of diesel engine with
no or very little modifications. It has a proven performance for air pollution reduction. Biodiesel is
typically produced through the reaction of non-edible oil with methanol or ethanol in the presence of
catalyst to yield glycerol as major by product [1] (biodiesel chemically called methyl or ethyl ester).
However, the price of biodiesel is presently more as compared to petro diesel [2]. Higher cost of
biodiesel is primarily due to the raw material cost [3].
1.1 Jatropha oil
Jatropha Curcas is commonly found in most of the tropical and subtropical regions of the
world. The oil content of Jatropha seed ranges from 30 to 35 % by weight. The fatty acid
composition of Jatropha oil [4] consists of myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, oleic and linoleic
acids. After extraction of oil from seed the detoxification of the seed cake is necessary so that the
seed cake can be used as cattle feed. Economic development in India has led to huge increases in
energy demand, which in-turn has encouraged development of the Jatropha cultivation and Biodiesel
production system.
1.2 Simarouba oil
The Simarouba tree is a multipurpose tree, capable of growing on degraded soils. It can adapt
to a wide range of temperatures (30–450C) and altitudes (up to 1000 m above sea level). This tree has
got a potential to produce 2000–2500 kg oil/ha/year. The botanical name of paradise oil is simarouba
glauca. Paradise oil, like Jatropha oil, is arousing great enthusiasm for its use in producing bio-diesel.
The oil contains about 63% unsaturated fatty acids. This evergreen tree can check soil erosion and
helps in wasteland reclamation. As a long-term strategy, cultivation of paradise tree is advocated in
the abundantly available marginal lands/wastelands, to overcome oil shortage and its implementation
is economically viable and ecologically sustainable.
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
To study the Performance parameters like thermal efficiency, BSFC and emission
characteristics like CO, HC, and NOx at different injection pressures 200 bar, 250 bar and 300 bar
evaluated.
2.1 Properties of fuel
Properties
Diesel Simarouba (S100) S20 Jatropha(J100)
J20
3
Density in kg/m
840
867
845.4
883.8
848.76
Cetane number
50
52
51
51
50
Calorific value in KJ/Kg 43000
39800
42360
39400
42280
Flash point 0C
55
165
70
120
68
0
Viscosity at 40 C in cst 2.7-5
4.8
3.4
6.2
3.64
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3. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME
3. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP, PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATION
The samples are prepared by using the 1000 ml measuring jar and a 10 ml graduated test
tube.
Fig.3.1 shows the schematic diagram of the complete experimental setup for determining the
effects of simarouba oil as bio diesel fuel additives on the performance and emission characteristics
of compression ignition engine. It consists of a single cylinder four stroke water cooled compression
ignition engine connected to an eddy current dynamometer. It is provided with temperature sensors
for the measurement of jacket water, calorimeter water, and calorimeter exhaust gas inlet and outlet
temperature. It is also provided with pressure sensors for the measurement of combustion gas
pressure and fuel injection pressure. An encoder is fixed for crank angle record. The signals from
these sensors are interfaced with a computer to an engine indicator to display P-Ө, P-V and fuel
injection pressure versus crank angle plots. The provision is also made for the measurement of
volumetric fuel flow. The built in program in the system calculates indicated power, brake power,
thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency and heat balance. The software package is fully
configurable and averaged P-Ө diagram, P-V plot and liquid fuel injection pressure diagram can be
obtained for various operating conditions.
Fig. 3.1 Schematic Diagram of the Experimental Set-up
PT
PTF
FI
FP
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Combustion Chamber Pressure Sensor
Fuel Injection Pressure Sensor
Fuel Injector
Fuel Pump
Jacket Water Inlet Temperature
Jacket Water Outlet Temperature
Inlet Water Temperature at Calorimeter
Outlet Water Temperature at Calorimeter
Exhaust Gas Temperature before Calorimeter
Exhaust Gas Temperature after Calorimeter
197
F1 Liquid fuel flow rate
F2 Air Flow Rate
F3 Jacket water flow rate
F4 Calorimeter water flow rate
LC Load Cell
CA Crank Angle Encoder
EGC Exhaust Gas Calorimeter

4. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME
SL.NO
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Engine Parameters
Machine supplier
Engine Type
Number of cylinders
Number of strokes
Rated power
Bore
Stroke
Cubic Capacity
Compression ratio
Rated Speed
Dynamometer
Type of cooling
Fuel injection Pressure
Fuel
Load Measurement
Speed Measurement
Temperature Indicator
Cylinder Pressure Measurement
Specification
INLAB Equipments. Bangalore.
TV1(Kirloskar, Four Stroke)
Single Cylinder
Four-Stroke
5.2KW (7 HP) @1500RPM
87.5mm
110mm
661cc
17.5:1
1500 RPM
Eddy Current dynamometer, make SAJ
Water cooling
200 bar
Diesel
Strain gauge load cell
Rotary encoder
Digital, PT-100 type temperature sensor
Piezo-Sensor, range 2000 Psi, make PCB
USA
Fuel
Injection
Pressure Piezo Sensor, range 5000 Psi, make PCB
Measurement
USA
Water flow Measurement
Rota meter
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Performance characteristics
CR 17.5, 250
BAR, 20.50BTDC
30
25
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
20
DIESEL
BTE,%
BTE, %
CR 17.5,200
BAR, 20.50BTDC
15
DIESEL
10
S20
S20
5
J20
J20
0
6.5
13
19.5
26
Load,N-m
Load, N-m
Figure 4.1 Brake thermal efficiency v/s
load, CR 17.5, 200 bar, Std 20.50
Figure 4.2 Brake thermal efficiency v/s
load, CR17.5, 250 bar, std 20.50
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5. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME
CR 17.5, 300
BAR, 20.50BTDC
CR 17.5,200
BAR, 20.50BTDC
30
BSFC,Kg/KW-hr
25
BTE,%
20
15
DIESEL
10
S20
5
J20
26
19.5
13
6.5
0
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
DIESEL
S20
J20
6.5
Load,N-m
Load,N-m
Figure 4.3 Brake thermal efficiency v/s
Load, CR 17.5, 300 bar, std 20.50
Figure 4.4 brake specific fuel consumption
v/s load, CR17.5, 200 bar, std 20.50
CR 17.5, 250
BAR, 20.50BTDC
0.7
17.5, 300
BAR, 20.50BTDC
BSFC,Kg/KW-hr
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.5
0.4
0.3
DIESEL
DIESEL
0.2
S20
S20
0.1
J20
J20
26
19.5
13
0
6.5
BSFC,Kg/KW-hr
13 19.5 26
6.5
Load,N-m
13
19.5
26
Load,N-m
Figure 4.5 Brake specific fuel consumption
v/s load, CR 17.5, 250 bar, Std 20.50
Figure 4.6 BSFC v/s load, CR 17.5
300 bar, std 20.50
4.1.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)
The brake thermal efficiency of S20 is decreases about 6% and J20 decreases by about 12.5%
compare to diesel at IP200 bar, IT 20.50BTDC. The reason for this is poor atomization of biodiesel
due to higher viscosity. In all injection pressure BTE of biodiesel is decreased. S20 as better BTE
compare to J20.
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6. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME
4.1.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)
The BSFC of S20 is increased about 8.2% and J20 increased about 15.8% compare to diesel.
The reason for this is lower calorific value of biodiesel. S20 has 11% less BSFC compare to J20.
4.2 Emission Characteristics
The CO emission is reduced about 42% for S20 and 29% for J20 compare to diesel. This is
due to better combustion and availability of oxygen present in the biodiesel. The HC emission is
reduced about 36% for S20 and 20% for J20 compare to diesel. This is due to proper mixing of airfuel and availability of oxygen present in the biodiesel. The NOX emission is increased by 31% in
S20 and 38% in J20 compare to diesel. This is due to higher temperature and availability of oxygen.
CONCLUSION
In this paper S20 and J20 is tested at different injection pressures and found that, while using
S20 and J20 the BTE is decreased and BSFC is increased. The CO and HC emission is considerably
decreased compare to diesel while NOX emission is increased slightly.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Tumkur for providing
engine test rig for experiment.
CR 17.5, 250
40 BAR, 20.50BTDC
CO, PPM
35
30
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
DIESEL
S20
25
20
DIESEL
15
10
S20
5
J20
J20
13
19.5
26
0
6.5
CO, PPM
CR 17.5, 200
BAR, 20.50BTDC
6.5
Load,N-m
13
19.5
26
Load,N-m
Figure 4.7 Carbon monoxide v/s load,
CR 17.5, 200 bar, Std 20.50
Figure 4.8 CO v/s load, CR 17.5, 250 bar,
std 20.50
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7. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME
CR 17.5, 300
BAR, 20.50BTDC
CR 17.5, 200
BAR, 20.50BTDC
10
80
8
60
HC,PPM
12
100
CO, PPM
120
DIESEL
40
6
DIESEL
4
S20
S20
20
2
J20
J20
6.5
13
19.5
26
0
6.5
13
19.5
26
0
Load, N-m
Load,N-m
Figure 4.9 CO v/s load, CR 17.5, 300 bar
Std 20.50
Figure 4.10 HC v/s load, CR 17.5, 200 bar
std 20.50
CR 17.5, 300
BAR, 20.50BTDC
6
DIESEL
4
S20
2
J20
S20
J20
6.5
26
19.5
13
6.5
0
DIESEL
Load,N-m
26
8
HC, PPM
HC, PPM
10
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
19.5
12
13
CR 17.5, 250
BAR, 20.50BTDC
Load,N-m
Figure 4.11 HC v/s load, CR 17.5, 250 bar
Std 20.50
Figure 4.12 HC v/s load, CR 17.5, 300 bar
std 20.50
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8. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME
CR 17.5, 200
BAR, 20.50BTDC
CR 17.5, 250
BAR, 20.50BTDC
150
100
NOX, PPM
200
150
NOX, PPM
200
DIESEL
S20
50
100
DIESEL
S20
50
J20
J20
0
0
6.5 19.5
6.5 13 19.5 26
Load,N-m
Load,N-m
Figure 4.13 NOX v/s load, CR 17.5,
200 bar, std 20.50
Figure 4.14 NOX v/s load, CR 17.5,
250 bar, std 20.50
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