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20120140506006
1.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 34-39 © IAEME 34 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF NBR-PVC MIXTURE AFTER IMMERSION IN DIFFERENT MEDIA Mohammed H. Al-Maamori1 , Ali I. Al-Mosawi2 , Haider A. Yasser3 1, 3 College of Engineering Materials, Babylon University, IRAQ 2 Free Consultation, Babylon, Hilla, IRAQ ABSTRACT Polymer blends are capable of providing materials with extended useful properties beyond the range that can be obtained from single polymer equivalents. Effect of immersion in oil and water on hardness of Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) Blends reinforced by (30, 50 and 70%) PVC were studied in this paper. The results from this work show that the strength will impairment after immersion in oil and water as a result of the penetration of the oil and water molecules within NBR- PVC blend, which increase the extending between the main chains and cause the weakening in secondary forces of (vander walls) and crosslink so that the Brownian motion of molecular chains will increases Which leads to a decrease in hardness. Keywords: NBR-PVC Blend, Immersion Media, Hardness. 1. INTRODUCTION Blending, grafting and copolymerization are commonly used to increase the ductility and toughness of brittle polymers or to increase the stiffness of rubbery polymers. A blend is a mixture of two or more polymers. A graft is where long side chains of a second polymer are chemically attached to the base polymer A copolymer is where chemical combination exists in the main chain between two polymers [A] j and [B],,. A copolymer can be a block copolymer [AAA...] [BB] or a random copolymer ABAABAB, the latter having no long sequences of A or B units (see Fig.1) [1]. Blending of NBR with other polymers is carried out to achieve any of the following advantages: enhanced ozone resistance, low temperature flexibility and ageing resistance, increased abrasion resistance and better swelling behavior [2]. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET) ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print) ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online) Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 34-39 © IAEME: http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.8273 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJARET © I A E M E
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. Many articles were devoted to studying the effect of different reasons on the compatibility, miscibility, morphology, and mechanical properties for the polymer blend [3]. Willis and Favis studied the processing and phase morphology relationship of compatibilized polylefin blends with the help of an ionomer compatibilizer [4]. They found that there is an abrupt increase in dispersion and interfacial adhesion and a decrease in particle of t reported to be due to specific interaction between nylon and the ionomer at the interface in the blend of polyethylene and nylon similarly [5]. Wycisk R,et.al prepared polymer blend from polyethylene and polystyrene, the samples of different molecular weight from polystyrene. They found the morphology of the blends changed where spherical domains of one component, dispersed in continuous matrix of the other, changed to a highly non homogeneous mixture of fibr components. This change in morphology depends on the composition and molecular weight of polystyrene [6]. Commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third and polypropylene. PVC is used in construction because it is more effective than traditional materials such as copper, iron or wood in pipe and profile applications[7]. It can be made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the most widely used being phthal used in clothing and upholstery, electrical cable insulation, inflatable products and many applications in which it replaces rubber [8]. NBR, also termed nitrile rubber, is an emulsion copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene. Acrylonitrile content varies from 18 to 50%. Unlike CR, polarity in NBR is introduced by copolymerization with the polar monomer, acrylonitrile, which imparts excellent fuel and oil resistance [9]. 2. EXPERIMENT PART The development of a new rubber composite material for applications that’s needs more resistance to liquids attack, requires many tests under the effect of temperature, and oils. The suitable recipe for these applications suggests processes to improve the provides laboratory samples of various recipes for testing the various kinds of recipes for study under the effect of addition of the suggested materials required a preparation of some reinforcement materials. Raw Material: Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). Reinforcement Material: Polyvinyl chloride ( The Batch No.1: The batch was prepared from Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) with addition of some of materials (such as zinc oxide, stearic acid, sulfur, Antioxidant, Carbon International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 34-39 © IAEME 35 Fig. 1: Polymer blend Many articles were devoted to studying the effect of different reasons on the compatibility, miscibility, morphology, and mechanical properties for the polymer blend [3]. Willis and Favis the processing and phase morphology relationship of compatibilized polylefin blends with the help of an ionomer compatibilizer [4]. They found that there is an abrupt increase in dispersion and interfacial adhesion and a decrease in particle of the dispersed nylon phase. This was reported to be due to specific interaction between nylon and the ionomer at the interface in the blend of polyethylene and nylon similarly [5]. Wycisk R,et.al prepared polymer blend from polyethylene and polystyrene, the samples of different molecular weight from polystyrene. They found the morphology of the blends changed where spherical domains of one component, dispersed in continuous matrix of the other, changed to a highly non homogeneous mixture of fibrous or cabbage-like macro- components. This change in morphology depends on the composition and molecular weight of Commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third-most widely produced plastic, after polyethylene PVC is used in construction because it is more effective than traditional materials such as copper, iron or wood in pipe and profile applications[7]. It can be made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the most widely used being phthalates. In this form, it is also used in clothing and upholstery, electrical cable insulation, inflatable products and many applications in which it replaces rubber [8]. NBR, also termed nitrile rubber, is an emulsion copolymer of . Acrylonitrile content varies from 18 to 50%. Unlike CR, polarity in NBR is introduced by copolymerization with the polar monomer, acrylonitrile, which imparts excellent The development of a new rubber composite material for applications that’s needs more resistance to liquids attack, requires many tests under the effect of temperature, and oils. The suitable recipe for these applications suggests processes to improve the provides laboratory samples of various recipes for testing the various kinds of recipes for study under the effect of addition of the suggested materials required a preparation of some reinforcement utadiene rubber (NBR). : Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The Batch No.1: The batch was prepared from Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) with addition of some of materials (such as zinc oxide, stearic acid, sulfur, Antioxidant, Carbon black.etc). International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – © IAEME Many articles were devoted to studying the effect of different reasons on the compatibility, miscibility, morphology, and mechanical properties for the polymer blend [3]. Willis and Favis the processing and phase morphology relationship of compatibilized polylefin-polyamide blends with the help of an ionomer compatibilizer [4]. They found that there is an abrupt increase in he dispersed nylon phase. This was reported to be due to specific interaction between nylon and the ionomer at the interface in the blend Wycisk R,et.al prepared polymer blend from polyethylene and polystyrene, there are three samples of different molecular weight from polystyrene. They found the morphology of the blends changed where spherical domains of one component, dispersed in continuous matrix of the other, -domains of both components. This change in morphology depends on the composition and molecular weight of most widely produced plastic, after polyethylene PVC is used in construction because it is more effective than traditional materials such as copper, iron or wood in pipe and profile applications[7]. It can be made softer and more ates. In this form, it is also used in clothing and upholstery, electrical cable insulation, inflatable products and many applications in which it replaces rubber [8]. NBR, also termed nitrile rubber, is an emulsion copolymer of . Acrylonitrile content varies from 18 to 50%. Unlike CR, polarity in NBR is introduced by copolymerization with the polar monomer, acrylonitrile, which imparts excellent The development of a new rubber composite material for applications that’s needs more resistance to liquids attack, requires many tests under the effect of temperature, and oils. The suitable recipe for these applications suggests processes to improve these parts and to provides laboratory samples of various recipes for testing the various kinds of recipes for study under the effect of addition of the suggested materials required a preparation of some reinforcement The Batch No.1: The batch was prepared from Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) with addition of black.etc).
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 34-39 © IAEME 36 The Batch No.2: For development of new kinds of rubber composite recipes which are suitable for application as shock absorbers or automobile supports and comparing them with the original sample, some modifications on batch were (No.1) carried out and the resultant batch is called batch (No.2), where Polyvinyl chloride PVC with as a weight percentages (30, 50 and 70)%wt. was added. Table.1: materials content in the master batch Materials content pphr % PVC 0 , 30 , 50 , 70 NBR 100 , 70 , 50 , 30 Carbon black 660 40 MBTS 0.7 Sulfur 1.5 Zinc oxide 3 Stearic acid 1 The batch is prepared by adding the materials accord to their order in Table.1 by using the laboratory mill as shown in Fig.2 and in stepwise with different mixing time according to Table.2. Table.2: steps of making recipe master batch Time MinDescriptionItem 5 Pass NBR between the two rolls mill several times with decreasing the distance between the two rolls to the extent of (0.5-1) mm at 70 c 1 5 Add sulfur follows by mixing for homogenization of the materials under room temperature 2 5Add of zinc oxide and repeat item23 5Add of stearic acid and repeat item24 8 Add DOP oil. which takes place by (1-5)ml per minute with repeating item2 5 5Add accelerator TMTD and repeat item26 5Add antioxidant and repeat item27 5Add of HMT and repeat item28 5The mixing process continues for more time in order to get a good homogenization and paste draw as plate with a thickness about 7-10 µm 9 Fig 2: Laboratory mill Immersion: PVC/NBR blend specimens were immersed in 80 ml engine oil and distilled water at room temperature then observed the changing Hardness of blend.
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 34-39 © IAEME 37 Samples: For preparing samples for hardness tests, the mould in the laboratories of Tires Company was used. The mould consists of three parts, the middle part in a dimension of (200×180×6.5mm) which contains four circular equivolume open with 6.5mm diameter and 35mm thickness while one of other two the parts on of is bottom base and the other is a cover for the purpose of samples thickness regulation .They have a dimension of (150×150×10mm) as shown in Fig .3. Fig. 3: Mould for testing hardness Equipment for Hardness Measurement: The International Hardness test is used in measurement of the penetration of rigid ball into the rubber specimen under specified conditions .The measured penetration is converted to the International Rubber Hardness Degrees (IRHD) as shown in Fig.4. The scale of degrees is so chosen that zero represents a material having elastic modulus equal to zero and 100 represents a material of infinite elastic modulus. Test was carried out according to ASTM D1415 specifications. Fig. 4: Equipment of hardness 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig.5 and Fig.6 shows the relation between the change hardness and PVC weight added to the main recipe after immersion in oil and water respectively. We see that, the blends is having weaker Hardness property than pure Polymer, where the Hardness will decrease with exponentially relation during the immersion period in the oil and water, because of the penetration of oil and water molecules which increase the extending between the main chains and cause the weakening in secondary forces of (vander walls) and crosslink so that the Brownian motion of molecular chains will increases and this results agrees with other workers [10].
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 34-39 © IAEME 38 Fig. 5: Change in Hardness weekly during immersion in oil At last the result is hardness decreasing. By increasing PVC content in NBR Hardness will decrease due to decreasing in Carbon black which presents in NBR that attracts Hydrocarbon and water molecules and cause changing in volume, and weight [11]. Fig. 6: Changing in Hardness weekly during immersion in distilled water 4. CONCLUSION This paper introduces a new study of PVC - Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) Blends .The hardness of pure polymer better than for blend, where the hardness of blends will decrease after immersion in oil and water and continue to decrease with the increase in the proportion of PVC additives to the rubber, as well as a decrease in hardness when immersion in oil greater than when immersion in water. REFERENCES [1] Berlin A. A., Volfson S. A., “Principle of Polymer Composite” Springer verlag, New York, 1986. [2] Chartes A., Handbook of plastics, Elastomers and composite, 4th Edition Mc GRAW-Hill ,2004. [3] Ibrahim Buthaina A., Kadum Karrer M., Influence of Polymer Blending on Mechanical and Thermal Properties, Modern Applied Science, 4(9), pp.157-161 ,2010 . [4] Robeson Lloyd M. " Polymer Blends: A Comprehensive Review ", Hanser. [5] Merfeld G.D., Paul D.R. "polymer blends: formulation", Vel1, John wileg and sons, Inc, USA, 2000. [6] Willis J. M., Favis B.D. "Processing-morphology relationships of compatibilized polyolefin/polyamide blends. Part I: The effect of an lonomer compatibilizer on blend
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 6, June (2014), pp. 34-39 © IAEME 39 morphology", Polymer Engineering & Science, 28(21), pp.1416-1426, 1988. [7] Barlow J. W. and Paul D. R. "Polymer blends and alloys—a review of selected considerations", Polymer Engineering & Science", 21(15), pp.985-996, 1981. [8] J.S. Park, J.W. Park, E. Ruckenstein, Thermal and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of PVA/MC Blend Hydrogels, Polymer, 42(9), pp.4271-4280, 2001. [9] Ali I.Al-Mosawi, Haider.K.Ammash, Ali.J. Salaman Properties of composite materials databook, 2nd edition, Lambert Academic Publishing LAP, 2012. [10] Dr. Utpal Kumar Niyogi, “Polymer Additives and Compounding: Additives for Rubbers”, Shri Ram Institute for Industrial Research, India, 2007. [11] Zhen Xiu Zhang, Chun Hua Chen, Xin Wen Gao, Jin Kuk Kim, Zhen Xiang Xin, "A study on the compatibility and physical properties of chlorinated polyethylene rubber/nitrile rubber blends", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 120(2), pp.1180-1185, 2011. [12] S.Shankar, Dr.H.K.Shivanand and Santhosh Kumar.S, “Experimental Evaluation of Flexural Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 504 - 510, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359. [13] Ahmed Thabet and Youssef A. Mobarak, “Experimental Study for Dielectric Strength of New Nanocomposite Polyethylene Industrial Materials”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 353 - 364, ISSN Print: 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. [14] R.Umamaheswarrao, T.Venkatasylaja and Dr. K N S Suman, “Improvement of Toughness and Stiffness of Biopolymer Blends using PCA Based Taguchi Approach”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 401 - 413, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359. [15] Siddhant Datta, B.M. Nagabhushana and R. Harikrishna, “A New Nano-Ceria Reinforced Epoxy Polymer Composite with Improved Mechanical Properties”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 248 - 256, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499.
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