Cued click point image based kerberos authentication protocol

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-
6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May – June (2013), © IAEME
560
CUED CLICK POINT IMAGE BASED KERBEROS
AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL
Pathan Mohd. Shafi1
, Dr Syed Abdul sattar2
, Dr. P. Chenna Reddy3
1
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering, Pune
2
Royal Institute of Technology and Science R. R. Dist.
3
JNTU College of Engineering, Pulivendula.
ABSTRACT
By enforcing access control mechanisms, secure environments protect their resources
against unauthorized access. When security is high priority issue, text based passwords are
not sufficient. The access provided with the help of only text password is not effective and
secure enough. The need for something more secure along with being user friendly is
required. The integration of cued click point (CCP) with the Kerberos authentication protocol
is a solution. The proposed work combines all the benefits of text based password
authentication system with CCP and the Kerberos authentication protocol. Administrator will
give the credential according to the need of the user. Kerberos credentials will give the proper
login to the system as well as application. User can access the designed system as well as
other applications.In this system a password consists of sequence of some images in which
user can select one click-point per image. In addition user will be asked to select a sound
signature. This sound signature will be used to help the user to signify that the login to the
system is successful or not.
Keywords: Authentication Server, Cued Click Point, Extensible Pre-Authentication, Key
Distribution Center, Service granting ticket, Single Sign On, Network LAN Manager
I. INTRODUCTION
The problems of knowledge-based authentication, typically text-based passwords, are
well known. Users often create memorable passwords that are easy for attackers to guess.
Strong system-assigned passwords are difficult for users to remember[1].
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ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print)
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Volume 4, Issue 3, May-June (2013), pp. 560-569
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A password authentication system should encourage strong passwords while
maintaining memorability[2]. We propose that authentication schemes allow user choice
while influencing users toward stronger passwords[3]. In our system, the task of selecting
weak passwords (which are easy for attackers to predict) is more tedious, discouraging users
from making such choices. In effect, this approach makes choosing a more secure password,
the path of least resistance. Rather than increasing the burden on users, it is easier to follow
the system’s suggestions for a secure Password a feature lacking in most schemes[4].
We applied this approach to create the click-based graphical password system, Cued
Click-Points (CCP). This systematic examination provides a comprehensive and integrated
evaluation of CCP covering both usability and security issues, to advance understanding as is
prudent before practical deployment of new security mechanisms.
Additional security in our paper is provided by Kerberos protocol which is a computer
network authentication protocol which works on the basis of "tickets" to allow nodes
communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure
manner. Its designers aimed primarily at a client–server model, and it provides mutual
authentication of both client and server. Kerberos protocol messages are protected
against eavesdropping and replay attacks[5].
II. RELATED WORK
Text passwords are the most popular user authentication method, but have security
and usability problems. Alternatives such as biometric systems and tokens have their own
drawbacks. Graphical passwords offer another alternative[6]. Passwords are plagued with
security and usability problems. Technical solutions such as imposing minimum password
requirements, and encryption and communication algorithms, for protecting passwords in
transit and storage, have not resolved the human factor problems with password based
authentication[7]. While alternative authentication mechanisms such as biometrics are widely
known, these have their own security, privacy, and usability problems that limit their use to
special applications.
AUTHENTICATION
Using Renaud's model, the authentication process can be described as three phases:
identification, authentication, and authorization. We classify authentication mechanisms
according to the following categories, primarily based on Renaud's model[8]:
Something you know (recall): Users must recall and correctly enter their secret to
authenticate themselves.
Something you recognize (recognition): The system provides cues and the user must
correctly recognize the secret.
Something you are (static biometrics): Biometrics measure some unique physical
characteristic of the user. These are more difficult to forge than the first two categories.
Something you do (behavioral biometrics): Some unique behavioral characteristic of the
user can also be measured. Users authenticate by repeating the required action.
Something you have (tokens): Users must carry a token to be presented for authentication.

562
Where you are (location-based authentication): Location information can be used to
determine if a user is attempting to authenticate from an approved location. This is typically
used as a secondary check to identify suspicious login activities.
TEXT PASSWORDS AND PASSWORD PROBLEM
Despite the large number of options for authentication, text passwords remain the
most common choice for several reasons. Text passwords are easy and inexpensive to
implement, and are familiar to most users[9]. However, text passwords also have a number of
the inadequacies from both security and usability viewpoints, such as being difficult to
remember and being predictable if user-choice is allowed. Furthermore, phishing and other
social engineering attacks on passwords have increased dramatically over the past few years
since text passwords are easy for users to unintentionally reveal to attackers, complicating
matters further.
CLICK-BASED GRAPHICAL PASSWORDS
Graphical password systems are a type of knowledge-based authentication that
attempts to leverage the human memory for visual information[10]. A comprehensive review
of graphical passwords is available elsewhere. Of interest herein are cued-recall click-based
graphical passwords (also known as locimetric). In such systems, users identify and target
previously selected locations within one or more images. The images act as memory cues to
aid recall. Example systems include Pass Points and Cued Click- Points (CCP). The claimed
advantages are that password entry becomes a true cued-recall scenario, wherein each image
triggers the memory of a corresponding click-point[11].
III. KERBEROS PROCESS DETAILS
Kerberos gets its name from Greek mythology. Cerberus, also known as Kerberos,
was a three headed beast that guarded the Underworld and kept the living from entering the
world of the dead
Kerberos protocol design began in the late 1980s at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT), as part of project Athena. It is a secure authentication mechanism
designed for distributed systems, which assumes the network is unsafe. It enables a client and
a server to mutually authenticate before establishing a connection. The first public release
was Kerberos version 4, which leads to the actual version (v5) in 1993 after a wide public
review. It followed the IETF standard process and its specifications are defined in Internet
RFC 1510[12]. Originally designed for UNIX, it is now available for all major operating
systems, freely from MIT and also through commercial versions.
Kerberos is a network authentication protocol based on conventional cryptography
that relies on symmetrical cryptographic algorithms that use the same key for encryption and
decryption..

563
Fig1: Steps involved in Kerberos authentication protocol
It basically involves three primary phases when a client wishes to authenticate to an
application server[13].
Phase 1: LOGIN / Requesting Ticket Granting ticket (TGT):
In the first phase, the client sends a request to the Kerberos Authentication Server (AS)
requesting a ticket granting ticket (tgs) and this tgs can be used in the second phase with the
Ticket Granting Server (TGS). The AS replies with a message consisting of a ticket granting
ticket ticket(tgs) of lifetime lifetime2 and an encrypted component containing a fresh session
key Kc,tgs to be shared between the client and the TGS. Another copy of this session key is
contained in the Ticket granting ticket and is encrypted using the long-term secret key of the
TGS Ktgs which is shared between TGS and Kerberos infrastructure (the AS can access the
database of Kerberos infrastructure). The information directed to the client is encrypted under
the client's long-term secret key KC.
Phase 2: Requesting Service Granting Ticket (SGT): In the second phase, the client forwards
the ticket granting ticket, along with an authenticator Authenticator C1 which is encrypted
with the session key Kc,tgs obtained in the first phase to the TGS. TGS replies a service
ticket to be used in the third phase with the application server. The TGS is expected to reply
with a message consisting of an application server ticket ticketV of lifetime lifetime4 and an
encrypted component containing a fresh session key Kc,v to be shared between the client and
the application server. Another copy of this session key is contained in the application server
ticket ticketV and is encrypted using the long-term secret key of the application server KV
which is shared between the application server and the Kerberos infrastructure (the TGS can
access the database of the Kerberos infrastructure). The information sent to the client is
encrypted with the session key of the first stage Kc,tgs.
Phase 3: Requesting application server / specific service: In the third phase, the client sends
the application server ticket ticketV, along with a new authenticator AuthenticatorC2
encrypted with the session key obtained in the second phase Kc,v, to the application server,
requesting certain service. The application server ticket plus the secret session key are the
client's credentials to be authenticated to a specific application server. If all credentials are
correct, the application server will authenticate the client and provide the service. The
acknowledgement message from the application server is optional and is used only when the
system requires mutual authentication by the application server.

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976
6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May
ANALYSIS OF KERBEROS WEAKNESSES
Vulnerability to password guessing attacks
attacks. The Kerberos message includes material encrypted with a key
password. An opponent can capture
passwords.
Dependency on system clock
involved in the protocol should be synchronized. The tickets have a time
the host clock is not synchronized with the Kerberos server clock, the
Continuous availability of the KDC
KDC. When the KDC is down, the system will suffer from the single point of failure problem.
Lack of standards to explain administration
of the Kerberos protocol. This will differ between server implementations
IV. PROPOSED MODEL OF CUED CLICK POINT IMAGE BASED KERBEROS
(CCPIBK)
This system is designed to curb above mentioned deficiencies in setting graphical
password by providing the user with cued click points in graphical password. Sound signature has
been added to help user in remembering the graphical passwords. Kerberos authentication
provides solution to network related security issues.
In image based graphical password system user will select five images from database and
selects a click point in each image. Those click points, collectively, will be the password for user
and they will be saved along with other information.
Fig 2:
When user tries to login the application, he must click on the selected click points.
System will proceed if and only if all the click points are selected correctly
will be protected in the backend by Kerberos protocol which will
the process.
Steps:
1) GIVING USER CREDENTIALS
Administrator will give the credential
types:
1. Kerberos credentials: These credentials will give proper login to
access the designed system as well as other applications.
2. Guest credentials: These credentials will not give access to the designed system but can
access the other applications of the system.
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976
6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May – June (2013), © IAEME
564
ANALYSIS OF KERBEROS WEAKNESSES
Vulnerability to password guessing attacks - Kerberos is vulnerable to password guessing
Kerberos message includes material encrypted with a key based on the client's
password. An opponent can capture this message and attempt to decrypt it by trying various
Dependency on system clock synchronization – The system clock of the hosts that are
should be synchronized. The tickets have a time availability period and if
synchronized with the Kerberos server clock, the authentication will fail.
ontinuous availability of the KDC – Kerberos requires continuous availability of the
Lack of standards to explain administration – There are no standards to explain the administration
of the Kerberos protocol. This will differ between server implementations[14].
PROPOSED MODEL OF CUED CLICK POINT IMAGE BASED KERBEROS
by providing the user with cued click points in graphical password. Sound signature has
provides solution to network related security issues.
password system user will select five images from database and
and they will be saved along with other information.
2: System architecture of CCPIBK
to login the application, he must click on the selected click points.
System will proceed if and only if all the click points are selected correctly and this entire process
will be protected in the backend by Kerberos protocol which will generate a ticket to authenticate
GIVING USER CREDENTIALS
Administrator will give the credentials according to the need of the user. The credentials are of 2
Kerberos credentials: These credentials will give proper login to the system. User can
access the designed system as well as other applications.
Guest credentials: These credentials will not give access to the designed system but can
access the other applications of the system.
June (2013), © IAEME
vulnerable to password guessing
based on the client's
this message and attempt to decrypt it by trying various
of the hosts that are
availability period and if
authentication will fail.
Kerberos requires continuous availability of the
the administration
PROPOSED MODEL OF CUED CLICK POINT IMAGE BASED KERBEROS
by providing the user with cued click points in graphical password. Sound signature has
password system user will select five images from database and
to login the application, he must click on the selected click points.
and this entire process
generate a ticket to authenticate
according to the need of the user. The credentials are of 2
the system. User can
Guest credentials: These credentials will not give access to the designed system but can

565
2) FIXING TOLERANCE LEVEL
Tolerance level will be selected by the user himself. Basically, tolerance level signifies
the precision of the selected cued click point. Tolerance level is the distance from the coordinates
along X and Y axis forming a square around the coordinate. Every point inside the area of the
square will be taken as correct coordinate. Greater the tolerance level, bigger will be the square
and easier will be the password. User with impaired vision or in general, users who want lesser
accuracy can select bigger tolerance level.
3) SELECTING PIXEL COORDINATES
In registration process, user selects five images and click on any coordinate of his/her choice
in each image. Selected coordinates are stored in the database for that particular user. While
accessing system, tolerance level will be added to the selected coordinates and user must select
the cued click points i.e. click points in all five images, within the tolerance square. System will
not proceed if any of the click point is outside the tolerance square.
4) PROFILE GENERATION
The proposed system creates two profile vectors. One is master vector which contains user
ID(text password), sound signature and tolerance value. Other type of profile is detailed vector
consisting of images and click points.
5) SECURITY QUESTION
During registration phase, user will be asked a personal security question which will be used
to identify user in case he/she forgets text or graphical password.
ALGORITHMS
Algorithm 1. : CUED CLICK POINT AUTHENTICATION (SETTING PASSWORD)
In this module, user selects cued images as the password.
i. Authorized user signs up and get in to the system.
ii. Uploads an image from the system hard drive.
iii. Selects a point in the image as the password and presses done if he doesnot want more images.
Else
iv. user clicks on next image and repeat process 1 to 3
Algorithm 2.: CUED CLICK POINT AUTHENTICATION (LOG IN)
i. enter userID and submit.
ii. user clicks on the image. If click point is correct then proceed to next image.
iii. Else system does not proceed.
If all click points are correct ,system log in to the application
Algorithm 3.: TOLERANCE LEVEL
1) New x=user given x click point
New y=user given y click point
Old x= system defined x click point including tolerance Level
Old y= system defined y click point including tolerance level
Ans = user given click point(New x,New y) including tolerance level
2) Ans = sqrt(New x—Old x)*( New x—Old x)+ (New y—Old y)*( New y—Old y)
3) If (Ans == user given click point) then the user given click point will get accepted and the new
image will get loaded.
Else
The error message will get displayed after the complete
click point selection.
Algorithm 4.: KERBEROS AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL
i. Add a new user to the Active Directory.
ii. Administrator will give the credential according to the need of the user.
iii. The new user will now be successfully created. The authentication will be done with help of
username. Kerberos will do the username registration not the computer registration.

566
V. ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
The claimed advantages are that password entry becomes a true cued-recall scenario,
wherein each image triggers the memory of a corresponding click-point. Remembering the
order of the click-points is no longer a requirement on users, as the system presents the
images one at a time. CCP also provides implicit feedback claimed to be useful only to
legitimate users. When logging on, seeing an image they do not recognize alerts users that
their previous click-point was incorrect and users may restart password entry. Explicit
indication of authentication failure is only provided after the final click-point, to protect
against incremental guessing attacks.
COMPARISON WITH UFL-IBA AND JUIT-IBA
Images are highlighted when mouse moves on them and this makes it to prone the
shoulder attack In CCPIBK images are not highlighted and moreover clickpoint is not
generated. Each subsequent image is determined by the user’s previous location. So system
requires more efforts which is not true in our case. In CCP it is found that users are less likely
to select password in predictable pattern.
We tested CCPIBK with 25 users, repeated the study on UFL-IBA and JUIT-IBA[15]
Table 5.1: Performance comparisons between UFL-IBA and JUIT-IBA and CCPPIBK
System UFL-IBA JITIBA CCPIBK
Participant 25 25 25
Trials 165 165 165
Successful login on first trial 50 % 58 % 73 %
Mean login error per trial 2.95 2.08 0.51
Mean create time 42.2 43.1 44.2
Mean login time 47.9 48.66 36.7
Above table shows that CCPIBK implementation resulted in higher success rate and
fewer errors without lengthening login times.
User testing and analysis showed no evidence of patterns in CCP, so pattern-based
attacks seem ineffective. Although attackers must perform proportionally more work to
exploit hotspots, results showed that hotspots remained a problem.
Many strategies exist for attacking authentication systems. No system offers perfect
security; therefore schemes must be evaluated according to their vulnerabilities. For a
particular attack strategy, it is possible to compare the susceptibility of different schemes. In
practice, the likelihood of such attacks cannot be accurately predicted since it is unknown
what attackers may target next. We now identify several possible attack models for password
systems.
Dictionary attack: we are using image as password. Dictionary attack is not possible as
there are no image dictionaries.
Exhaustive (brute-force) Attack: Exhaustive attacks can be executed in a similar manner to
dictionary attacks, except that every possible password permutation is generated and used to
attack the real passwords. In a more sophisticated attack, these permutations may also be
prioritized in order of decreasing probability of being selected by users. Images are identified
by one more viewport and viewport are selected and stored by system.

567
Shoulder-surfing: Shoulder-surfing refers to attackers acquiring knowledge of a particular
user's credentials through direct observation, or through external recording devices such as
video cameras, while the legitimate user enters the information. Viewport is not decided by
user but it is decided by system and within the viewport users are allowed to select the point.
Phishing: Phishing attacks involve tricking users into entering their credentials (username,
password, credit card numbers, etc.) at a fraudulent website that is masquerading as a
legitimate site. Although you can get some information but image database cannot be forged.
Social Engineering: Social engineering includes any technique used to trick people into
divulging their credentials or private information to untrust worthy parties. Phishing is an
example of social engineering using email and websites, but social engineering can also be
done using other means, such through as phone calls claiming to be from the user's bank,
credit card Company, or tech support. Social engineering attacks to some extent, as asking
security questions user can change the login setting and can login to the system with this new
password and image set.
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
A highly severe task to any computing device is to authenticate a user. The most
frequent computer authentication scheme is to use alphanumerical usernames and passwords.
But textual passwords are prone to dictionary attacks, eaves dropping, shoulder surfing and
social engineering. As such, graphical passwords have been introduced as an alternative to
the traditional authentication process. Though the graphical password schemes provide a way
of making more user friendly passwords, while increasing the level of security, they are
vulnerable to shoulder surfing. Therefore, we have not only created a strong image based
cued click point(CCP) authentication system but also strengthen it with Kerberos
authentication protocol.
Since system can be integrated with any business or personal application, various
appropriate modifications can be made in the system for future scope. Firs, Kerberos
authentication used in this system is user based authentication system. Network based
Kerberos authentication can be used in a large business application. Second, the limit for
number of maximum images used in the system has been contained to the five images. This
can be increased or decreased according to use of the application. Third, this system can be
effectively integrated with a secure password retrieval system. We have only used a security
question to show the behavior of the system. Fourth, this system can be integrated with
persuasive technology to make an authentication system based on knowledge based
authentication. In such system, system can itself persuade user to select a strong password.
Fifth, integration with new technology like biometrics or facial recognition will strengthen
the system. Hence it can be easily established that future scope for this paper is immense,
considering the need of security for the applications in this internet era.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Pathan Mohd. Shafi is having more than 13 year of teaching
experience and now currently working as a Asst. Prof. in Smt. Kashibai
Navale College of Engineering, Pune for 7 years. He has worked as a
lecturer in MIT Engineering College, Aurangabad for 7 years. Taught the
subject like Computer Organization, Computer Graphics, Operating
System, Network and Information Security, Information security and audit
management, Java Programming Language. He has published four research
paper in International Journal and eleven research paper in national conference.
Dr. Syed Abdul Sattar, Ph. D. (CSE), from USA, Ph D (ECE), From
JNTU Hyderabad. A.P. India. M. Tech. (DSCE), from JNTU Hyderabad and B.E. (EC).
From Marathwada University, Aurangabad. Maharashtra India. Member of Computer
Society of Indian, Fellow of Institute of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers,
Fellow of Institute of Engineers, Member Indian Society for Technical Education and
Member of NESA. Published several papers in reputed journals and conferences. Guided
Many M. Tech. and B. Tech. Projects, and presently guiding Ten Ph. D. students. Awarded
“Scientist of the year 2006” award With Gold Medal. Member of Board of Studies for
Computer Science Department in Central University. Worked as a Head for CSE & IT,
Departments and Dean of Academics in present college i.e. Royal Institute of Technology &
Science, Chevella, Hyderabad. A. P India.
Dr. P. Chenna Reddy did his B.Tech from S.V. University College of
Engineering, Tirupati, M.Tech & Ph.D from JNTU, Hyderabad. He has 16
years of Teaching experience. His areas of interest are Computer Networks
and related fields. He is currently working on Bio inspired networking. He
is currently working as Associate Professor at JNTUA College of
Engineering, Pulivendula. He has published several papers in reputed
journals and conferences.

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