SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 19
Descargar para leer sin conexión
International Journal of Civil JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (Print),
   INTERNATIONAL Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 AND
   ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME
                               TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), pp. 52-70
                                                                               IJCIET
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.1861 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
                                                                            © IAEME


                         LIQUEFACTION HAZARD MAPPING

                         Manish H. Sharma+ and Dr. C.H. Solanki++
     + Ph. D. Research Scholar at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat,
                                              India.
                          ++ Professor, Applied Mechanics Department,
                 Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, India.
                    E- mail: + ges1105@yahoo.com, ++ chs@amd.svnit.ac.in



   ABSTRACT

           The study of Mapping of Liquefaction Potential Zonation involves many Geological,
   Geo-Hydrological, Geo-Morphological, Strength Parameters and Seismic Parameters. The
   detailed analysis for mapping covers all the above conditions and parameters as deciding
   factors. An effort has been made to produce realistic and detailed mapping based on all the
   parameters and details available. This is been very prelim study and mapping still requires
   finer analysis by adding more data. The work is been extended to smaller area and shall be
   extended to cover larger area of the study area.
           The Macro level of investigation is an overlook to the Liquefaction Susceptibility.
   While, the Micro level of investigation provides the preliminary Liquefaction Potentiality.
   Further, the liquefaction potentiality thus identified shall be analyzed with respect to the area
   specific strength characteristic and seismic activity.

   Keywords: Liquefaction, Zonation, Mapping, Susceptibility, Potential

   INTRODUCTION

           Looking to the recent development and industrial growth of the Gujarat especially the
   coastal belts of Mundra, Dholera, Dahej, Hazira etc, it is a prime requirement of evaluating
   Seismic hazard possibilities. We have witnessed worst earthquake in Kachchh in the year
   2001. Also, in present times we have observed increase in Seismic activities all over the
   world. So to face the challenges of nature we must be ready well in advance to protect our
   creations.


                                                  52
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

       One of the major effects caused by earthquake is liquefaction phenomenon.
Liquefaction leads to large failures of structures and devastating collapses in the form
of sudden settlements, landslides/sudden drawdown of slopes, lateral spreading etc.
Before preparing and studying mitigation ways for such failures it is required to
understand ways and causes of failures. Liquefaction Zonation mapping avails us as a
ready recknor to design the structures for its useful life.
       Micro Zonation relates to the distribution of an area into smaller parts with
respect to liquefaction potentiality. The study parameters are derived based on site
specific strength parameters of the sub soil, its response to seismic forces. For this
purpose study was carried out based on Borehole data, Geological, Geomorphological,
Geohydrological and Seismological features. In this article maps are presented based
on above features for liquefaction potential of soils.

LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENON:

“The phenomenon of pore pressure build-up following with the loss of soil strength is
       known as liquefaction (Committee on Earthquake Engineering, 1985)”.
Study of Liquefaction potential zone has been broadly divided into three parts:

(A) Macro geo engineering features of the study area – This should be the base for
    the selection of area for Liquefaction Susceptibility.
          a. Geology of the area,
          b. Age and type of deposits,
          c. Geomorphology of the area,
          d. Water table in the study area,
          e. Seismicity of the area.
(B) Micro geo engineering features of the study area - This should be base for the
    categorization of the area for their Liquefaction Potential.
          a. Soil type,
          b. Physical properties of soil and
          c. SPT value at various depths.
(C) Liquefaction Potential Severity Index: To map the spatial variability of
    Liquefaction Hazard at a particular location. This is based on the strength
    parameters, tested and analyzed for the determination of its resistance during
    seismic, cyclic forces.

Area Selection for Mapping of Liquefaction Potential Zonation:
Dahej is a well developed port and growing business hub. There are many giant
industrial infrastructures present in the Dahej area. The study area selected based on the
Macro geo engineering features of the area which are discussed in detail below. The
study area is located between the latitude 210 39’ 8.28” and 210 44’ 12.51” and
longitude 720 32’ 40.88” and 720 39’ 36.9”. The study area covers approximately 400
square kilometer and situated in Bharuch district of Gujarat.


                                             53
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME




         FIGURE 1: MAP SHOWS LOCATIONS OF BOREHOLES AND VILLAGES

MACRO LEVEL STUDY ASPECTS

WATER TABLE: - Water table is the most important factor for liquefaction as only saturated
sediments can liquefy. Figure 2 shows the water table depth contour of the study area. The water table
in the study area varies between 3.4m to 15m from the existing ground level. Moreover, it is also
apparent from the map that the liquefaction susceptibility and water table depth increase from East to
West. This is because of the presence of relatively younger formation in the West and nearness of Gulf
of Cambay or presence of local streams.




   FIGURE 2: LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBILITY BASED ON WATER TABLE DEPTH


                                                 54
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

GEOLOGY

        The type of geological process that created a soil deposit has strong influence on its
liquefaction susceptibility. Deposits formed by rivers, lakes & wind and man-made deposits,
particularly those created by the process of hydraulic filling, are highly susceptible to
liquefaction. Figure 3 shows the geology map of the study area. The geology of the study area
comprises of Tidal flat and older tidal flat. The tidal flat deposition usually comprises of clay,
silt and fine sand. Table 2 shows the liquefaction potential based on the geological criteria.
                              Table 1: GEOLOGY OF DAHEJ
            Age          Formation                          Lithology
                         Rann Clay          Older tidal flat deposit and tidal marsh
                         Formation                           deposit
         Holocene     Katpur Formation                Flood Plain deposit
                      Akhaj Formation        Coastal dune and sand dune deposit
                      Mahuva Formation         Split bar/ tidal flat/ shoal deposit
                          (Source: District Resource Map, Geological Survey of India, 2002)




                   FIGURE 3: GEOLOGICAL MAP OF STUDY AREA
                                         (Source: Geological Survey of India, 2002)

Table 2: Liquefaction Susceptibility using Geologic Criteria (YOUD & PERKINS, 1978)
Sr.No.                         Geological Description                            Susceptibility
                                                                                  High – Very
  1                      Deltaic deposits: Delta coastal zone
                                                                                     High
  2       Fluvio marine deposits: Estuarine, marine terraces and beaches        Moderate - High
          Fluvio lacustrine deposits: Lagoonal deposits with an age less
  3                                                                        Moderate - High
                                  than 10,000 yrs
  4                   Alluvium: Flood plain, River channels                Low - Moderate
          Quaternary strato volcano: tuff, tephra, with an age betn 500 to
  5                                                                        Low – Moderate
                                    3000000 yrs
  6         Residual soils: Residual soil with an age more than 500 yrs    Low - Moderate
            (Source: Chapter 6 Zonation of Liquefaction potential using Geological Criteria)



                                               55
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
 ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

 AGE OF THE DEPOSITS

         Age of the sedimentary geological deposits is an important factor as older sediments
 are compacted and less susceptible to liquefy. Table 3 shows the relation between age of the
 deposits and their susceptibility for liquefaction.

   Table 3: Relationship between Age of Deposit & Potential for Liquefaction (YOUD &
                                       PERKINS, 1978)
                                           Likelihood that Cohesionless Sediments When
                       Distribution of
                                          Saturated, Would Be Susceptible to Liquefaction
                        cohesionless
   Type of deposit                                      (by age of deposit)
                        sediments in
                                                                                  Pre
                          deposits        <500 yr Holocene Pleistocene
                                                                              Pleistocene
   Delta                Widespread       Very high     High         Low        Very Low
   Estuarine          Locally variable     High      Moderate       Low        Very Low
   Beach
         High wave
                        Widespread       Moderate      Low       Very Low      Very Low
             energy
         Low wave
                        Widespread         High      Moderate       Low        Very Low
             energy
   Lagoon             Locally variable     High      Moderate       Low        Very Low
   Fore shore         Locally variable     High      Moderate       Low        Very Low
Source: Surficial Geologic & Lique. Suscep. Mapping in Shelby County, Tennessee by Roy Van
                                                                       Arsdale & Randel Cox

 GEOMORPHOLOGY

         Geomorphic features of the study area are also important to select the area for further
 study of their potential to liquefy. Iwasaki et al (1982) made an attempt to categorize the
 various geomorphic features based on their potential to liquefy. The geomorphic features of
 the study area fall in the category where the liquefaction is either likely or possible. Figure 4
 shows the geomorphic features of the study area.

      TABLE 4: LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL BASED ON GEOMORPHOLOGY
                                                                  Liquefaction
              Rank           Geomorphologic Units
                                                                    Potential
                      Present riverbed, Old River bed,
                A     Swamp, Reclaimed land, inters dune Liquefaction Likely
                      lowland.
                      Fan natural levee, Sand dune, Flood          Liquefaction
                B
                      plain, Beach other plains.                     Possible
                                                                 Liquefaction Un-
                C     Terrace Hill mountain
                                                                      Likely
     (Source: Collection of surface data for the prediction of liquefaction potential by Ishihara
                                                                             and Yasuda (1991))



                                                56
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME




                  FIGURE 4: GEOMORPHIC MAP OF STUDY AREA
                                        (Source: Geological Survey of India, 2002)

SEISMICITY OF THE AREA

        Seismicity of the area is another essential parameter need to be considered for
identification of zone for potential liquefaction. The study area falls in the Zone 3 as per the
zonation map 2002. Based on above discussed macro geo engineering features, the study area
can be given rank for its susceptibility to liquefy. Table 5 apparently indicates that the study
area posse’s macro geo engineering features which are potential to liquefy. However, it is
essential to study the micro geo engineering parameters to map the potential zone of
liquefaction present in the study area.

    TABLE 5: CATEGORIZATION OF STUDY AREA BASED ON MACRO GEO
                       ENGINEERING PARAMETERS
       Sr.     Macro geo engineering Liquefaction
                                                    Category
      No.           Parameter          Potential
        1   Geology                      Yes      Moderate – High
         2     Sediments’ geological age                Yes            Moderate – High
         3     Water table depth                        Yes               Nil – High
         4     Geomorphology                            Yes            Moderate – High
         5     Seismicity                               Yes            Moderate – Low

MICRO LEVEL STUDY ASPECTS

VARIOUS LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL CRITERIA
        Resistance of a soil to liquefaction is determined by a combination of multiple soil
properties. All of these properties and factors should be taken into account in an ideal
evaluation of the liquefaction resistance of a soil. Because a comprehensive evaluation of soil
properties and environment is neither feasible nor practical, there are various soil properties
suggested by researchers for categorization of liquefaction potential zone mapping.
The majority of liquefaction studies to date have concentrated on relatively clean sands.

                                              57
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

Comparatively little liquefaction research has been undertaken on soils within the grain size
range of very silty sand to silt with or without some clay content. These silty soils are
frequently encountered in engineering practice, and there is an abundance of evidence to show
that they can be susceptible to liquefaction. Some of the physical properties of the soil used as
the criteria by various researchers are discussed below:

                 TABLE 6: LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL CRITERIA
         Sr.                               Potentially       Test for         Non
                Assessment Method
         No.                               Liquefiable       decision      Liquefiable

                  Chinese criteria –       FC <= 15%             --
          1                                                                 Otherwise
                   Wang (1979)              LL<=35%              --
                                            PI < 12%       12 < PI < 20
          2        Seed et al (2003)                                        Otherwise
                                            LL < 37%       37 < LL < 47
                 Boulanger & Idriss
          3                                  PI < 3%       3 <= PI <= 6       PI >=7
                      (2006)


LITHOLOGS AND SOIL CLASSIFICATION
        Total 335 nos. of borehole data are investigated and put which 27nos. of bore data are
selected as representative data.




                      FIGURE 5: STRATIFICATION LITHOLOGS



                                               58
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

SEISMICITY OF THE AREA
      Table 2 describes the past history earthquake with their respective location of epicenter
and magnitude around the study area. The study area falls in the Zone 3 as per the zonation
map 2002.

 TABLE 7: EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER LOCATION WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE
                          MAGNITUDE

              Latitude      Longitude           Magnitude         Year        Location
               21.60          72.96                5.4            1970
                                                                     Bharuch
               21.70          73.00                3.5            1970
                                                                     Bharuch
               21.70          73.00                4.1            1970
                                                                     Bharuch
               21.60          72.70                3.4            1970
                                                                     Bharuch
               21.70          73.00                3.4            1971
                                                                     Bharuch
               21.84          72.90                3.0            1978Amod
               21.97          72.91                2.8            1978Amod
               21.90          72.90                3.2            1972Amod
               21.81          73.03                2.9            1980
                                                                     Nabipur
               21.68          73.21                2.6            1980
                                                                     Netrang
               21.68          73.21                3.1            1980
                                                                     Netrang
               21.96          72.95                2.6            1980
                                                                     Kevadia
               22.00          72.88                3.6            1982Amod
                                                                      Gulf of
               21.70           71.44          4.8         1993
                                                                     Cambay
                              (Source: Catalogue of earthquakes in Gujarat from 1668 to 2010)


            TABLE 8: PROBABILITY OF EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCE
                                                           Earthquake Occurrence
                                    Occurrenc




                                                               Probability, %
                                       es




               Magnitudes                                   Probability for Yrs.
                                                         10             25        50
                 M < 3.0               4                 94.3          99.9      100.0
              3.0 < M < 4.0            7                 99.3         100.0      100.0
              4.0 < M < 5.0            2                 76.0          97.2      99.9
              5.0 < M < 6.0            1                 51.0          83.2      97.2
             Total Numbers            14

                               (1-e(-(10yrs.*(Nos. of Occ/Total Occ))))*100


                                                   59
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL CRITERIA

Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) Caused by Earthquake

CSR can be obtained from the following formula:


                           CSR = τcyc = 0.65 rd σvo amax
                                 σvo’           σvo’ g


Where,
 amax = Maximum Horizontal Acceleration at ground surface induced by earthquake
 σvo = Total vertical stress at bottom of soil column = γtz
 τcyc(max) = Maximum Shear Stress
 σ∋vo = Vertical Effective Stress
 g = acceleration due to gravity (32.2 ft/s2 or 9.81 m/s2)
 r d = depth reduction factor
Depth reduction factor assumes a linear relationship of rd versus depth and use the following
equation (Kayen et al. 1992):
                                       rd = 1 – 0.012z
Where, z = depth in meters below the ground surface where the liquefaction analysis is being
performed (i.e., the same depth used to calculate σvo and σ'vo).

Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) from standard penetration test:

MEASURED SPT VALUES IN THE FIELD
       The N–value are the blow counts for the last 30 cm of penetration and 50 times is the
maximum value. However, for harder soil penetration cases, there often happens that
penetration depth does not reach 30 cm or counts need more than 50 times for 30 cm
penetration. For practical use of N-values for earthquake engineering purpose, the corrected
N-value of “NSPT” was defined as following:

CORRECTIONS TO SPT N-VALUES
        The measured SPT blow count (NSPT) is first normalized for the overburden stress at
the depth of the test and corrected to a standardized value of (N1)60. Using the recommended
correction factors given by Robertson and Fear (1996), the corrected SPT blow count is
calculated with:
  (Source: Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998
                   NCEER/NSF Workshops on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils)

                   (N1)60 = NSPT × (CN × CE × CB × CR × CS) ------------ 4

(A) Clean Sand adjustment Factor
   α = 0 for FC ≤ 5%

                 =            for 5% < FC < 35%
                 = 5 for FC > 35%

                                              60
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

   β = 1.0 for FC ≤ 5%

                  =            for 5% < FC < 35%
                  = 1.2 for FC > 35%

CALCULATION OF CRR VALUES
          CRR7.5 =   1      + (N1)60                    +        50       –     1
                   34-(N1)60  135                           (10(N1)60 + 45)2   200

The above equation for CRR is valid for (N1)60 < 30. For (N1)60 < 30, Clean granular soils are
too dense to liquefy and are classed as non-liquefiable. The CRR value thus obtained is further
corrected for its Magnitude Scaling Factor (MSF), therefore, corrected CRRM = CRR7.5 X
MSF.
                                   CRR6 = CRR7.5 X MSF
The value of MSF is given as under.
                                   MSF = 87.2 X (Mw)-2.215
   Where, Mw is the anticipated earthquake magnitude

LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL INDEX (LPI
      LPI as originally defined by Iwasaki et al. (1978) weighs factors of safety and thickness
of potentially liquefiable layers according to depth. It assumes that the severity of liquefaction
is proportional to:
   1. Cumulative thickness of the liquefied layers;
   2. Proximity of liquefied layers to the surface; and
   3. Amount by which the factor safety (FS) is less than 1.0, where FS is the ratio of soil
      capacity to resist liquefaction to seismic demand imposed by the earthquake.
Iwasaki et al. (1978) defined LPI as:
                             20
                       PL = ∫ (1 − FL )(10 − 0.5 x)dx
                             0
  Where,
  PL= Liquefaction potential index
  FL = Liquefaction resistance factor (= CRR / CSR)
  X = depth (in m)

       TABLE 9: LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL INDEX CATEGORISATION
     PL value          Liquefaction Potential                       Explanation
      15 < PL                Very High          Ground improvement is indispensable.
                                                Ground improvement is required. Investigation
   5 < PL <= 15            Relatively High
                                                for important facilities is indispensable.
    0 < PL <= 5            Relatively Low       Investigation for important facilities is required.
       PL = 0                Very Low           No remedial method is required.
    (Source: Toshio Iwaski, Tadashi arakawa & Ken Ichi Tokida, “Simplified procedures for
 assessing soil liquefaction during earthquakes Earthquake Disaster Prevention Department,
  Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, Tsukuba Science City, lbaraka-
                                                                                Prof 305 Japan)



                                                61
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1,
January- February (2013), © IAEME

            SAMPLE CALCULATION SHEET:
BH Location:     9         Co-ordinates: E 250504; N 2400724                                   Groundwater Level: GL, m -          15
                                               N-
  z             FC           D50      D10               γt                σvo          σ'vo                      SPT Correction Factors
          Soil                               value                                             Liquefi
                       IP                                                                                                                         (N1)60    α      β
(GL -    type                                                                                  able ?
                (%)         (mm)    (mm)      NSPT (kN/m3)               kN/m2        kN/m2              CN       CE        CB     CR       CS
 m)
  3.0       CI      77.0    14.4    0.0260     0.0      17     18.27     54.81        54.81      No      1.36     0.7       1.0   0.80     1.2     16      5.0     1.2
  6.0       SP      14.0     0.0    0.0750     0.0      18     18.64     110.73       110.73     No      0.96     0.7       1.0   0.95     1.2     14      2.2     1.0
  9.0       SP      13.0     0.0    0.0038     0.0      14     18.87     167.34       167.34     No      0.78     0.7       1.0   0.95     1.2      9      1.9     1.0
 12.0       SP      15.0     0.0    0.0550     0.0      13     19.05     224.49       224.49     No      0.67     0.7       1.0   1.00     1.2      7      2.5     1.0
 15.0       SP      14.0     0.0    0.1200     0.0      10     18.91     281.22       281.22    Yes      0.60     0.7       1.0   1.00     1.2      5      2.2     1.0
                              Seismic Shear Stress                                                                                  PL for 0.4
                                                       FL for 0.24 PGA   PL for 0.24 PGA       Pi for 0.24 PGA   FL for 0.4 PGA                   Pi for 0.4 PGA
(N1)60cs   CRR7.5   CRR6             Ratio                                                                                            PGA
                             rd     CSR0.24   CSR0.4   M7.5      M6       M7.5         M6       M7.5     M6      M7.5       M6    M7.5      M6    M7.5     M6
  24       0.267    0.440   0.955    0.15      0.25    1.782   2.936      0.00         0.00      5.8     0.6     1.069   1.762    0.00     0.00   38.1     6.1
  17       0.176    0.290   0.910    0.14      0.24    1.256   2.069      0.00         0.00     23.0     3.1     0.732   1.207    1.90     0.00   77.2     26.3
  11       0.121    0.200   0.865    0.13      0.22    0.932   1.536      0.40         0.00     53.3     10.8    0.551   0.908    2.50     0.50   92.4     56.3
  10       0.115    0.189   0.820    0.13      0.21    0.883   1.455      0.50         0.00     59.3     13.3    0.547   0.901    1.80     0.40   92.7     57.1
   7       0.091    0.151   0.775    0.12      0.20    0.762   1.256      0.60         0.00     73.9     23.0    0.457   0.753    1.40     0.60   96.6     74.9
                                                                          1.50         0.00                                       7.60     1.50
                                      Liquefaction Potential Index, PL    RL           VL                                         RH       RL




                                                                                 62
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

                                       Liquefaction Potential Index for 6 Mw and 0.24 PGA

                                                                                                           L5
                                                         L4
      2404000                                                                                                     L1
                                  L6
                                                                                   L23

                                                                    L13
      2402000
                                                              L24                                  L22                  L14
                                              L7                                L18
                                                                                  L11              L19
                                                                          L15            L12
                                        L27    L9   L3                                                   L21
      2400000                                                                   L16
                    L2
                                                                                                         L20
                L10                     L26
                          L25

      2398000
                  L17    L18
           246000        248000            250000         252000                254000         256000          258000


                                                                                                   Not to Scale

                                                     Very Low (PL = 0)
  FIGURE 6: LPI FOR 6 Mw EARTHQUAKE & 0.24 PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION




   FIGURE 7: LPI FOR 6 Mw EARTHQUAKE & 0.4 PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION




                                                                    63
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME




 FIGURE 8: LPI FOR 7.5 Mw EARTHQUAKE & 0.24 PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION




    FIGURE 9: LPI FOR 7.5 Mw EARTHQUAKE & 0.4 PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION




                                             64
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

DISTRIBUTION OF FACTOR OF SAFETY IN TERMS OF PROBABIITY INDEX

        The variability of Factor of Safety (FL) is converted in terms of the probability
function. Liquefaction Probability Index (Pi) as a function of factor of safety (FL) is
calculated as mentioned below:
                                      Pi =        1
                                            1 + FL 4.5
                                                 0.96

NORMALISED HISTOGRAMS OF LIQUEFACTION PROBABILITY INDICES




  FIGURE 10: Histogram for 6 Mw and 0.24 PGA    FIGURE 11: Histogram for 7.5 Mw and 0.24 PGA




   FIGURE 12: Histogram for 6 Mw and 0.4 PGA        FIGURE 13: Histogram for 7.5 Mw and 0.4 PGA


                                               65
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

Variance of Factor of Safety w.r.t. Earthquake Intensity and Peak Ground Acceleration

        The variability of Factor of Safety (FL) for particular depth is presented for the group
of data of various bores. The factor safety value is analyzed statistically to obtain an
extrapolated range as 1st & 3rd Quartile which determines the range of factor of safety. The
range is obtained of the Median values of factor of safety.




       FIGURE 14: FOR 3.0m DEPTH                         FIGURE 15: FOR 6.0m DEPTH




        FIGURE 16: FOR 9.0m DEPTH                        FIGURE 17: FOR 12.0m DEPTH




                                              66
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME




                               FIGURE 18: FOR 15.0m DEPTH

CONCLUDING REMARKS

         Liquefaction Potential Mapping is done based on the susceptibility and Potentiality
criteria’s with the use of simplified methods. The use of characterization maps are first look at
the area “Potentially Hazardous to Liquefaction”. The Liquefaction Potential Index is area
specific level of Liquefaction Potential. The designer requires the factor of safety variation in
the area due to the effect of Liquefaction. The variation of Factor of safety is analyzed
statistically. The variability and distribution of Factor of Safety with respect to the depth,
Peak ground Acceleration and Earthquake Intensity magnitude can be presented in the form
of Histogram Distribution and Variability with range of probable values.
The procedure thus involves the steps to evaluate probable Susceptibility and Potentiality
with statistical approach for an area and provides range of factor of safety for design
consideration.

            ABBREVIATIONS                            NOTATIONS

     G–     Gravel                          Z=       Depth below Ground
                                                     Mean Particle Size having 50%
     S–     Sand                           D50 =
                                                     material finer
    M–      Silt                           D10 =     Particle size at 10 % passes
                                                     Unit weight of soil above the
     C–     Clay                            γt =
                                                     groundwater level
  PI / IP
            Plasticity Index                γ't =    Submerged Unit weight of soil
        –
    LL –    Liquid Limit                   τcyc =    Cyclic Shear Stress

    PL –    Plastic Limit                   rd =     Depth Reduction Factor

    NP –    Non-Plastic                    σv =      Total overburden pressure



                                                67
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

   CH –     Clay of High Plasticity               σ'v =     Total overburden pressure
                                                            Maximum Horizontal Acceleration at ground
    CI –    Clay of Intermediate Plasticity       amax =
                                                            surface
                                                τcyc(max)
   CL –     Clay of Low Plasticity                          Maximum Shear Stress
                                                       =

   MH –     Silt of High Plasticity                 g=      acceleration due to gravity (32.2 ft/s2 or 9.81 m/s2)

    MI -    Silt of Intermediate Plasticity        CN =     Correction for Overburden Pressure

   ML -     Silt of Low Plasticity                 CE =     Correction for Hammer Energy

   SW -     Well Graded Sand                       CB =     Correction for Bore Diameter

    SP -    Poorly Graded Sand                     CS =     Correction for SPT Sampler

   SM -     Silty Sand                             CR =     Correction for Rod Length

    SC -    Clayey Sand                          α, β =     Clean Sand adjustment factor

   GW -     Well Graded Gravel

    GP -    Poorly Graded Gravel

   GM -     Silty Gravel

    GC -    Clayey Gravel

   OH -     Organic Silt with High Plasticity
            Organic Silt with Intermediate
    OI -
            Plasticity
    OL -    Organic Silt with Low Plasticity

    GL -    Ground Level

   WL -     Water Level

    FC -    Fines content
      N-    Results of standard penetration
   value    test (SPT)
    LP -    Liquefaction Potential

   CSR -    Cyclic Stress Ratio

  CRR -     Cyclic Resistance Ratio

    FL -    Factor of Safety

    PL –    Liquefaction Potential Index

     Pi -   Liquefaction Probability Index

   ER =     Energy Ratio

   Mw =     anticipated earthquake magnitude

    MSF     Magnitude Scaling Factor




                                                       68
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

REFERENCES

1. A. Janalizadeh Choobbasti and S. Firouzian, Assessment of cyclic resistance ratio of
    Babolsar Sandy Soil based on semi empirical relations, International Journal of Research
    & Reviews in Applied Science (Volume 2, Issue Jan’10).
2. Birendra Kumar Piya, Generation of a Geological database for Liquefaction hazard
    assessment in Kathmandu Valley, Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-
    information Science and Earth Observation.
3. C. H. Loh, C. R. Cheng & Y. K. Wen, Probabilistic evaluation of liquefaction potential
    under earthquake loading, September 1994, 0267-7261 (94) 00052-2, Soil Dynamics &
    Earthquake Engineering 14 (1995) 269-278.
4. Cees van Westen, P. K. Champati ray, Liquefaction Hazard Zonation, Case Study Bhuj,
    India.
5. D. Hannich, H. Hoetzl, D. Ehret, G. Huber, A. Danchiv, M. Bretotean, Liquefaction
    Probability in Bucharest and Influencing Factors, International Symposium on Strong
    Vrancea Earthquakes and Risk Mitigation , Oct, 4-6, 2007, Bucharest, Romania.
6. David Kun Li, C. Hsein Juang, Ronald D. Andrus, and William M. Camp, Index
    Properties-Based Criteria for Liquefaction Susceptibility of Clayey Soils: A Critical
    Assessment, Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Engineering ASCE,
    January 2007.
7. Debasis Roy, Assessment of Liquefaction Susceptibility of soils, Chapter 10-GT201.
8. Desmond C A Andrews & Geoffrey R Martin, (2000), Criteria for Liquefaction of Silty
    Soils, 12WCEE (0312).
9. Glenn J. Rix1 and Salome Romero-Hudock1 Liquefaction Potential Mapping in Memphis
    and Shelby County, Tennessee.
10. I. M. Idriss & R. W. Boulanger, Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction
    potential during earthquakes, November 2004, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engr. 26
    (2006) 115-130.
11. Institute of Seismological Research, Gandhinagar report on Microzonation Study around
    Special Investment Region, Dholera (Gujarat).
12. J. Dixit, D. M. Dewaikar, and R.S. Jangid, Assessment of liquefaction potential index for
    Mumbai City, Paper published in Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2759-2768, 2012.
13. Jennifer A. Lenz, Laurie G. Baise, Spatial variability of liquefaction potential in regional
    mapping using CPT & SPT data, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering 27 (2007)
    690–702.
14. Justin T. Pearce and John N. Baldwin, Final Technical Report on Liquefaction
    Susceptibility Mapping, St. Louis, Missouri and Illinois, U.S. Geological Survey,
    National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Award 03HQGR0029, April 2005.
15. K. S. Rao and D. Neelima Satyam, Liquefaction studies for seismic microzonation of
    Delhi region, Research Article.
16. Karina Dahl, PE, Liquefaction Evaluation of Fine Grained Soils, ECI284 Term Project.
17. Laurie G. Baise, Rebecca B. Higgins, Charles M. Brankman, Liquefaction Hazard
    Mapping – Statistical and Spatial Characterization of Susceptible Unit, Journal of
    Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 132, No. 6, June 1, 2006.
18. Pradipta Chakrabortty, A.D. Pandey, S. Mukerjee, Ashish Bhargava, Liquefaction
    Assessment For Microzonation Of Kolkata City, 13th World Conference on Earthquake
    Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1-6, 2004, Paper No. 82.

                                              69
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

19. Ross W. Boulanger & I. M. Idriss, Discussion of ‘Liquefaction Susceptibility Criteria for
    Silts & Clays’, November 2006, Vol.132, No.11, pp 1413-1426.
20. Roy Van Arsdale and Randel Cox, Surficial Geologic and Liquefaction Susceptibility
    Mapping in Shelby County, Tennessee.
21. Russell A. Green, Stephen F. Obermeier, and Scott M. Olson, The role of liquefaction
    studies in performances based Earthquake Engineering in the Central-Eastern United
    States, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engr., Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1-
    6, 2004, Paper No. 1643.
22. Sanjay K. Jha & Kiichi Suzuki, Reliability Analysis of Soil liquefaction based on
    standard Penetration test, Computers & Geotechnics 36 (2009) 589-596.
23. Shamesher Prakash & Vijay K. Puri, Recent Advances in Liquefactions of Fine Grained
    Soils, Fifth International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake
    Engineering & Soil Dynamics & Symposium in Honor of Professor I.M. Idriss May 24-
    29, 2010, San Diego, California, Paper No. 4.17a.
24. Susumu Yasuda, Tokyo Denki University, Collection of surface data for the prediction of
    liquefaction potential, (Partially quoted from the papers by Ishihara and Yasuda (1991)
    and TC4 (1999).
25. T.G. Sitharam, Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential of Soils, A workshop on
    Microzonation @ Interline Publishing, Bangalore.
26. Thomas L. Holzer, Probabilistic Liquefaction Hazard Mapping, Geotechnical Earthquake
    Engineering and Soil Dynamics IV.
27. Toshio Iwasaki, Tadashi Arakawa & Ken-Ichi Tokida, Simplified procedures for
    assessing soil liquefaction during earthquakes, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering,
    1984, Vol.3, No.1.
28. W. D. Liam Finn, State of the art for the evaluation of seismic liquefaction potential,
    September 2001, Computers & Geotechnics 29 (2002) 329-341.
29. Y. Yao.Chi & Li Ting Ou, A Study on Probabilistic Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction,
    December 2003, Special issue on soil liquefaction, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake
    Engineering.




                                             70

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Comparative Study Between Some Uraniferous Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Desert, Egypt
Comparative Study Between Some Uraniferous Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Desert, EgyptComparative Study Between Some Uraniferous Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Desert, Egypt
Comparative Study Between Some Uraniferous Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Desert, EgyptDr. Ibr@him
 
The Modeling of dams’ Stability Considering a Seismic Solicitation for the Ta...
The Modeling of dams’ Stability Considering a Seismic Solicitation for the Ta...The Modeling of dams’ Stability Considering a Seismic Solicitation for the Ta...
The Modeling of dams’ Stability Considering a Seismic Solicitation for the Ta...AI Publications
 
Impact of Structural Lineaments on Mineralized Occurrences in North Abu Rushe...
Impact of Structural Lineaments on Mineralized Occurrences in North Abu Rushe...Impact of Structural Lineaments on Mineralized Occurrences in North Abu Rushe...
Impact of Structural Lineaments on Mineralized Occurrences in North Abu Rushe...Dr. Ibr@him
 
Faheem ud din assignment
Faheem ud din  assignmentFaheem ud din  assignment
Faheem ud din assignmentFaheem Khan
 
Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...
Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...
Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...IJERA Editor
 
Replenishment Dynamics of Verugal Heavy Mineral Deposit-Research paper
Replenishment Dynamics of Verugal Heavy Mineral Deposit-Research paperReplenishment Dynamics of Verugal Heavy Mineral Deposit-Research paper
Replenishment Dynamics of Verugal Heavy Mineral Deposit-Research paperThushan Igalawithana
 
Mp gw applying aquifer modification techniques like hydrofraking, bore blast...
Mp gw  applying aquifer modification techniques like hydrofraking, bore blast...Mp gw  applying aquifer modification techniques like hydrofraking, bore blast...
Mp gw applying aquifer modification techniques like hydrofraking, bore blast...hydrologywebsite1
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
 
Davis et al 2007 IJCG Petroleum Potential Of Tertiary Coals From W Indonesia
Davis et al 2007 IJCG Petroleum Potential Of Tertiary Coals From W IndonesiaDavis et al 2007 IJCG Petroleum Potential Of Tertiary Coals From W Indonesia
Davis et al 2007 IJCG Petroleum Potential Of Tertiary Coals From W Indonesiawoprd9
 
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...Alexander Decker
 
Predicting longterm-dynamics-of-soil-salinity-and-sodicity-on-a-global-scale2...
Predicting longterm-dynamics-of-soil-salinity-and-sodicity-on-a-global-scale2...Predicting longterm-dynamics-of-soil-salinity-and-sodicity-on-a-global-scale2...
Predicting longterm-dynamics-of-soil-salinity-and-sodicity-on-a-global-scale2...erosslo
 
IRJET- Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) Mapping of Attappady, Kerala using GIS
IRJET- Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) Mapping of Attappady, Kerala using GISIRJET- Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) Mapping of Attappady, Kerala using GIS
IRJET- Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) Mapping of Attappady, Kerala using GISIRJET Journal
 
Paper on intrepid approachs in highway tunnel in bhutan
Paper on intrepid approachs in highway tunnel in bhutanPaper on intrepid approachs in highway tunnel in bhutan
Paper on intrepid approachs in highway tunnel in bhutanSantosh Sati
 
Climate Change Impact On Cliff Instability And Erosion
Climate Change Impact On Cliff Instability And ErosionClimate Change Impact On Cliff Instability And Erosion
Climate Change Impact On Cliff Instability And ErosionRoger_Moore
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Dirnberger Kiewit Resume
Dirnberger Kiewit ResumeDirnberger Kiewit Resume
Dirnberger Kiewit Resume
 
importance of geology in civil
importance of geology in civil importance of geology in civil
importance of geology in civil
 
Comparative Study Between Some Uraniferous Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Desert, Egypt
Comparative Study Between Some Uraniferous Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Desert, EgyptComparative Study Between Some Uraniferous Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Desert, Egypt
Comparative Study Between Some Uraniferous Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Desert, Egypt
 
The Modeling of dams’ Stability Considering a Seismic Solicitation for the Ta...
The Modeling of dams’ Stability Considering a Seismic Solicitation for the Ta...The Modeling of dams’ Stability Considering a Seismic Solicitation for the Ta...
The Modeling of dams’ Stability Considering a Seismic Solicitation for the Ta...
 
773 ijms-proof
773 ijms-proof773 ijms-proof
773 ijms-proof
 
Impact of Structural Lineaments on Mineralized Occurrences in North Abu Rushe...
Impact of Structural Lineaments on Mineralized Occurrences in North Abu Rushe...Impact of Structural Lineaments on Mineralized Occurrences in North Abu Rushe...
Impact of Structural Lineaments on Mineralized Occurrences in North Abu Rushe...
 
Variations in Groundwater Flow Potential in Parts of Imo State, Niger Delta ...
Variations in Groundwater Flow Potential in Parts of Imo State,  Niger Delta ...Variations in Groundwater Flow Potential in Parts of Imo State,  Niger Delta ...
Variations in Groundwater Flow Potential in Parts of Imo State, Niger Delta ...
 
Faheem ud din assignment
Faheem ud din  assignmentFaheem ud din  assignment
Faheem ud din assignment
 
MSci Project Finished Version
MSci Project Finished VersionMSci Project Finished Version
MSci Project Finished Version
 
Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...
Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...
Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...
 
Replenishment Dynamics of Verugal Heavy Mineral Deposit-Research paper
Replenishment Dynamics of Verugal Heavy Mineral Deposit-Research paperReplenishment Dynamics of Verugal Heavy Mineral Deposit-Research paper
Replenishment Dynamics of Verugal Heavy Mineral Deposit-Research paper
 
Mp gw applying aquifer modification techniques like hydrofraking, bore blast...
Mp gw  applying aquifer modification techniques like hydrofraking, bore blast...Mp gw  applying aquifer modification techniques like hydrofraking, bore blast...
Mp gw applying aquifer modification techniques like hydrofraking, bore blast...
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 
Ek25835845
Ek25835845Ek25835845
Ek25835845
 
Davis et al 2007 IJCG Petroleum Potential Of Tertiary Coals From W Indonesia
Davis et al 2007 IJCG Petroleum Potential Of Tertiary Coals From W IndonesiaDavis et al 2007 IJCG Petroleum Potential Of Tertiary Coals From W Indonesia
Davis et al 2007 IJCG Petroleum Potential Of Tertiary Coals From W Indonesia
 
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...
 
Predicting longterm-dynamics-of-soil-salinity-and-sodicity-on-a-global-scale2...
Predicting longterm-dynamics-of-soil-salinity-and-sodicity-on-a-global-scale2...Predicting longterm-dynamics-of-soil-salinity-and-sodicity-on-a-global-scale2...
Predicting longterm-dynamics-of-soil-salinity-and-sodicity-on-a-global-scale2...
 
IRJET- Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) Mapping of Attappady, Kerala using GIS
IRJET- Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) Mapping of Attappady, Kerala using GISIRJET- Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) Mapping of Attappady, Kerala using GIS
IRJET- Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) Mapping of Attappady, Kerala using GIS
 
Paper on intrepid approachs in highway tunnel in bhutan
Paper on intrepid approachs in highway tunnel in bhutanPaper on intrepid approachs in highway tunnel in bhutan
Paper on intrepid approachs in highway tunnel in bhutan
 
Climate Change Impact On Cliff Instability And Erosion
Climate Change Impact On Cliff Instability And ErosionClimate Change Impact On Cliff Instability And Erosion
Climate Change Impact On Cliff Instability And Erosion
 

Destacado

Проект «Секретные хроники», Елена Клычева
Проект «Секретные хроники», Елена КлычеваПроект «Секретные хроники», Елена Клычева
Проект «Секретные хроники», Елена КлычеваФонд "ФОКУС-МЕДИА"
 
Application of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraq
Application of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraqApplication of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraq
Application of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraqIAEME Publication
 
A novel software interval type 2 fuzzy effort estimation model using s-fuzzy
A novel software interval type   2 fuzzy effort estimation model using s-fuzzyA novel software interval type   2 fuzzy effort estimation model using s-fuzzy
A novel software interval type 2 fuzzy effort estimation model using s-fuzzyIAEME Publication
 
Enhancing personal selling skill of management students through experiential l
Enhancing personal selling skill of management students through experiential lEnhancing personal selling skill of management students through experiential l
Enhancing personal selling skill of management students through experiential lIAEME Publication
 
Wavelet based histogram method for classification of textu
Wavelet based histogram method for classification of textuWavelet based histogram method for classification of textu
Wavelet based histogram method for classification of textuIAEME Publication
 
A comprehensive study of different image super resolution reconstruction algo...
A comprehensive study of different image super resolution reconstruction algo...A comprehensive study of different image super resolution reconstruction algo...
A comprehensive study of different image super resolution reconstruction algo...IAEME Publication
 
Non performing assets and its impact on performance of karnataka state co-ope
Non  performing assets and its impact on performance of karnataka state co-opeNon  performing assets and its impact on performance of karnataka state co-ope
Non performing assets and its impact on performance of karnataka state co-opeIAEME Publication
 
Green hrm delivering high performance hr systems
Green hrm  delivering high performance hr systemsGreen hrm  delivering high performance hr systems
Green hrm delivering high performance hr systemsIAEME Publication
 

Destacado (9)

Fractals a research
Fractals a researchFractals a research
Fractals a research
 
Проект «Секретные хроники», Елена Клычева
Проект «Секретные хроники», Елена КлычеваПроект «Секретные хроники», Елена Клычева
Проект «Секретные хроники», Елена Клычева
 
Application of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraq
Application of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraqApplication of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraq
Application of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraq
 
A novel software interval type 2 fuzzy effort estimation model using s-fuzzy
A novel software interval type   2 fuzzy effort estimation model using s-fuzzyA novel software interval type   2 fuzzy effort estimation model using s-fuzzy
A novel software interval type 2 fuzzy effort estimation model using s-fuzzy
 
Enhancing personal selling skill of management students through experiential l
Enhancing personal selling skill of management students through experiential lEnhancing personal selling skill of management students through experiential l
Enhancing personal selling skill of management students through experiential l
 
Wavelet based histogram method for classification of textu
Wavelet based histogram method for classification of textuWavelet based histogram method for classification of textu
Wavelet based histogram method for classification of textu
 
A comprehensive study of different image super resolution reconstruction algo...
A comprehensive study of different image super resolution reconstruction algo...A comprehensive study of different image super resolution reconstruction algo...
A comprehensive study of different image super resolution reconstruction algo...
 
Non performing assets and its impact on performance of karnataka state co-ope
Non  performing assets and its impact on performance of karnataka state co-opeNon  performing assets and its impact on performance of karnataka state co-ope
Non performing assets and its impact on performance of karnataka state co-ope
 
Green hrm delivering high performance hr systems
Green hrm  delivering high performance hr systemsGreen hrm  delivering high performance hr systems
Green hrm delivering high performance hr systems
 

Similar a Liquefaction hazard mapping

11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...
11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...
11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...Alexander Decker
 
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...IJERA Editor
 
IRJET- Liquefaction Analysis for Kutch Region using Deterministic Insitu ...
IRJET-  	  Liquefaction Analysis for Kutch Region using Deterministic Insitu ...IRJET-  	  Liquefaction Analysis for Kutch Region using Deterministic Insitu ...
IRJET- Liquefaction Analysis for Kutch Region using Deterministic Insitu ...IRJET Journal
 
Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, NigeriaPorosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, NigeriaIOSR Journals
 
Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...
Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...
Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...IOSR Journals
 
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...theijes
 
Site Investigation of Subsurface Lithology of Ignatius Ajuru University of Ed...
Site Investigation of Subsurface Lithology of Ignatius Ajuru University of Ed...Site Investigation of Subsurface Lithology of Ignatius Ajuru University of Ed...
Site Investigation of Subsurface Lithology of Ignatius Ajuru University of Ed...Associate Professor in VSB Coimbatore
 
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...IJERA Editor
 
2. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES
2. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES2. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES
2. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUESDr. Ravinder Jangra
 
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed dataThe integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed dataoilandgas24
 
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Alexander Decker
 
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Alexander Decker
 
Shallow Depth Soil Resistivity Investigations and Subsurface Lithology for Co...
Shallow Depth Soil Resistivity Investigations and Subsurface Lithology for Co...Shallow Depth Soil Resistivity Investigations and Subsurface Lithology for Co...
Shallow Depth Soil Resistivity Investigations and Subsurface Lithology for Co...Associate Professor in VSB Coimbatore
 
Overburden Properties of Abua in Rivers State, Nigeria, from Vertical Electri...
Overburden Properties of Abua in Rivers State, Nigeria, from Vertical Electri...Overburden Properties of Abua in Rivers State, Nigeria, from Vertical Electri...
Overburden Properties of Abua in Rivers State, Nigeria, from Vertical Electri...Associate Professor in VSB Coimbatore
 

Similar a Liquefaction hazard mapping (20)

11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...
11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...
11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...
 
Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Ahmadu Bello University...
Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Ahmadu Bello University...Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Ahmadu Bello University...
Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Ahmadu Bello University...
 
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...
 
IRJET- Liquefaction Analysis for Kutch Region using Deterministic Insitu ...
IRJET-  	  Liquefaction Analysis for Kutch Region using Deterministic Insitu ...IRJET-  	  Liquefaction Analysis for Kutch Region using Deterministic Insitu ...
IRJET- Liquefaction Analysis for Kutch Region using Deterministic Insitu ...
 
Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, NigeriaPorosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, Nigeria
 
Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...
Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...
Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...
 
Gq2512111220
Gq2512111220Gq2512111220
Gq2512111220
 
Gq2512111220
Gq2512111220Gq2512111220
Gq2512111220
 
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...
 
Site Investigation of Subsurface Lithology of Ignatius Ajuru University of Ed...
Site Investigation of Subsurface Lithology of Ignatius Ajuru University of Ed...Site Investigation of Subsurface Lithology of Ignatius Ajuru University of Ed...
Site Investigation of Subsurface Lithology of Ignatius Ajuru University of Ed...
 
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...
 
2. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES
2. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES2. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES
2. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES
 
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed dataThe integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data
 
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...
 
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...
 
E05912226
E05912226E05912226
E05912226
 
20320130406011 2-3
20320130406011 2-320320130406011 2-3
20320130406011 2-3
 
Shallow Depth Soil Resistivity Investigations and Subsurface Lithology for Co...
Shallow Depth Soil Resistivity Investigations and Subsurface Lithology for Co...Shallow Depth Soil Resistivity Investigations and Subsurface Lithology for Co...
Shallow Depth Soil Resistivity Investigations and Subsurface Lithology for Co...
 
Overburden Properties of Abua in Rivers State, Nigeria, from Vertical Electri...
Overburden Properties of Abua in Rivers State, Nigeria, from Vertical Electri...Overburden Properties of Abua in Rivers State, Nigeria, from Vertical Electri...
Overburden Properties of Abua in Rivers State, Nigeria, from Vertical Electri...
 
A05740104
A05740104A05740104
A05740104
 

Más de IAEME Publication

IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdfIAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdfIAEME Publication
 
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
 
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSA STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
 
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSBROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
 
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSDETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
 
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
 
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOVOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
 
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
 
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYVISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
 
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
 
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICEGANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICEIAEME Publication
 
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
 
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
 
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
 
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
 
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
 
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
 
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
 
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
 
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTA MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
 

Más de IAEME Publication (20)

IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdfIAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
 
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
 
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSA STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
 
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSBROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
 
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSDETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
 
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
 
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOVOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
 
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
 
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYVISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
 
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
 
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICEGANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
 
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
 
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
 
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
 
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
 
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
 
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
 
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
 
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
 
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTA MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
 

Liquefaction hazard mapping

  • 1. International Journal of Civil JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (Print), INTERNATIONAL Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 AND ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), pp. 52-70 IJCIET © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.1861 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com © IAEME LIQUEFACTION HAZARD MAPPING Manish H. Sharma+ and Dr. C.H. Solanki++ + Ph. D. Research Scholar at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, India. ++ Professor, Applied Mechanics Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, India. E- mail: + ges1105@yahoo.com, ++ chs@amd.svnit.ac.in ABSTRACT The study of Mapping of Liquefaction Potential Zonation involves many Geological, Geo-Hydrological, Geo-Morphological, Strength Parameters and Seismic Parameters. The detailed analysis for mapping covers all the above conditions and parameters as deciding factors. An effort has been made to produce realistic and detailed mapping based on all the parameters and details available. This is been very prelim study and mapping still requires finer analysis by adding more data. The work is been extended to smaller area and shall be extended to cover larger area of the study area. The Macro level of investigation is an overlook to the Liquefaction Susceptibility. While, the Micro level of investigation provides the preliminary Liquefaction Potentiality. Further, the liquefaction potentiality thus identified shall be analyzed with respect to the area specific strength characteristic and seismic activity. Keywords: Liquefaction, Zonation, Mapping, Susceptibility, Potential INTRODUCTION Looking to the recent development and industrial growth of the Gujarat especially the coastal belts of Mundra, Dholera, Dahej, Hazira etc, it is a prime requirement of evaluating Seismic hazard possibilities. We have witnessed worst earthquake in Kachchh in the year 2001. Also, in present times we have observed increase in Seismic activities all over the world. So to face the challenges of nature we must be ready well in advance to protect our creations. 52
  • 2. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME One of the major effects caused by earthquake is liquefaction phenomenon. Liquefaction leads to large failures of structures and devastating collapses in the form of sudden settlements, landslides/sudden drawdown of slopes, lateral spreading etc. Before preparing and studying mitigation ways for such failures it is required to understand ways and causes of failures. Liquefaction Zonation mapping avails us as a ready recknor to design the structures for its useful life. Micro Zonation relates to the distribution of an area into smaller parts with respect to liquefaction potentiality. The study parameters are derived based on site specific strength parameters of the sub soil, its response to seismic forces. For this purpose study was carried out based on Borehole data, Geological, Geomorphological, Geohydrological and Seismological features. In this article maps are presented based on above features for liquefaction potential of soils. LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENON: “The phenomenon of pore pressure build-up following with the loss of soil strength is known as liquefaction (Committee on Earthquake Engineering, 1985)”. Study of Liquefaction potential zone has been broadly divided into three parts: (A) Macro geo engineering features of the study area – This should be the base for the selection of area for Liquefaction Susceptibility. a. Geology of the area, b. Age and type of deposits, c. Geomorphology of the area, d. Water table in the study area, e. Seismicity of the area. (B) Micro geo engineering features of the study area - This should be base for the categorization of the area for their Liquefaction Potential. a. Soil type, b. Physical properties of soil and c. SPT value at various depths. (C) Liquefaction Potential Severity Index: To map the spatial variability of Liquefaction Hazard at a particular location. This is based on the strength parameters, tested and analyzed for the determination of its resistance during seismic, cyclic forces. Area Selection for Mapping of Liquefaction Potential Zonation: Dahej is a well developed port and growing business hub. There are many giant industrial infrastructures present in the Dahej area. The study area selected based on the Macro geo engineering features of the area which are discussed in detail below. The study area is located between the latitude 210 39’ 8.28” and 210 44’ 12.51” and longitude 720 32’ 40.88” and 720 39’ 36.9”. The study area covers approximately 400 square kilometer and situated in Bharuch district of Gujarat. 53
  • 3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME FIGURE 1: MAP SHOWS LOCATIONS OF BOREHOLES AND VILLAGES MACRO LEVEL STUDY ASPECTS WATER TABLE: - Water table is the most important factor for liquefaction as only saturated sediments can liquefy. Figure 2 shows the water table depth contour of the study area. The water table in the study area varies between 3.4m to 15m from the existing ground level. Moreover, it is also apparent from the map that the liquefaction susceptibility and water table depth increase from East to West. This is because of the presence of relatively younger formation in the West and nearness of Gulf of Cambay or presence of local streams. FIGURE 2: LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBILITY BASED ON WATER TABLE DEPTH 54
  • 4. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME GEOLOGY The type of geological process that created a soil deposit has strong influence on its liquefaction susceptibility. Deposits formed by rivers, lakes & wind and man-made deposits, particularly those created by the process of hydraulic filling, are highly susceptible to liquefaction. Figure 3 shows the geology map of the study area. The geology of the study area comprises of Tidal flat and older tidal flat. The tidal flat deposition usually comprises of clay, silt and fine sand. Table 2 shows the liquefaction potential based on the geological criteria. Table 1: GEOLOGY OF DAHEJ Age Formation Lithology Rann Clay Older tidal flat deposit and tidal marsh Formation deposit Holocene Katpur Formation Flood Plain deposit Akhaj Formation Coastal dune and sand dune deposit Mahuva Formation Split bar/ tidal flat/ shoal deposit (Source: District Resource Map, Geological Survey of India, 2002) FIGURE 3: GEOLOGICAL MAP OF STUDY AREA (Source: Geological Survey of India, 2002) Table 2: Liquefaction Susceptibility using Geologic Criteria (YOUD & PERKINS, 1978) Sr.No. Geological Description Susceptibility High – Very 1 Deltaic deposits: Delta coastal zone High 2 Fluvio marine deposits: Estuarine, marine terraces and beaches Moderate - High Fluvio lacustrine deposits: Lagoonal deposits with an age less 3 Moderate - High than 10,000 yrs 4 Alluvium: Flood plain, River channels Low - Moderate Quaternary strato volcano: tuff, tephra, with an age betn 500 to 5 Low – Moderate 3000000 yrs 6 Residual soils: Residual soil with an age more than 500 yrs Low - Moderate (Source: Chapter 6 Zonation of Liquefaction potential using Geological Criteria) 55
  • 5. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME AGE OF THE DEPOSITS Age of the sedimentary geological deposits is an important factor as older sediments are compacted and less susceptible to liquefy. Table 3 shows the relation between age of the deposits and their susceptibility for liquefaction. Table 3: Relationship between Age of Deposit & Potential for Liquefaction (YOUD & PERKINS, 1978) Likelihood that Cohesionless Sediments When Distribution of Saturated, Would Be Susceptible to Liquefaction cohesionless Type of deposit (by age of deposit) sediments in Pre deposits <500 yr Holocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Delta Widespread Very high High Low Very Low Estuarine Locally variable High Moderate Low Very Low Beach High wave Widespread Moderate Low Very Low Very Low energy Low wave Widespread High Moderate Low Very Low energy Lagoon Locally variable High Moderate Low Very Low Fore shore Locally variable High Moderate Low Very Low Source: Surficial Geologic & Lique. Suscep. Mapping in Shelby County, Tennessee by Roy Van Arsdale & Randel Cox GEOMORPHOLOGY Geomorphic features of the study area are also important to select the area for further study of their potential to liquefy. Iwasaki et al (1982) made an attempt to categorize the various geomorphic features based on their potential to liquefy. The geomorphic features of the study area fall in the category where the liquefaction is either likely or possible. Figure 4 shows the geomorphic features of the study area. TABLE 4: LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL BASED ON GEOMORPHOLOGY Liquefaction Rank Geomorphologic Units Potential Present riverbed, Old River bed, A Swamp, Reclaimed land, inters dune Liquefaction Likely lowland. Fan natural levee, Sand dune, Flood Liquefaction B plain, Beach other plains. Possible Liquefaction Un- C Terrace Hill mountain Likely (Source: Collection of surface data for the prediction of liquefaction potential by Ishihara and Yasuda (1991)) 56
  • 6. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME FIGURE 4: GEOMORPHIC MAP OF STUDY AREA (Source: Geological Survey of India, 2002) SEISMICITY OF THE AREA Seismicity of the area is another essential parameter need to be considered for identification of zone for potential liquefaction. The study area falls in the Zone 3 as per the zonation map 2002. Based on above discussed macro geo engineering features, the study area can be given rank for its susceptibility to liquefy. Table 5 apparently indicates that the study area posse’s macro geo engineering features which are potential to liquefy. However, it is essential to study the micro geo engineering parameters to map the potential zone of liquefaction present in the study area. TABLE 5: CATEGORIZATION OF STUDY AREA BASED ON MACRO GEO ENGINEERING PARAMETERS Sr. Macro geo engineering Liquefaction Category No. Parameter Potential 1 Geology Yes Moderate – High 2 Sediments’ geological age Yes Moderate – High 3 Water table depth Yes Nil – High 4 Geomorphology Yes Moderate – High 5 Seismicity Yes Moderate – Low MICRO LEVEL STUDY ASPECTS VARIOUS LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL CRITERIA Resistance of a soil to liquefaction is determined by a combination of multiple soil properties. All of these properties and factors should be taken into account in an ideal evaluation of the liquefaction resistance of a soil. Because a comprehensive evaluation of soil properties and environment is neither feasible nor practical, there are various soil properties suggested by researchers for categorization of liquefaction potential zone mapping. The majority of liquefaction studies to date have concentrated on relatively clean sands. 57
  • 7. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME Comparatively little liquefaction research has been undertaken on soils within the grain size range of very silty sand to silt with or without some clay content. These silty soils are frequently encountered in engineering practice, and there is an abundance of evidence to show that they can be susceptible to liquefaction. Some of the physical properties of the soil used as the criteria by various researchers are discussed below: TABLE 6: LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL CRITERIA Sr. Potentially Test for Non Assessment Method No. Liquefiable decision Liquefiable Chinese criteria – FC <= 15% -- 1 Otherwise Wang (1979) LL<=35% -- PI < 12% 12 < PI < 20 2 Seed et al (2003) Otherwise LL < 37% 37 < LL < 47 Boulanger & Idriss 3 PI < 3% 3 <= PI <= 6 PI >=7 (2006) LITHOLOGS AND SOIL CLASSIFICATION Total 335 nos. of borehole data are investigated and put which 27nos. of bore data are selected as representative data. FIGURE 5: STRATIFICATION LITHOLOGS 58
  • 8. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME SEISMICITY OF THE AREA Table 2 describes the past history earthquake with their respective location of epicenter and magnitude around the study area. The study area falls in the Zone 3 as per the zonation map 2002. TABLE 7: EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER LOCATION WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE MAGNITUDE Latitude Longitude Magnitude Year Location 21.60 72.96 5.4 1970 Bharuch 21.70 73.00 3.5 1970 Bharuch 21.70 73.00 4.1 1970 Bharuch 21.60 72.70 3.4 1970 Bharuch 21.70 73.00 3.4 1971 Bharuch 21.84 72.90 3.0 1978Amod 21.97 72.91 2.8 1978Amod 21.90 72.90 3.2 1972Amod 21.81 73.03 2.9 1980 Nabipur 21.68 73.21 2.6 1980 Netrang 21.68 73.21 3.1 1980 Netrang 21.96 72.95 2.6 1980 Kevadia 22.00 72.88 3.6 1982Amod Gulf of 21.70 71.44 4.8 1993 Cambay (Source: Catalogue of earthquakes in Gujarat from 1668 to 2010) TABLE 8: PROBABILITY OF EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCE Earthquake Occurrence Occurrenc Probability, % es Magnitudes Probability for Yrs. 10 25 50 M < 3.0 4 94.3 99.9 100.0 3.0 < M < 4.0 7 99.3 100.0 100.0 4.0 < M < 5.0 2 76.0 97.2 99.9 5.0 < M < 6.0 1 51.0 83.2 97.2 Total Numbers 14 (1-e(-(10yrs.*(Nos. of Occ/Total Occ))))*100 59
  • 9. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL CRITERIA Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) Caused by Earthquake CSR can be obtained from the following formula: CSR = τcyc = 0.65 rd σvo amax σvo’ σvo’ g Where, amax = Maximum Horizontal Acceleration at ground surface induced by earthquake σvo = Total vertical stress at bottom of soil column = γtz τcyc(max) = Maximum Shear Stress σ∋vo = Vertical Effective Stress g = acceleration due to gravity (32.2 ft/s2 or 9.81 m/s2) r d = depth reduction factor Depth reduction factor assumes a linear relationship of rd versus depth and use the following equation (Kayen et al. 1992): rd = 1 – 0.012z Where, z = depth in meters below the ground surface where the liquefaction analysis is being performed (i.e., the same depth used to calculate σvo and σ'vo). Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) from standard penetration test: MEASURED SPT VALUES IN THE FIELD The N–value are the blow counts for the last 30 cm of penetration and 50 times is the maximum value. However, for harder soil penetration cases, there often happens that penetration depth does not reach 30 cm or counts need more than 50 times for 30 cm penetration. For practical use of N-values for earthquake engineering purpose, the corrected N-value of “NSPT” was defined as following: CORRECTIONS TO SPT N-VALUES The measured SPT blow count (NSPT) is first normalized for the overburden stress at the depth of the test and corrected to a standardized value of (N1)60. Using the recommended correction factors given by Robertson and Fear (1996), the corrected SPT blow count is calculated with: (Source: Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF Workshops on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils) (N1)60 = NSPT × (CN × CE × CB × CR × CS) ------------ 4 (A) Clean Sand adjustment Factor α = 0 for FC ≤ 5% = for 5% < FC < 35% = 5 for FC > 35% 60
  • 10. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME β = 1.0 for FC ≤ 5% = for 5% < FC < 35% = 1.2 for FC > 35% CALCULATION OF CRR VALUES CRR7.5 = 1 + (N1)60 + 50 – 1 34-(N1)60 135 (10(N1)60 + 45)2 200 The above equation for CRR is valid for (N1)60 < 30. For (N1)60 < 30, Clean granular soils are too dense to liquefy and are classed as non-liquefiable. The CRR value thus obtained is further corrected for its Magnitude Scaling Factor (MSF), therefore, corrected CRRM = CRR7.5 X MSF. CRR6 = CRR7.5 X MSF The value of MSF is given as under. MSF = 87.2 X (Mw)-2.215 Where, Mw is the anticipated earthquake magnitude LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL INDEX (LPI LPI as originally defined by Iwasaki et al. (1978) weighs factors of safety and thickness of potentially liquefiable layers according to depth. It assumes that the severity of liquefaction is proportional to: 1. Cumulative thickness of the liquefied layers; 2. Proximity of liquefied layers to the surface; and 3. Amount by which the factor safety (FS) is less than 1.0, where FS is the ratio of soil capacity to resist liquefaction to seismic demand imposed by the earthquake. Iwasaki et al. (1978) defined LPI as: 20 PL = ∫ (1 − FL )(10 − 0.5 x)dx 0 Where, PL= Liquefaction potential index FL = Liquefaction resistance factor (= CRR / CSR) X = depth (in m) TABLE 9: LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL INDEX CATEGORISATION PL value Liquefaction Potential Explanation 15 < PL Very High Ground improvement is indispensable. Ground improvement is required. Investigation 5 < PL <= 15 Relatively High for important facilities is indispensable. 0 < PL <= 5 Relatively Low Investigation for important facilities is required. PL = 0 Very Low No remedial method is required. (Source: Toshio Iwaski, Tadashi arakawa & Ken Ichi Tokida, “Simplified procedures for assessing soil liquefaction during earthquakes Earthquake Disaster Prevention Department, Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, Tsukuba Science City, lbaraka- Prof 305 Japan) 61
  • 11. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME SAMPLE CALCULATION SHEET: BH Location: 9 Co-ordinates: E 250504; N 2400724 Groundwater Level: GL, m - 15 N- z FC D50 D10 γt σvo σ'vo SPT Correction Factors Soil value Liquefi IP (N1)60 α β (GL - type able ? (%) (mm) (mm) NSPT (kN/m3) kN/m2 kN/m2 CN CE CB CR CS m) 3.0 CI 77.0 14.4 0.0260 0.0 17 18.27 54.81 54.81 No 1.36 0.7 1.0 0.80 1.2 16 5.0 1.2 6.0 SP 14.0 0.0 0.0750 0.0 18 18.64 110.73 110.73 No 0.96 0.7 1.0 0.95 1.2 14 2.2 1.0 9.0 SP 13.0 0.0 0.0038 0.0 14 18.87 167.34 167.34 No 0.78 0.7 1.0 0.95 1.2 9 1.9 1.0 12.0 SP 15.0 0.0 0.0550 0.0 13 19.05 224.49 224.49 No 0.67 0.7 1.0 1.00 1.2 7 2.5 1.0 15.0 SP 14.0 0.0 0.1200 0.0 10 18.91 281.22 281.22 Yes 0.60 0.7 1.0 1.00 1.2 5 2.2 1.0 Seismic Shear Stress PL for 0.4 FL for 0.24 PGA PL for 0.24 PGA Pi for 0.24 PGA FL for 0.4 PGA Pi for 0.4 PGA (N1)60cs CRR7.5 CRR6 Ratio PGA rd CSR0.24 CSR0.4 M7.5 M6 M7.5 M6 M7.5 M6 M7.5 M6 M7.5 M6 M7.5 M6 24 0.267 0.440 0.955 0.15 0.25 1.782 2.936 0.00 0.00 5.8 0.6 1.069 1.762 0.00 0.00 38.1 6.1 17 0.176 0.290 0.910 0.14 0.24 1.256 2.069 0.00 0.00 23.0 3.1 0.732 1.207 1.90 0.00 77.2 26.3 11 0.121 0.200 0.865 0.13 0.22 0.932 1.536 0.40 0.00 53.3 10.8 0.551 0.908 2.50 0.50 92.4 56.3 10 0.115 0.189 0.820 0.13 0.21 0.883 1.455 0.50 0.00 59.3 13.3 0.547 0.901 1.80 0.40 92.7 57.1 7 0.091 0.151 0.775 0.12 0.20 0.762 1.256 0.60 0.00 73.9 23.0 0.457 0.753 1.40 0.60 96.6 74.9 1.50 0.00 7.60 1.50 Liquefaction Potential Index, PL RL VL RH RL 62
  • 12. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME Liquefaction Potential Index for 6 Mw and 0.24 PGA L5 L4 2404000 L1 L6 L23 L13 2402000 L24 L22 L14 L7 L18 L11 L19 L15 L12 L27 L9 L3 L21 2400000 L16 L2 L20 L10 L26 L25 2398000 L17 L18 246000 248000 250000 252000 254000 256000 258000 Not to Scale Very Low (PL = 0) FIGURE 6: LPI FOR 6 Mw EARTHQUAKE & 0.24 PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION FIGURE 7: LPI FOR 6 Mw EARTHQUAKE & 0.4 PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION 63
  • 13. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME FIGURE 8: LPI FOR 7.5 Mw EARTHQUAKE & 0.24 PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION FIGURE 9: LPI FOR 7.5 Mw EARTHQUAKE & 0.4 PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION 64
  • 14. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME DISTRIBUTION OF FACTOR OF SAFETY IN TERMS OF PROBABIITY INDEX The variability of Factor of Safety (FL) is converted in terms of the probability function. Liquefaction Probability Index (Pi) as a function of factor of safety (FL) is calculated as mentioned below: Pi = 1 1 + FL 4.5 0.96 NORMALISED HISTOGRAMS OF LIQUEFACTION PROBABILITY INDICES FIGURE 10: Histogram for 6 Mw and 0.24 PGA FIGURE 11: Histogram for 7.5 Mw and 0.24 PGA FIGURE 12: Histogram for 6 Mw and 0.4 PGA FIGURE 13: Histogram for 7.5 Mw and 0.4 PGA 65
  • 15. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME Variance of Factor of Safety w.r.t. Earthquake Intensity and Peak Ground Acceleration The variability of Factor of Safety (FL) for particular depth is presented for the group of data of various bores. The factor safety value is analyzed statistically to obtain an extrapolated range as 1st & 3rd Quartile which determines the range of factor of safety. The range is obtained of the Median values of factor of safety. FIGURE 14: FOR 3.0m DEPTH FIGURE 15: FOR 6.0m DEPTH FIGURE 16: FOR 9.0m DEPTH FIGURE 17: FOR 12.0m DEPTH 66
  • 16. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME FIGURE 18: FOR 15.0m DEPTH CONCLUDING REMARKS Liquefaction Potential Mapping is done based on the susceptibility and Potentiality criteria’s with the use of simplified methods. The use of characterization maps are first look at the area “Potentially Hazardous to Liquefaction”. The Liquefaction Potential Index is area specific level of Liquefaction Potential. The designer requires the factor of safety variation in the area due to the effect of Liquefaction. The variation of Factor of safety is analyzed statistically. The variability and distribution of Factor of Safety with respect to the depth, Peak ground Acceleration and Earthquake Intensity magnitude can be presented in the form of Histogram Distribution and Variability with range of probable values. The procedure thus involves the steps to evaluate probable Susceptibility and Potentiality with statistical approach for an area and provides range of factor of safety for design consideration. ABBREVIATIONS NOTATIONS G– Gravel Z= Depth below Ground Mean Particle Size having 50% S– Sand D50 = material finer M– Silt D10 = Particle size at 10 % passes Unit weight of soil above the C– Clay γt = groundwater level PI / IP Plasticity Index γ't = Submerged Unit weight of soil – LL – Liquid Limit τcyc = Cyclic Shear Stress PL – Plastic Limit rd = Depth Reduction Factor NP – Non-Plastic σv = Total overburden pressure 67
  • 17. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME CH – Clay of High Plasticity σ'v = Total overburden pressure Maximum Horizontal Acceleration at ground CI – Clay of Intermediate Plasticity amax = surface τcyc(max) CL – Clay of Low Plasticity Maximum Shear Stress = MH – Silt of High Plasticity g= acceleration due to gravity (32.2 ft/s2 or 9.81 m/s2) MI - Silt of Intermediate Plasticity CN = Correction for Overburden Pressure ML - Silt of Low Plasticity CE = Correction for Hammer Energy SW - Well Graded Sand CB = Correction for Bore Diameter SP - Poorly Graded Sand CS = Correction for SPT Sampler SM - Silty Sand CR = Correction for Rod Length SC - Clayey Sand α, β = Clean Sand adjustment factor GW - Well Graded Gravel GP - Poorly Graded Gravel GM - Silty Gravel GC - Clayey Gravel OH - Organic Silt with High Plasticity Organic Silt with Intermediate OI - Plasticity OL - Organic Silt with Low Plasticity GL - Ground Level WL - Water Level FC - Fines content N- Results of standard penetration value test (SPT) LP - Liquefaction Potential CSR - Cyclic Stress Ratio CRR - Cyclic Resistance Ratio FL - Factor of Safety PL – Liquefaction Potential Index Pi - Liquefaction Probability Index ER = Energy Ratio Mw = anticipated earthquake magnitude MSF Magnitude Scaling Factor 68
  • 18. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME REFERENCES 1. A. Janalizadeh Choobbasti and S. Firouzian, Assessment of cyclic resistance ratio of Babolsar Sandy Soil based on semi empirical relations, International Journal of Research & Reviews in Applied Science (Volume 2, Issue Jan’10). 2. Birendra Kumar Piya, Generation of a Geological database for Liquefaction hazard assessment in Kathmandu Valley, Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo- information Science and Earth Observation. 3. C. H. Loh, C. R. Cheng & Y. K. Wen, Probabilistic evaluation of liquefaction potential under earthquake loading, September 1994, 0267-7261 (94) 00052-2, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering 14 (1995) 269-278. 4. Cees van Westen, P. K. Champati ray, Liquefaction Hazard Zonation, Case Study Bhuj, India. 5. D. Hannich, H. Hoetzl, D. Ehret, G. Huber, A. Danchiv, M. Bretotean, Liquefaction Probability in Bucharest and Influencing Factors, International Symposium on Strong Vrancea Earthquakes and Risk Mitigation , Oct, 4-6, 2007, Bucharest, Romania. 6. David Kun Li, C. Hsein Juang, Ronald D. Andrus, and William M. Camp, Index Properties-Based Criteria for Liquefaction Susceptibility of Clayey Soils: A Critical Assessment, Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Engineering ASCE, January 2007. 7. Debasis Roy, Assessment of Liquefaction Susceptibility of soils, Chapter 10-GT201. 8. Desmond C A Andrews & Geoffrey R Martin, (2000), Criteria for Liquefaction of Silty Soils, 12WCEE (0312). 9. Glenn J. Rix1 and Salome Romero-Hudock1 Liquefaction Potential Mapping in Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee. 10. I. M. Idriss & R. W. Boulanger, Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes, November 2004, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engr. 26 (2006) 115-130. 11. Institute of Seismological Research, Gandhinagar report on Microzonation Study around Special Investment Region, Dholera (Gujarat). 12. J. Dixit, D. M. Dewaikar, and R.S. Jangid, Assessment of liquefaction potential index for Mumbai City, Paper published in Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2759-2768, 2012. 13. Jennifer A. Lenz, Laurie G. Baise, Spatial variability of liquefaction potential in regional mapping using CPT & SPT data, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering 27 (2007) 690–702. 14. Justin T. Pearce and John N. Baldwin, Final Technical Report on Liquefaction Susceptibility Mapping, St. Louis, Missouri and Illinois, U.S. Geological Survey, National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Award 03HQGR0029, April 2005. 15. K. S. Rao and D. Neelima Satyam, Liquefaction studies for seismic microzonation of Delhi region, Research Article. 16. Karina Dahl, PE, Liquefaction Evaluation of Fine Grained Soils, ECI284 Term Project. 17. Laurie G. Baise, Rebecca B. Higgins, Charles M. Brankman, Liquefaction Hazard Mapping – Statistical and Spatial Characterization of Susceptible Unit, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 132, No. 6, June 1, 2006. 18. Pradipta Chakrabortty, A.D. Pandey, S. Mukerjee, Ashish Bhargava, Liquefaction Assessment For Microzonation Of Kolkata City, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1-6, 2004, Paper No. 82. 69
  • 19. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 19. Ross W. Boulanger & I. M. Idriss, Discussion of ‘Liquefaction Susceptibility Criteria for Silts & Clays’, November 2006, Vol.132, No.11, pp 1413-1426. 20. Roy Van Arsdale and Randel Cox, Surficial Geologic and Liquefaction Susceptibility Mapping in Shelby County, Tennessee. 21. Russell A. Green, Stephen F. Obermeier, and Scott M. Olson, The role of liquefaction studies in performances based Earthquake Engineering in the Central-Eastern United States, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engr., Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1- 6, 2004, Paper No. 1643. 22. Sanjay K. Jha & Kiichi Suzuki, Reliability Analysis of Soil liquefaction based on standard Penetration test, Computers & Geotechnics 36 (2009) 589-596. 23. Shamesher Prakash & Vijay K. Puri, Recent Advances in Liquefactions of Fine Grained Soils, Fifth International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering & Soil Dynamics & Symposium in Honor of Professor I.M. Idriss May 24- 29, 2010, San Diego, California, Paper No. 4.17a. 24. Susumu Yasuda, Tokyo Denki University, Collection of surface data for the prediction of liquefaction potential, (Partially quoted from the papers by Ishihara and Yasuda (1991) and TC4 (1999). 25. T.G. Sitharam, Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential of Soils, A workshop on Microzonation @ Interline Publishing, Bangalore. 26. Thomas L. Holzer, Probabilistic Liquefaction Hazard Mapping, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics IV. 27. Toshio Iwasaki, Tadashi Arakawa & Ken-Ichi Tokida, Simplified procedures for assessing soil liquefaction during earthquakes, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering, 1984, Vol.3, No.1. 28. W. D. Liam Finn, State of the art for the evaluation of seismic liquefaction potential, September 2001, Computers & Geotechnics 29 (2002) 329-341. 29. Y. Yao.Chi & Li Ting Ou, A Study on Probabilistic Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction, December 2003, Special issue on soil liquefaction, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering. 70