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Numerical simulation of bioremediation of poly aromatic hydrocarbon polluted
1.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 10 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BIOREMEDIATION OF POLY AROMATIC HYDROCARBON POLLUTED SOIL USING MATLAB 1 Olatunji, O. M., 2 Horsfall, I.T 1 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B.5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Port Harcourt, East West Road Choba, P.M.B.5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. ABSTRACT The numerical simulation of bioremediation of Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon PAH was carried out using exponential curve fitting in Matrice Laboratory (MATLAB). Three species of Mushroom substrate (saprophytic, symbiotic and parasitic) were applied for remediation on 6 different cells of polluted soil at 0.1m depth. The experiment was allowed to stay for a period of 10 weeks at which the residual concentration was measured at an interval of 2 weeks. A kinetic model was developed to study the biodegradation rates of PAHs. The reaction rates were studied by using the integral method with MATLAB as a validating tool. From the results, the rate constants are: 0.3523, 0.3751, and 0.3603 day-1 for saprophytic, parasitic and symbiotic mushrooms respectively the residual concentrations for the 10th week are: 3.548, 2.825, 3.275 which shows that the parasitic specie of mushroom degrades PAHs faster than saprophytic and symbiotic species. Key words: Simulation, Mushroom, PAHs, MATLAB, Soil. INTRODUCTION Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is a class of organic compound that consists of two or more fused benzene rings and/or pent acyclic molecules that are arranged in various structural configurations (Harvey, 1998). They are highly recalcitrant molecules that can persist in the environment due to their hydrophobicity and low water solubility. PAHs are ubiquitous in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET) ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print) ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME: http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.8273 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJARET © I A E M E
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 11 the natural environment, and originate from two main sources: these are natural (biogenic and geochemical) and anthropogenic sources (Harvey 1997). The latter source of PAHs is the major cause of environmental pollution and hence the focus of many bioremediation activities. Biological remediation is the use of microorganisms or plants to detoxify or remove organic and inorganic xenobiotic compounds from the environment. The remediation option offer green technology solution to the problem of environmental degradation. The process rely on microbial enzymatic activities to transform or degrade the contaminants in the environment (Philip et al, 2005). It is a cost effective remediation technique when compared with other methods as it is natural and does not usually produce toxic by-products. It also provides a permanent solution as a result of complete mineralization of the contaminants in the environment (Perelo, 2010). Poly aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination is caused by leakage of crude oil and their refined products and the spills of coal tar and creosote from coal gasification and wood treatment sites (Mueller et al., 1998). Contaminated soil has elevated concentrations of PAH’s or other substances deriving from man’s use of the soil. This soil contamination negatively influence human health, surface and groundwater quality, nature and viability of ecosystems, condition of buildings, other materials and archaeological artifacts within the ground area (Vegher et al., 2002). Thus, regulatory agencies have set acceptable limits of concentrations of many soil contaminants depending on the intended use of the soil. Mushroom (pleurotus tuber regium) serves as an important source of food for a variety of animals ranging from insect to large mammalian herbivore such as Deer (Alexopolus et al, 1996). It is often used in thickening popular agusi – melon soup and serves as a substitute for egusi – melon (cigrullus vulgaris) in south eastern Nigeria (Nwokolo, 1987; Okhuoya and Isikhwemhen, 1999). It is a good source of vitamins, minerals low in sugar, lowers blood cholesterol (Kenada and Tokuda, 1996), and a selective medicinal for diabetes (Bano, 1976; change and miles, 1982; Gupta, 1989) as well as contributes to longevity in human being (Flynm, 1991). Mushroom contains quality good protein, low fat content and contains vitamins B1, B2 and C. It also has effects on tumours, blood pressure and viruses. It has ability to degrade lignin and cellulose. Emuh (2009) reported that mushroom inoculated in locally sourced substrates showed promise in bioremediation of hydrocarbon polluted soil. This paper seeks to examine the efficiency of different species of mushroom applied on the surface of a soil for bioremediation of PAHs. MATERIALS AND METHOD Description of Study The Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) used for this experiment was obtained from Nigeria National Petroleum Company (NNPC) in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The Mushrooms used were bought from Santana Market in Benin, Nigeria. The experimental cells were located at the University Research Green House in Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State. Electrical weighing and electronic balance was used to determine the density of the PAHs and also the volume of mushroom used. A mathematical model was developed to describe the remediation process.
3.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 12 Design of Experiment The soil was divided into 6 treatment cells that were made into 6 different containers, each with dimension 0.2m x 0.2m and tilled to a depth of 0.1m. The different beakers of samples were coded as AS-1 to AS-6. The beakers were use in order to control the temperature, concentration, moisture content simultaneously (Mattewson & Grubbs, 1998). Soil Treatment Poly aromatic hydrocarbon that obtained from Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) in NNPC is added to each treatment cell. The cells were left undisturbed for three days, at the end of which the treatment options were then applied. The three day period allows degradation to commence and follows from the work Odokuwa & Dickson (2003). Soil Sampling Different random spot were augured using a 9 – inch hand due soil anger capable of obtaining uniform cores of equal volume at the desired depths (Smith and Atkinson 1975), bulked together (composite soil samples) and put in well labeled polyethylene bags. The samples for total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) measurement were placed in 1L glass bottles and sealed with aluminium foil to ensure accurate results. This procedure was done 3 times to form replicates. The bags and glass bottles were immediately transferred to the laboratory for analysis. The procedure is similar to that reported by Odokuwa and Dickson (2003). Mushroom Application Different types of mushroom were applied, broadcast to the relevant cell and worked into 10cm depth in each cell. Various quantities of mushroom applied to the different cells are noted earlier in this work. About 100g of the mushroom substrate was applied once in 6 weeks to cells. These quantities of mushroom supplied nitrogen to the cells for the 10 week remediation period. In a related study, Odokuma and Dickson (2003) applied a total of 400kg/ha of mushroom substrate to the relevant cells for a 9 week remediation period. Tilling The entire cells were tilled twice in a month to provide necessary aeration and adequate mixing of nutrients and microbes with contaminated soil. The tilling was tone in line with Christofi et al. (1998) which reviewed that agro-technical method such as tilling and loosening provides proper aeration that could decrease the contamination level due to the oxidation of easily degradable petroleum components. Laboratory Methods Soil physiochemical parameters such as: Moisture content, PAH, Total Hydrocarbon content (THC), Total Organic Content (TOC), soil pH, were determined using standard methods. The parameters obtained were used as indices for evaluating the levels of pollution and remediation. Soil samples collected from the remediation cells were air-dried, homogenized and made to pass through a 2mm mesh sieve.
4.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 13 Model Derivation The degradation of non-conservative substance is usually modeled as a first-order reaction. It is assumed that the rate of loss of substance is proportional to the amount of substance that is present (Gilbert, 2006). Considering a steady state system with non-conservative pollutant, many contaminants undergo biochemical reactions at a rate sufficient to treat them as a non-conservative substance. Using the mass balance principle, [Soil + PAHs] + Mushroom Substrate k Gases + Heat + New biomass k = Rate of reaction, PAHs is the Pollutant The bioremediation of PAHs from soil is dependent upon temperature, moisture content, pH and THC of the soil as well as mushroom substrate. Applying the principle of mass balance Input of Poly aromatic hydrocarbon to soil = output rate + Disappearance due to biochemical reaction + Accumulation (1) Let PC0 = Input of PAH to the soil Input = PC0 (2) Let PC= Output of Poly aromatic hydrocarbon from the soil Output = PC (3) Let α = Rate of disappearance due to biochemical reaction α = MSV (4) Where, MS = Mushroom Substrate, V = Volume Let γ = Rate of accumulation γ = ܸ ௗ ௗ௧ (5) Where, ܸ = Volume of soil Substituting Eq. 2 to 5 into Eq. 1 we have ܲܥ ൌ ܲܥ ܴܯௌܸ ܸ ௗ ௗ௧ (6) Dividing all through Eq. 6 by V బ ൌ ܯௌ ௗ ௗ௧ (7) ܥ ൌ െ ܯௌ ௗ ௗ௧ (8) ௗ ௗ௧ ൌ ሺܥ െ ܥሻ െ ܯௌ (9) If C = 0 for complete removal of contaminant from the soil. As C0 tends to C, we have: ௗ ௗ௧ ൌ െܯௌ (10) ܯௌ ൌ ܭܥ (11) Where Km = rate of degradation ௗ ௗ௧ ൌ െܭܥ (12) The above equation can be solved using separation of variable method.
5.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 14 ௗ ௗ௧ ൌ െܭܥ ௗ ൌ െܭ݀ݐ (13) Integrating both sides of Eq.13 න ݀ܥ ܥ ൌ െܭ න ݀ݐ ೀ In |ܥ ൌ െܭ ݐ ௧ (14) In ܥ െ ݊ܫ ܥ ൌ െܭሺݐ െ 0ሻ (15) In ܥ െ ݊ܫ ܥ ൌ െܭ (16) ݊ܫ బ ൌ െܭݐ (17) Taking exponential on both sides of equation బ ൌ ݁ି௧ (18) Therefore, the Model Equation can be written as: ܥ ൌ ܥ݁ି௧ (19) Where, C0 = Initial concentration of PAH (mg/L) C = Final concentration of PAH (mg/L) km = Reaction coefficient (time-1 ) t = Time in weeks Linearizing Eq. 19 we have ln PAH = -kt + ln PAH(0) (20) Where ln PAH = Final Concentration of PAH ln PAH(0) = Initial Concentration of PAH Comparing Eq. 20 with the general linear equation y = mx + c y = ln PAH, m = gradient = k or rate of degradation x = Time c = Intercept = ln PAH(0) Therefore, a plot of final concentration of PAHs in mg/L vs Time gives the km values using 100g of Mushroom. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Table 1: Initial Assessment of Soil Percentage (%) pH 1 : 2.5 EC (µ/cm) Percentage (%) C/N Ratio Sand Silt Clay Moisture content Organic C Total N 13.7±0.5 41±0.2 45±0.5 14±1 4.65±0.1 29±2 0.18±0.02 0.62±0.3 0.4±0.01 Results represent the means ± standard deviation of three replicates
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 15 Table 2: Physiochemical Characteristics of soil after contamination, prior to remediation Percentage (%) pH 1 : 2.5 EC (µ/c m) Percentage (%) C/N Rati o Potassiu m (cµ/kg) PAHs (ppm) Sand Silt Clay Moisture content Organic C Total N 79.0 10.0 11.0 20.48 5.8 4.71 0.49 0.13 4 1.29 120.23 ±0.007 Results represent the means ± standard deviation of three replicates Tables 1 and 2 shows the experimental results obtained from the initial assessment of the soil and the soil characteristics after contamination. The soil pH level is 4.65 which indicate acidic condition and it does not favor bioremediation. Table 3: The PAHs Concentration in treated soil using 100g of Mushroom Substrate Table 3 shows the effect of mushroom on bioremediation and indicates that mushroom substrate is time dependent in bioremediation. This is in agreement with the findings of Olatunji and Horsfall (2013). Table 4: Rate of reaction Constants (km) Mushroom Substrate km (day-1 ) Saprophytic 0.3523 Parasitic 0.3751 Symbiotic 0.3603 Time (weeks) PAHs Concentration (mg/L) in soil treated by Mushroom Parasitic Mushroom Saprophytic Mushroom Symbiotic Mushroom 0 131.42 131.42 131.42 2 89.21 78.26 77.48 4 40.94 42.52 46.53 6 19.71 27.37 28.50 8 10.74 13.92 12.55 10 2.84 2.92 2.77
7.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 16 The rates of reaction constants were obtained from the graph of ln PAHs vs time, where Km is the slope of the graph. Figs.1-3 are plotted from the linearized equation of the mathematical model (Eq. 19). The km values (Table 4) show that saprophytic mushroom will degrade PAHs faster than parasitic and symbiotic mushrooms of 100g. Table 5: Calculated values of PAH for 100g of Mushroom Substrate using Eq. 19 Time (Weeks) Residual concentration of PAHs (mg/L) Symbiotic Parasitic Saprophytic 0 120.230 120.230 120.230 1 83.8565 82.6245 84.8300 2 58.4871 56.7813 59.4300 3 40.7928 39.0213 41.7837 4 28.4517 26.8162 29.3768 5 19.8441 18.4281 20.6539 6 13.8406 12.6645 14.5212 7 9.65337 8.70334 10.2094 8 6.73290 5.98111 7.17790 9 4.69598 4.11043 5.04656 10 3.27529 2.82471 3.54808 Simulation in MATLAB using the initial PAHs concentration of 120.23mg/L and the mathematical model developed. The result (Table 5) shows that there is a strong but negative correlation between time and concentration of PAHs. The correlation between time and concentration of PAH for saprophytic, parasitic and symbiotic mushroom are 0.9704, 0.9868 and 0.9701 respectively. Similarly, Chi-square goodness of fit shows values of 0.0102, 0.0202 and 0.0065 respectively.
8.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 17 Fig. 1: Analysis of fit1 for the Concentration of Parasitic Mushroom versus Time The Chi-test result shows that the model is valid and it can be used to predict the rate of bioremediation of PAHs using mushroom as a remediating agent. As X2 tends to zero the closer the calculated value to the experimental data of PAHs concentration. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140Fit Analysis of fit "fit 1" for dataset "Cpa vs. t with Ex" fit 1 Cpa vs. t with Ex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 1stderiv
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 18 Fig. 2: Analysis of fit1 Showing Experimental Result of the Concentration Parasitic Mushroom against Time Fig. 3: Analysis of fit2 for the Concentration of Symbiotic Mushroom versus Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Fit Analysis of fit "fit 1" for dataset "Cpa vs. t with Ex" fit 1 Cpa vs. t with Ex 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Fit Analysis of fit "fit Symbiotic Mushroom in Bioremediation" for dataset "Csm vs. t with E" fit Symbiotic Mushroom in Bioremediation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 1stderiv
10.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 19 Fig. 4: Analysis of fit3 for dataset; calculated value vs experimental values for Parasitic Mushroom Fig. 5: The effect of Parasitic Mushroom in bioremediation PAH for experimental and calculated values 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Fit Analysis of fit "fit 1" for dataset "Cpa vs. t with E3" fit 1 Cpa vs. t with E3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 1stderiv 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time [Weeks] Concentration[mg/L] Parasitic Mushroom in Bioremediation of PAHs Calculated values Experimental values
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 20 Fig. 6: The effect of Symbiotic Mushroom in bioremediation PAH for experimental and calculated values Fig. 7: The effect of Saprophytic Mushroom in bioremediation PAH for experimental and calculated values 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time [Weeks] Concentration[mg/L] Symbiotic Mushroom in Bioremediation of PAHs Calculated values Experimental values 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time [Weeks] Concentration[mg/L] Saprophytic Mushroom in Bioremediation of PAHs Calculated values Experimental values
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 21 Moisture Content Table 6 and 7 shows the effect of mushroom on moisture content and pH of the soil in bioremediation of PAHs respectively. Table 6: Moisture content in treated soil using 100g of Mushroom Substrate Table 7: pH (1 : 2.5) in treated soil using 100g of Mushroom Substrate pH Effect The pH of contaminated sites can often be linked to the pollutant. The result shows that there is no significant change in pH as time increases. In a duration of 3 months, the pH value increased from 5.8 – 7.1 which indicates a favorable condition for bioremediation. CONCLUSIONS From the results obtained it could be deduced that from the numerical computation and model validation, there is a strong correlation between the experiment and the mathematical model for the bioremediation of Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons polluted soil with mushroom substrate. The mathematical model developed can be used to predict the rate of remediation of PAHs polluted soil using mushroom as a remediating agent. Time (weeks) Moisture content (mg/g) in soil treated by Mushroom Parasitic Saprophytic Symbiotic 0 20.5 20.5 20.5 2 22.38 23.32 20.38 4 20.33 19.31 18.35 6 14.35 14.48 14.42 8 14.27 14.27 14.14 10 14.27 14.17 14.12 Time (weeks) pH (1: 2.5) in soil treated by Mushroom Parasitic Saprophytic Symbiotic 0 5.80 5.80 5.80 2 6.42 6.58 6.41 4 6.40 6.51 6.40 6 6.39 6.52 6.40 8 7.03 6.91 7.15 10 7.07 7.06 7.19
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 22 REFERENCES [1] Agrodok, M. (2005). The Nutritive value of mushroom. Journal of Mushroom as a Purifier, 26:312-318. [2] Alexander, M. (1980), Biodegration of Chemicals of Environmental Concern. Journal of Food Science 3 (11), PP. 323-327. [3] Alexopulus, C. J; Mins C. W., (1996). Introductory mycology. Third edition John Willey and sours inc. Publishers. 869pp. [4] Amadi, A.A., Dickson, And Moate, G.O (1993), Remediation of oil polluted oils effects of organic supplements on the performance of maize (Zea Maysl) [5] Aneja, K. R. (2002). Experiment in Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Tissue Culture and Mushroom Production Technology. Edition 3, New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi. [6] Atunuya, E. I. (1987). Effect of waste engine oil on physical and chemical properties of the soil. Journal of Natural Waste, 21:106-118. [7] Aust, S.D; Swaner, P.R. (2003). Detoxification and Metabolism by White rot fungi pesticide decontamination and detoxification. [8] Awellal N, Portal JM, Vogel T, Berthelin J. (2001). Distribution and location of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH-degrading bacteria within polluted soil aggregates. Biodegradation; 12:49-57. [9] Baldrien, C.W. (2000). Bioremediation of metal contaminants. Curr. Opinion Biotechnol 6:320-328 [10] Bano, Z. (1976). The Nutrtive value of mushroom. In proceeding of first symposium on survey and cultivation of edible mushroom in India Reg. laboratory Singer 2.148-150. [11] Barr, D. P, and Acest, S. D., mechanisms of White fungi use to degrade pollution crit Rev. Environ. Sci Technol. 28(2) 79-87. [12] Braddock J. Ruth M.; (1997). Enhancement and inhabitation of microbial activity in hydrocarbon contaminated arctic soils; implications for nutrient-amended bioremediation. Published in J. Enrion. Qual. 30:1699-1709. [13] Buuepus, J.A., (1989), Biodegreadation of poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by panerochaeve chrysosporium. [14] Chiu, S.W., Ching, M.L, Fong. K.L., & Moore, D. (1998). Spent oyster mushroom substrate performs better than many mushroom mycelia in removing the biocide pentachlorophenol. Mycol Res. 102:1553-1562. [15] Chong C., & Rinker, D.L. (1994). Use of spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) for growing Containerized Woody Ornamentals: An Overview. Compost Sci. Util. 2:45-54. [16] Chong, C., & B. Hamersma (1997). Container growing with spent mushroom substrate Mushroom New 45:12-14. [17] Eggen, T. & Sasek, V.; (2003), use of edible and medical oyster mushroom spent composite in remediation of chemically polluted soil. Toxicol. Eniron. Chem; 40:255- 260. [18] Emuh, F. N. (2009), Bioremediation potentials of white rot fungi in the reclamation of crude oil polluted soil. Brazilian Arch. Biol Technol 45(4):531-535. [19] Fasidi I.O.; (2005). Studies on Pleurotus tuber-regiumtries singer. Food Chem. 48:255- 2559.
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Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 10-25 © IAEME 23 [20] Flynn, V. T. (1991). Is the shiitake mushroom an Aphrodisiac and a cause of long evity? In: science of cultivation of edilomushroom. The Netherland pp 345-361. [21] Gilbert M. Masters (2006) Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 2nd ed., p8, 651pp, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi-110001. [22] Gibson, F. N. and Parales F. (2000). Use of New kind of Fertilizer of Petroleum Origin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:2078-2-84. [23] Hafez E.E., Rashhad M, (2008), The poly aromatic hydrocarbons as a serious environmental pollutants and the role of bioreviediation to overcome this problem. Journal of natural and Science, 9:66-74. [24] Haggblom, M.M. Valo R. (1995), Bioreme Chorophenol wastes. Environmental Science and Technology 2002, 36(22):48-53. [25] Hamman, S. (2004), Bioremediation capability of white rots fungi. Cosmochim. Acta, 65:95-109. [26] Hestbjerg H, Willumsen PA, Christensen M, Andersen O, Jacobsen CS (2003). Bio- augmentation of tar-contaminated soil under field condition using pleurotus ostreatus refuse from commercial mushroom production. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 22:692-8. [27] Heusemann, M. E. (1997), In Complete Hydrocarbon Biodegradation in contaminated soils. Hortic. SCi. 116:242-247. [28] Hitivani N. and Mecs, L.; (2003). Effects of certain heavy methods on the growth, Dye discoloration and enzyme. Environmental Safety 55(2):199-203. [29] Hooda, S., Kaur S. (1999). Laboratory manual for environmental chemistry. Edition 1, New Delhi: S.Chand & Company Ltd. 80-85. [30] Hudson, H.J.; (1986). Fungal Biology, Edward Arnold Publisher Ltd; 1st Edition. 298 PP. [31] Humer, M.; Bokan, M.; (2004). Fungal Bioremediation of Copper, Chromium and boron treated wood as studied by election pragmatic resource. Compost Sci. Util. 2:31-36. [32] Johnsen AR, Wick LY, Harms L. (2005). Principle of microbial PAH – degradation in soil. Environmental Pollution. 133:71-84. [33] Juhasz, A. L. Britz, M.L., Stanley, G.A., (1996), Degradation of high molecular weight polycycle aromatic hydrocarbous by pseudomonas cepacia. Biotechnology letters 18 577-582. [34] Juhasz, AL Waller N, Lease C, Bentham E, Steward R. (2005). Pilot scale bioremediation of creosote contaminated soil-efficiency of enhanced natural attenuation and bio-augmentation strategies. Bioremediation Journal. 9: 141-57. [35] Kanaly R., Bartha, R., Fogel, S., Findlay M. (1997). Biodegradation of (14 C) benzo (a) pyrene added in crude oil to uncontaminated soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 63:4511-15. [36] Kondo, R. Sasek, K. (2003). White rot fungi and methods decomposing dioxing using them. CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 15(2), 178-210. [37] Krk, F. & Farrel, P. (1987). Reclamation of soil contaminated with crude oil. Journal of contaminated soil 159, 672-681. [38] Kvenvoiden, F. and Cooper, T.; (2003). Bioremediation potential of white rot fungi in the reclamation of crude oil polluted soil. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 129, 366- 376.
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