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ACEEE Int. J. on Electrical and Power Engineering, Vol. 03, No. 01, Feb 2012



  Proximity Effects of High Voltage Transmission Lines
                       on Humans
                                                   Girish Kulkarni1, Dr.W.Z.Gandhare2
                              1
                               SSGBCOE&T, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bhusawal, India
                                                Email: girish227252@rediffmail.com
                              2
                               Government Engineering College, Electrical Engineering, Aurangabad, India
                                                Email: wz_gandhare@yahoo.co.in


Abstract— Recently new threats to humans are observed from                      in close proximity to humans. The result studies related to prox-
electromagnetic radiation from various sources like mobile                      imity effects have taken two opposite ends resulting in ambigu-
phones, transmission lines and many more. For providing                         ity. Some conclusions had shown no harmful effects on humans
continuous and uninterrupted supply of electric power to                        whereas the recent one are agreeing on the bad effects on
consumer’s maintenance operation of high voltage power lines
                                                                                manmade electrical sources like HV transmission lines [13-14].
are often performed with systems energized or live. This is
referred as Hot Line maintenance or live line maintenance                       Some scientist have identified & studied the workplaces of pos-
in this paper authors are concentrating on effects due to high                  sible risks [7, 15-17] & some had recommended to study other
voltage transmission lines on persons involved in this live                     appliances along with transmission lines such as monitors, tele-
line maintenance. The main aim of this paper is to create a                     visions, hairdryer copying machines etc [7].
model for health hazards in high voltage transmission lines. In                      An extensive literature survey was done on the above topic
this paper just a theoretical approach is presented, in coming                  & authors observed a gap in relevant literature especially in
days the model suggested will be prepared with ANSYS or                         India on hot line workers. The aim of proposed research is to
MATLAB. The results of actual field reading will be compared                    make aware the government, government organizations & people
with the mathematical model and will be presented as next
                                                                                coming in close proximity of TLS about possible health risks &
part of research work.
                                                                                ways to minimize the effects (if any) in near future.
Keywords— EHV lines, Power-Frequency Electro-Magnetic
fields, Human Health, SAR, ANSYS, MATLAB.                                                                II. HISTORY
                                                                                    Extremely high voltages in EHV lines cause electrostatic
                       I. INTRODUCTION                                          effects, where as short circuit currents & line loading currents
    Since last few decades electricity has become a vital part of               are responsible for electromagnetic effects. The effect of these
our life and it is proving to be an integral part of modern life. The           electrostatic fields is seen prominent with living things like
electricity system produces extremely low frequency                             humans, plants, animals along with vehicles, fences & buried
electromagnetic field which comes under Non ionising                            pipes under & close to these lines.The following section will
radiations which can cause health effects. Apart from human                     explain the electrostatic effects on
effect, the electrostatic coupling & electromagnetic                            A. Human beings
interference of high voltage transmission lines have impact on
plants and telecommunication equipments mainly operating in                         When a person who is isolated from ground by some
frequency range below UHF.                                                      insulating material comes in close proximity to an overhead
    Exposure of humans to electromagnetic fields from high                      transmission line, an electrostatic field is set in the body of
voltage transmission lines is a great concern about humans since                human being, having a resistance of about 2000 ohms. When
transmission lines are found everywhere in our environment.                     the same person touches a grounded object, it will discharge
Each country has its own standard for exposure to EMFs based                    through his body causing a large amount of discharge current
on guidelines set by the International Commission on Non-                       to flow through the body. Discharge currents from 50-60 Hz
Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The biological effect of                electromagnetic fields are weaker than natural currents in the
these exposures is a subject of great interest to researchers.                  body, such as those from the electrical activity of the brain
Some possibilities of leukemia have been reported [1] along with                and heart.
other health effects such as reproduction systems [2-3], variation                  For human beings the limit for undisturbed field is 15 kV/m,
in blood sugar contents [4], neuronal disorders such as alzheimer,              R.M.S., to experience possible shock. When designing a
depression [5-6] etc. the main reason of all these effects is alteration        transmission lines this limit is not crossed, in addition to this
of Melatonin Secretation [7] as a result of EMF exposure [8].                   proper care has been taken in order to keep minimum
Melatonin Secretion is involved in aging process [9], sleep orders              clearance between transmission lines.
& disorders [10], breast carcinogenesis [11], tumor genesis [12].                   A number of papers have been published to study the
With growing population the human is approaching more to-                       effects of high electrostatic field on human beings, as number of
wards transmission line, the distant transmission lines are now                 cases have already been registered indicating the effect of
                                                                                electrostatic field from transmission lines on human beings.
© 2012 ACEEE                                                               28
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ACEEE Int. J. on Electrical and Power Engineering, Vol. 03, No. 01, Feb 2012


B. Animals                                                                breast cancer. They suspected that it may be due to magnetic
    Many researchers are studying the effect of e.s. field on             field. Based on their report the Russian government
animals. In order to do so they keeps the cages of animals                recommended the following guidelines to limit the exposure
under high e.s. field of about 30 kV/m. The results of these              of workers to the magnetic field.
experiments are shocking as animals (are kept below high e.s.             TABLE I: GUIDELINES TO LIMIT THE EXPOSURE OF WORKERS TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD.
field their body acquires a charge & when they try to drink
water, a spark usually jumps from their nose to the grounded
pipe) like hens are unable to pick up grain because of
chattering of their beaks which also affects their growth.
C. Plant Life                                                             Same guidelines have been suggested by the number of
                                                                          international and national organizations. In case of general public
    Plants which are in proximity of e.s. field due to                    this exposure limit is about 1 to 2 hours in public places. As per
transmission lines suffer from various types of damage                    the guidelines given by WHO and IRPA, we can diagnose
depending upon the field strength. The main damage due to e.s.            any cancerous or other internal health defects inside the body
field is it prevents the full growth of the plant and grain.              from the conditions on the surface of the body. They relate the
D. Vehicles                                                               measured current density on the body surface with following
    When a vehicle is parked under high voltage transmission              health hazards.
line an electrostatic field is developed in it. When a person              TABLE II: MEASURED CURRENT DENSITY ON THE BODY SURFACE WITH FOLLOWING
who is grounded touches it a discharge current flows through                                            HEALTH HAZARDS

the human being. In order to avoid this parking lots are
located below the transmission lines the recommended
clearance is 17 m for 345 kV and 20 m for 400 kV lines.
E. Others
    For fences, buried cables, and pipe lines proper care has
been taken to prevent them from charging due to e.s. field. When
using pipelines which are more than 3 km in length & 15 cm in
diameter they must be buried at least 30 laterally from the line
center [29-30].
    Effect of Power-Frequency Magnetic fields on human health:            Now we will derive the relation between surface current density
The energy stored by the magnetic field is given by                       measured on a cylindrical organ of radius r, electrical conductivity
                   E = B2/2µ0 Joules/meter3                               σ and the flux density at a frequency f as:
                                                                          The flux density is
Where B is in Tesla & µ0 = 4 it 10-7 H/m.                                              B(t) =      Brms sinωt
    The magnetic field emanating from a electronic system has             Due to flux density B(t) a voltage v is induced in the cylinder
influence on tissues in the human body. These influences may              of radius r,
be beneficial or harmful depending upon its nature, that they             i.e.                v = πr2 dB/dt
may be used for MRI, Citiscan etc. or may cause several types of
                                                                                       =2      π2fr2Brms volts
cancers like: leukemia or blood cancer, lymphoma which weakens
the immune system of body etc. It has been found that the                 The resulting voltage gradient on the surface is
magnetic radiation emanating from Video Display Terminals                                   e = v/2πr
may cause skin rash, tissue cancer, eye problems and in many                                =       πfrBrms.
situations cause abortions in pregnant women’s. Scientists                The rms value of surface current density is given by
around the world are now working on studying the health                   Jrms = σerms
effects associated with magnetic field emanating from high
                                                                                          = πfσrBrms, Amp/m2
voltage transmission lines.
    It is believed that, the magnetic field might induce a voltage        Where Jrms = rms value of current density,
in the tissue of human body which causes a current to flow                Brms = rms value of flux density in Tesla,
through it due to its conductivity of around 0.1 to 0.2                   f = frequency in Hz,
Siemens/meter. This is not the case for certain workers as the            σ = electrical conductivity of the tissue, Siemens/meter,
cell walls are made from protein acting as insulation barriers            and r = radius of the cylinder, meter.
to the flow of current. In order to limit the magnetic field in                During Research on health effects of electric and magnetic
homes or in occupations such as line workers, organizations               fields, it has come forward that electric field intensity ex-
like WHO, IRCA have given guidelines. In 1966, two Russian                posure of about 1-10 mv/m in tissue interact with cells but not
Scientists published their report on electricians working with            proved to be harmful. But strong fields cause harmful effects
electrical distribution lines (both males & females) experience           when their magnitude exceeds stimulation thresholds for neural
                                                                          tissues (central nervous system and brain), muscle and heart.
© 2012 ACEEE                                                         29
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ACEEE Int. J. on Electrical and Power Engineering, Vol. 03, No. 01, Feb 2012


The government all the countries deal with the situation seri-              body. But it will vary in metallic body. Both fields induce
ously and scientifically. They limit the electromagnetic field              electric fields & currents therefore if these quantities are
intensity in various environments by laws & regulations to                  responsible for biological interactions both Fields produce
guarantee people’s normal life [18]. In India it is stipulated that         similar effects.
electric field intensity should not exceed 4.16 kV/m and mag-                   While reviewing the recent works, it is noticed that only few
netic field intensity should not exceed 100µT in public areas.              works in the literature deals with actual problem and
There is stronger electromagnetic field radiation around extra              simulation is not done properly by them and they have just
high voltage overhead transmission line.EMF distribution in                 calculated the electric field and current density values and
the human body is the main aspect to study proximity biological             compared them with standard values and have not generated
effects of power transmission lines. Many studies have under-               any model. They cannot measure the values directly from
gone for EMF distribution under extra high voltage transmis-                human body, but instead use some other process to measure
sion lines without & with thinking of human.                                them. The existing works have failed to achieve the exact
    Highest exposures to these radiated electromagnetic fields              model. These problems motivated to find a solution and to perform
occur in an occupational setting in the vicinity of current carrying        this research work.
conductors. In association to this various studies have been                    The main aim of this paper is to create a model for health
done with live line workers with or without wearing metallic                hazards in hot line maintenance using graphical method. Electric
shielding suit.Apart from intensities of field the distance between         field and current density will be the two factors that will be
radiating source & exposed human can also be a critical factor in           considered for generating the model. By overcoming the
biological effects. Person driving a car, person seating in a bus,          problems explained above, here we propose a new method using
driver driving electro locomotive, guided automobiles passing               graphical analysis method for generating the model. Polynomial
on a flyover are the different situations that can be considered            equation will be generated for electric field and current density
under this category. The work reported have will consider the               and another equation will be generated for actual field data
short term impact on human involved in above situations,                    and by equating both the equations a new model will be
resulting from electric fields. Authors are recommending a                  generated. The newly generated model will be then compared
method to calculate three dimensional EMF distributions in a                with the IEEE standard value limit of the current density
maintenance personal body.                                                  value. Simulation will be done for electric field and current
                                                                            density using graphical method.         Actual study will be
                          III. MODEL                                        conducted by measuring EMFs at various identified locations.
                                                                            The measurement from this survey will be compared with the
    For providing continuous and uninterrupted supply of
                                                                            standard limits shown in table III. These guidelines were given
electric power to consumers maintenance operations of power
                                                                            in ICNIRP & updated recently [7]. The distance from source, sag
lines are often performed with systems energized or live. This is
                                                                            in transmission lines will be the important parameters in
live line maintenance or hot line maintenance. The electric fields
                                                                            measurement.        The instrument that authors have identified
and magnetic fields associated with these power lines may affect
                                                                            for EMF measurement is M/E analyzer for the low frequency,
the health of live line workers. Its electric field and current
                                                                            model no. ME 3830. With the help of this device we can measure
densities affect the health of humans and cause several diseases
                                                                            frequencies from 16 Hz to 100 kHz.
by affecting majority parts of the human body. These electric
field and current densities affects humans of all stages and                 TABLE III: SUMMARY OF ICNIRP (1998) AND COUNCIL OF EUROPEAN UNION
causes short term diseases in them and sometimes death also.                                     (1999) EXPOSURE GUIDELINES

The human body is a complex three dimensional structure and is
composed of seventeen kinds of biological materials like blood,
bone, brain, lungs, muscle, skin etc. The permeability of
human body is equals to permeability of air but σ & µ within a
human body has different electromagnetic values at a certain
frequency for different material [18]. Similarly variation will             It can be assumed that the transmission lines are infinite long
be for metallic structure around human body.                                cylindrical conductors, which have the same constant radius &
    Generally in maximum studies exposure field is treated as               moving parallel to each other & ground. Electrical charge &
uniform but in some situations when human body is close enough              current in the transmission line is assumed to be at the centre of
to a charge conductor so that exposure field cannot be                      lines since distance from lines to the human is much larger than
represented as uniform. The same exposure electric field 1m                 radius of the line [18]. Biological materials of the human body are
above ground for a line source 4m above the ground and a                    taken as isotropic. Both AC & DC power systems can be dealt
human body under the line induces greater electric fields in all            with above model.
organs than those induced by the same uniform field [19]-[27].
The main difference between electric & magnetic field at power                             IV. D.C TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
line frequencies is that the exposure electric field is perturbed by
human & other conducting bodies, while the magnetic fields                     Determining the electric field when the charge distribution is
remains unchanged in the free space as well as in the human                 not known comes under the class of boundary value
                                                                            problems since the known quantity is the specification of the
© 2012 ACEEE                                                           30
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ACEEE Int. J. on Electrical and Power Engineering, Vol. 03, No. 01, Feb 2012


potential over boundaries of some region. D. C. power lines                x H = J + δD/δt
generate static electric & magnetic field surrounding and in human
                                                                          Where H is magnetic field intensity, J is induced electric current
body respectively.
                                                                          density and addition term δD/δt has the dimensions of current
The poisons equation for electric field is given as
                                                                          density, amperes per square meter. Parameters of overhead
2 v = - ρv /ε
                                                                          transmission lines can be assumed as
Where v is electric potential & ρv is electric charge density the
current density in the human body can be calculated as follow.                         TABLE IV: PARAMETER OF        THE TRANSMISSION LINES

                                           J = σE
Where σ is the conductivity of the human body.
      But when charge distribution is suddenly unbalanced within
conducting material, no charge and no electric field may exist at
any point within a conducting material. If the external
electric field intensity is divided into two components, one
tangential and one normal to the conductor surface, the
                                                                          H is distance between the center of the lines & the ground L
 tangential component is seen to be zero. In nonzero case a
                                                                          is the distance between the two lines.
tangential force would be applied to the elements of the
                                                                               With above model of transmission lines EMF distribution
surface charge, causing non static conditions.
                                                                          in the human body can be calculated under AC and DC
      The tangential field will be determined by applying
                                                                          Transmission lines [18].
                                     dL = 0
                                                                                                READING TO BE TAKEN
The desired boundary conditions for the conductor free space
boundary in electrostatic are                                                 Maximum & minimum values of magnetic & electrical
                                                                          field will be evaluated & will be compared with the limits
                             Dt = Et = 0
                                                                          given by various organizations like WHO, IEEE, ICNIRP etc.
                                                                          Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) can also be analyzed to study
                           DN = ε0 EN = PS
                                                                          heating effects.
The electric flux leaves from the conductor in a direction normal
to the surface and the value of the electric flux density is                                             REFERENCES
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© 2012 ACEEE                                                         31
DOI: 01.IJEPE.03.01. 11
ACEEE Int. J. on Electrical and Power Engineering, Vol. 03, No. 01, Feb 2012

[10] Brzezinski, A, (1997). Melatonin in humans, N Engl J Med,               [20] A. Taflove, Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-
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© 2012 ACEEE                                                            32
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Proximity Effects of High Voltage Transmission Lines on Humans

  • 1. ACEEE Int. J. on Electrical and Power Engineering, Vol. 03, No. 01, Feb 2012 Proximity Effects of High Voltage Transmission Lines on Humans Girish Kulkarni1, Dr.W.Z.Gandhare2 1 SSGBCOE&T, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bhusawal, India Email: girish227252@rediffmail.com 2 Government Engineering College, Electrical Engineering, Aurangabad, India Email: wz_gandhare@yahoo.co.in Abstract— Recently new threats to humans are observed from in close proximity to humans. The result studies related to prox- electromagnetic radiation from various sources like mobile imity effects have taken two opposite ends resulting in ambigu- phones, transmission lines and many more. For providing ity. Some conclusions had shown no harmful effects on humans continuous and uninterrupted supply of electric power to whereas the recent one are agreeing on the bad effects on consumer’s maintenance operation of high voltage power lines manmade electrical sources like HV transmission lines [13-14]. are often performed with systems energized or live. This is referred as Hot Line maintenance or live line maintenance Some scientist have identified & studied the workplaces of pos- in this paper authors are concentrating on effects due to high sible risks [7, 15-17] & some had recommended to study other voltage transmission lines on persons involved in this live appliances along with transmission lines such as monitors, tele- line maintenance. The main aim of this paper is to create a visions, hairdryer copying machines etc [7]. model for health hazards in high voltage transmission lines. In An extensive literature survey was done on the above topic this paper just a theoretical approach is presented, in coming & authors observed a gap in relevant literature especially in days the model suggested will be prepared with ANSYS or India on hot line workers. The aim of proposed research is to MATLAB. The results of actual field reading will be compared make aware the government, government organizations & people with the mathematical model and will be presented as next coming in close proximity of TLS about possible health risks & part of research work. ways to minimize the effects (if any) in near future. Keywords— EHV lines, Power-Frequency Electro-Magnetic fields, Human Health, SAR, ANSYS, MATLAB. II. HISTORY Extremely high voltages in EHV lines cause electrostatic I. INTRODUCTION effects, where as short circuit currents & line loading currents Since last few decades electricity has become a vital part of are responsible for electromagnetic effects. The effect of these our life and it is proving to be an integral part of modern life. The electrostatic fields is seen prominent with living things like electricity system produces extremely low frequency humans, plants, animals along with vehicles, fences & buried electromagnetic field which comes under Non ionising pipes under & close to these lines.The following section will radiations which can cause health effects. Apart from human explain the electrostatic effects on effect, the electrostatic coupling & electromagnetic A. Human beings interference of high voltage transmission lines have impact on plants and telecommunication equipments mainly operating in When a person who is isolated from ground by some frequency range below UHF. insulating material comes in close proximity to an overhead Exposure of humans to electromagnetic fields from high transmission line, an electrostatic field is set in the body of voltage transmission lines is a great concern about humans since human being, having a resistance of about 2000 ohms. When transmission lines are found everywhere in our environment. the same person touches a grounded object, it will discharge Each country has its own standard for exposure to EMFs based through his body causing a large amount of discharge current on guidelines set by the International Commission on Non- to flow through the body. Discharge currents from 50-60 Hz Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The biological effect of electromagnetic fields are weaker than natural currents in the these exposures is a subject of great interest to researchers. body, such as those from the electrical activity of the brain Some possibilities of leukemia have been reported [1] along with and heart. other health effects such as reproduction systems [2-3], variation For human beings the limit for undisturbed field is 15 kV/m, in blood sugar contents [4], neuronal disorders such as alzheimer, R.M.S., to experience possible shock. When designing a depression [5-6] etc. the main reason of all these effects is alteration transmission lines this limit is not crossed, in addition to this of Melatonin Secretation [7] as a result of EMF exposure [8]. proper care has been taken in order to keep minimum Melatonin Secretion is involved in aging process [9], sleep orders clearance between transmission lines. & disorders [10], breast carcinogenesis [11], tumor genesis [12]. A number of papers have been published to study the With growing population the human is approaching more to- effects of high electrostatic field on human beings, as number of wards transmission line, the distant transmission lines are now cases have already been registered indicating the effect of electrostatic field from transmission lines on human beings. © 2012 ACEEE 28 DOI: 01.IJEPE.03.01. 11
  • 2. ACEEE Int. J. on Electrical and Power Engineering, Vol. 03, No. 01, Feb 2012 B. Animals breast cancer. They suspected that it may be due to magnetic Many researchers are studying the effect of e.s. field on field. Based on their report the Russian government animals. In order to do so they keeps the cages of animals recommended the following guidelines to limit the exposure under high e.s. field of about 30 kV/m. The results of these of workers to the magnetic field. experiments are shocking as animals (are kept below high e.s. TABLE I: GUIDELINES TO LIMIT THE EXPOSURE OF WORKERS TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD. field their body acquires a charge & when they try to drink water, a spark usually jumps from their nose to the grounded pipe) like hens are unable to pick up grain because of chattering of their beaks which also affects their growth. C. Plant Life Same guidelines have been suggested by the number of international and national organizations. In case of general public Plants which are in proximity of e.s. field due to this exposure limit is about 1 to 2 hours in public places. As per transmission lines suffer from various types of damage the guidelines given by WHO and IRPA, we can diagnose depending upon the field strength. The main damage due to e.s. any cancerous or other internal health defects inside the body field is it prevents the full growth of the plant and grain. from the conditions on the surface of the body. They relate the D. Vehicles measured current density on the body surface with following When a vehicle is parked under high voltage transmission health hazards. line an electrostatic field is developed in it. When a person TABLE II: MEASURED CURRENT DENSITY ON THE BODY SURFACE WITH FOLLOWING who is grounded touches it a discharge current flows through HEALTH HAZARDS the human being. In order to avoid this parking lots are located below the transmission lines the recommended clearance is 17 m for 345 kV and 20 m for 400 kV lines. E. Others For fences, buried cables, and pipe lines proper care has been taken to prevent them from charging due to e.s. field. When using pipelines which are more than 3 km in length & 15 cm in diameter they must be buried at least 30 laterally from the line center [29-30]. Effect of Power-Frequency Magnetic fields on human health: Now we will derive the relation between surface current density The energy stored by the magnetic field is given by measured on a cylindrical organ of radius r, electrical conductivity E = B2/2µ0 Joules/meter3 σ and the flux density at a frequency f as: The flux density is Where B is in Tesla & µ0 = 4 it 10-7 H/m. B(t) = Brms sinωt The magnetic field emanating from a electronic system has Due to flux density B(t) a voltage v is induced in the cylinder influence on tissues in the human body. These influences may of radius r, be beneficial or harmful depending upon its nature, that they i.e. v = πr2 dB/dt may be used for MRI, Citiscan etc. or may cause several types of =2 π2fr2Brms volts cancers like: leukemia or blood cancer, lymphoma which weakens the immune system of body etc. It has been found that the The resulting voltage gradient on the surface is magnetic radiation emanating from Video Display Terminals e = v/2πr may cause skin rash, tissue cancer, eye problems and in many = πfrBrms. situations cause abortions in pregnant women’s. Scientists The rms value of surface current density is given by around the world are now working on studying the health Jrms = σerms effects associated with magnetic field emanating from high = πfσrBrms, Amp/m2 voltage transmission lines. It is believed that, the magnetic field might induce a voltage Where Jrms = rms value of current density, in the tissue of human body which causes a current to flow Brms = rms value of flux density in Tesla, through it due to its conductivity of around 0.1 to 0.2 f = frequency in Hz, Siemens/meter. This is not the case for certain workers as the σ = electrical conductivity of the tissue, Siemens/meter, cell walls are made from protein acting as insulation barriers and r = radius of the cylinder, meter. to the flow of current. In order to limit the magnetic field in During Research on health effects of electric and magnetic homes or in occupations such as line workers, organizations fields, it has come forward that electric field intensity ex- like WHO, IRCA have given guidelines. In 1966, two Russian posure of about 1-10 mv/m in tissue interact with cells but not Scientists published their report on electricians working with proved to be harmful. But strong fields cause harmful effects electrical distribution lines (both males & females) experience when their magnitude exceeds stimulation thresholds for neural tissues (central nervous system and brain), muscle and heart. © 2012 ACEEE 29 DOI: 01.IJEPE.03.01.11
  • 3. ACEEE Int. J. on Electrical and Power Engineering, Vol. 03, No. 01, Feb 2012 The government all the countries deal with the situation seri- body. But it will vary in metallic body. Both fields induce ously and scientifically. They limit the electromagnetic field electric fields & currents therefore if these quantities are intensity in various environments by laws & regulations to responsible for biological interactions both Fields produce guarantee people’s normal life [18]. In India it is stipulated that similar effects. electric field intensity should not exceed 4.16 kV/m and mag- While reviewing the recent works, it is noticed that only few netic field intensity should not exceed 100µT in public areas. works in the literature deals with actual problem and There is stronger electromagnetic field radiation around extra simulation is not done properly by them and they have just high voltage overhead transmission line.EMF distribution in calculated the electric field and current density values and the human body is the main aspect to study proximity biological compared them with standard values and have not generated effects of power transmission lines. Many studies have under- any model. They cannot measure the values directly from gone for EMF distribution under extra high voltage transmis- human body, but instead use some other process to measure sion lines without & with thinking of human. them. The existing works have failed to achieve the exact Highest exposures to these radiated electromagnetic fields model. These problems motivated to find a solution and to perform occur in an occupational setting in the vicinity of current carrying this research work. conductors. In association to this various studies have been The main aim of this paper is to create a model for health done with live line workers with or without wearing metallic hazards in hot line maintenance using graphical method. Electric shielding suit.Apart from intensities of field the distance between field and current density will be the two factors that will be radiating source & exposed human can also be a critical factor in considered for generating the model. By overcoming the biological effects. Person driving a car, person seating in a bus, problems explained above, here we propose a new method using driver driving electro locomotive, guided automobiles passing graphical analysis method for generating the model. Polynomial on a flyover are the different situations that can be considered equation will be generated for electric field and current density under this category. The work reported have will consider the and another equation will be generated for actual field data short term impact on human involved in above situations, and by equating both the equations a new model will be resulting from electric fields. Authors are recommending a generated. The newly generated model will be then compared method to calculate three dimensional EMF distributions in a with the IEEE standard value limit of the current density maintenance personal body. value. Simulation will be done for electric field and current density using graphical method. Actual study will be III. MODEL conducted by measuring EMFs at various identified locations. The measurement from this survey will be compared with the For providing continuous and uninterrupted supply of standard limits shown in table III. These guidelines were given electric power to consumers maintenance operations of power in ICNIRP & updated recently [7]. The distance from source, sag lines are often performed with systems energized or live. This is in transmission lines will be the important parameters in live line maintenance or hot line maintenance. The electric fields measurement. The instrument that authors have identified and magnetic fields associated with these power lines may affect for EMF measurement is M/E analyzer for the low frequency, the health of live line workers. Its electric field and current model no. ME 3830. With the help of this device we can measure densities affect the health of humans and cause several diseases frequencies from 16 Hz to 100 kHz. by affecting majority parts of the human body. These electric field and current densities affects humans of all stages and TABLE III: SUMMARY OF ICNIRP (1998) AND COUNCIL OF EUROPEAN UNION causes short term diseases in them and sometimes death also. (1999) EXPOSURE GUIDELINES The human body is a complex three dimensional structure and is composed of seventeen kinds of biological materials like blood, bone, brain, lungs, muscle, skin etc. The permeability of human body is equals to permeability of air but σ & µ within a human body has different electromagnetic values at a certain frequency for different material [18]. Similarly variation will It can be assumed that the transmission lines are infinite long be for metallic structure around human body. cylindrical conductors, which have the same constant radius & Generally in maximum studies exposure field is treated as moving parallel to each other & ground. Electrical charge & uniform but in some situations when human body is close enough current in the transmission line is assumed to be at the centre of to a charge conductor so that exposure field cannot be lines since distance from lines to the human is much larger than represented as uniform. The same exposure electric field 1m radius of the line [18]. Biological materials of the human body are above ground for a line source 4m above the ground and a taken as isotropic. Both AC & DC power systems can be dealt human body under the line induces greater electric fields in all with above model. organs than those induced by the same uniform field [19]-[27]. The main difference between electric & magnetic field at power IV. D.C TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS line frequencies is that the exposure electric field is perturbed by human & other conducting bodies, while the magnetic fields Determining the electric field when the charge distribution is remains unchanged in the free space as well as in the human not known comes under the class of boundary value problems since the known quantity is the specification of the © 2012 ACEEE 30 DOI: 01.IJEPE.03.01.11
  • 4. ACEEE Int. J. on Electrical and Power Engineering, Vol. 03, No. 01, Feb 2012 potential over boundaries of some region. D. C. power lines  x H = J + δD/δt generate static electric & magnetic field surrounding and in human Where H is magnetic field intensity, J is induced electric current body respectively. density and addition term δD/δt has the dimensions of current The poisons equation for electric field is given as density, amperes per square meter. Parameters of overhead 2 v = - ρv /ε transmission lines can be assumed as Where v is electric potential & ρv is electric charge density the current density in the human body can be calculated as follow. TABLE IV: PARAMETER OF THE TRANSMISSION LINES J = σE Where σ is the conductivity of the human body. But when charge distribution is suddenly unbalanced within conducting material, no charge and no electric field may exist at any point within a conducting material. If the external electric field intensity is divided into two components, one tangential and one normal to the conductor surface, the H is distance between the center of the lines & the ground L tangential component is seen to be zero. In nonzero case a is the distance between the two lines. tangential force would be applied to the elements of the With above model of transmission lines EMF distribution surface charge, causing non static conditions. in the human body can be calculated under AC and DC The tangential field will be determined by applying Transmission lines [18]. dL = 0 READING TO BE TAKEN The desired boundary conditions for the conductor free space boundary in electrostatic are Maximum & minimum values of magnetic & electrical field will be evaluated & will be compared with the limits Dt = Et = 0 given by various organizations like WHO, IEEE, ICNIRP etc. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) can also be analyzed to study DN = ε0 EN = PS heating effects. The electric flux leaves from the conductor in a direction normal to the surface and the value of the electric flux density is REFERENCES numerically equal to the surface charge density [28]. [1] Portier, C. J., Wolfe, M.S., (1998). 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