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USE OF COGNITIVE
RADIO TO IMPROVE
SPECTRUM USAGE
EFFICIENCY AND DATA
CAPACITY
Keith Nolan
CTVR / The Telecommunications Research Centre

keith.nolan@tcd.ie
ctvr.ie
reconfigr.com
@keithnolan
Overview
CR & Dynamic Spectrum Access
Target Frequency Range
• Sub-1GHz (e.g. 700MHz, 800MHz bands)
  • Attractive due to favourable propagation characteristics
  • Sweet spot : bandwidth & coverage
  • Can provide wide coverage relatively quickly
  • Analogue switch-off increases the amount of spectrum available for
    new uses
Spectrum
Source: Dr. Alexandre Kholod, Chairman ECC/SE43 - Federal Office of Communications,
Switzerland
Keith Nolan - Use Of Cognitive Radio To Improve Spectrum Usage Efficiency And Data Capacity
Keith Nolan - Use Of Cognitive Radio To Improve Spectrum Usage Efficiency And Data Capacity
Coverage
                              800MHz
                              5.6km2
                              900MHz
                              4.8km2




                              1800MHz
                               1.7km2



                              2600MHz
                               0.6km2

Source: Analysys Mason 2012
Regulatory
World Radio Conference 2012
• WRC-12 recognized that no changes were needed to the
 Radio Regulation to support Software Defined Radio
 (SDR) or Cognitive Radio Systems (CRS)

 • CR/SDR is a technology and the regulators are favouring
   technology neutrality
Challenges
• Harmonisation across ITU regions
• Revenue driven – auction revenues in the order of 100s of
  millions to $billions
• Available spectrum not always suitable for intended
  applications
• Exploitation = onerous technical requirements
• Regulatory evolution much slower than market evolution
Auctions
Ireland (late 2012)
• 800 MHz, 900 MHz and 1800 MHz for the period 2013 to 2030
• 280 MHz of sub-2 GHz spectrum
• Minimum price of €20M /5 MHz lot of paired sub-1 GHz spectrum,
 and €10M / 5 MHz lot of paired 1800 MHz spectrum for a 15 year
 licence


• UK (early 2013)
  • Combined reserve price: £1.4 bn
From COST-TERRA: Pluralistic Licensing

  Licensed access:                    Opportunistic access:
Reduced fee compared                  Low or zero fee; must
  with conventional                   meet requirements for
   license; accepts                   awareness of primary
 opportunistic access                         users




                        Pluralistic
                        licensing
Balancing accessibility & utility
Applications
   Five areas to watch…
Potential CR Application Area 1
• WiFi and data-offload
  • WiFi dominates the metropolitan area wireless network sector. It
    has become an important part of a mobile operators’ strategy also
    through the use of data offloading
  • WiFi saturation is leading towards a new approach
    • Offload from WiFi to whitespace
  • Requires a geolocation database approach
Cellular Roadmap

                                           LTE is the next step
                                           on the wireless
                                           broadband migration
                                           path




       GSM         WCDMA          HSPA            LTE

                                                 Whitespace


• LTE roadmap stretches beyond 2035
• Potential for whitespace for coverage, in-fill, and offloading
Potential CR Application Area 2
• Machine to Machine
  • device communications
    • used for smart meter infrastructure, telematics, health monitoring,
      security, environmental sensor monitoring, and a wide variety of
      networks that operate independently of direct human interaction
  • Support billions and trillions of devices
  • Reality: extremely low power usage requirements, <$1 comms
    costs, 10 year battery life
  • CR techniques more suitable to the basestation/aggregation point
Keith Nolan - Use Of Cognitive Radio To Improve Spectrum Usage Efficiency And Data Capacity
M2M: Potential Comms Technologies
Comparison
                                                         Now
                             Established
                                                               Emerging



                                     Proprietary
                                                         Standards-
 Cost                                                    based
                                                         UHF M2M
                                           IEEE 802.15



        X10,CEBus,LonWorks



                                      Scalability
Potential CR Application Area 3
• Rural broadband
  • Wireless internet coverage to low density rural areas
  • Original target for TV whitespace usage
  • Limited deployment in the U.S.
  • Not an entirely attractive business case
    • Low density, high cost sensitivity, onerous technical/regulatory
      requirements
Potential CR Application Area 4
• Medical body area networks (MBANS)
  • Wireless medical sensors within the healthcare market
  • Market increasing from $7 billion in 2008 to > $11 billion in 2013
  • Currently, MBANs are being used in licence-exempt and congested
    frequency bands
  • How to address reliability – use CR/geolocation
Potential CR Application Area 5
• Intelligent transportation systems
   • Energy efficiency improvements, carbon and cost reductions, and
     enhanced safety
   • Plethora of communications and vehicular management systems in
     new vehicular designs creates a complex mobile data server
   • Use CR techniques to reduce the complexity from a user
     perspective and for automatic management
In-vehicle communications
      In-vehicle hotspot                                              Data services
                                  CR controller                       cellular/
                                                                      metropolitan
                                                                      area


                               IEEE 802.15

                                                                    Long range
                                                       Standards-   M2M, capacity
                     Short range devices & ticketing   based        expansion,
                                                       UHF M2M      in-fill


                       EV charging
                                                       New whitespace/CR
X10,CEBus,LonWorks
                                                       technologies
Questions?


Keith Nolan
CTVR / The Telecommunications Research Centre

keith.nolan@tcd.ie
reconfigr.com
@keithnolan

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Keith Nolan - Use Of Cognitive Radio To Improve Spectrum Usage Efficiency And Data Capacity

  • 1. USE OF COGNITIVE RADIO TO IMPROVE SPECTRUM USAGE EFFICIENCY AND DATA CAPACITY Keith Nolan CTVR / The Telecommunications Research Centre keith.nolan@tcd.ie ctvr.ie reconfigr.com @keithnolan
  • 3. CR & Dynamic Spectrum Access
  • 4. Target Frequency Range • Sub-1GHz (e.g. 700MHz, 800MHz bands) • Attractive due to favourable propagation characteristics • Sweet spot : bandwidth & coverage • Can provide wide coverage relatively quickly • Analogue switch-off increases the amount of spectrum available for new uses
  • 6. Source: Dr. Alexandre Kholod, Chairman ECC/SE43 - Federal Office of Communications, Switzerland
  • 9. Coverage 800MHz 5.6km2 900MHz 4.8km2 1800MHz 1.7km2 2600MHz 0.6km2 Source: Analysys Mason 2012
  • 11. World Radio Conference 2012 • WRC-12 recognized that no changes were needed to the Radio Regulation to support Software Defined Radio (SDR) or Cognitive Radio Systems (CRS) • CR/SDR is a technology and the regulators are favouring technology neutrality
  • 12. Challenges • Harmonisation across ITU regions • Revenue driven – auction revenues in the order of 100s of millions to $billions • Available spectrum not always suitable for intended applications • Exploitation = onerous technical requirements • Regulatory evolution much slower than market evolution
  • 13. Auctions Ireland (late 2012) • 800 MHz, 900 MHz and 1800 MHz for the period 2013 to 2030 • 280 MHz of sub-2 GHz spectrum • Minimum price of €20M /5 MHz lot of paired sub-1 GHz spectrum, and €10M / 5 MHz lot of paired 1800 MHz spectrum for a 15 year licence • UK (early 2013) • Combined reserve price: £1.4 bn
  • 14. From COST-TERRA: Pluralistic Licensing Licensed access: Opportunistic access: Reduced fee compared Low or zero fee; must with conventional meet requirements for license; accepts awareness of primary opportunistic access users Pluralistic licensing
  • 16. Applications Five areas to watch…
  • 17. Potential CR Application Area 1 • WiFi and data-offload • WiFi dominates the metropolitan area wireless network sector. It has become an important part of a mobile operators’ strategy also through the use of data offloading • WiFi saturation is leading towards a new approach • Offload from WiFi to whitespace • Requires a geolocation database approach
  • 18. Cellular Roadmap LTE is the next step on the wireless broadband migration path GSM WCDMA HSPA LTE Whitespace • LTE roadmap stretches beyond 2035 • Potential for whitespace for coverage, in-fill, and offloading
  • 19. Potential CR Application Area 2 • Machine to Machine • device communications • used for smart meter infrastructure, telematics, health monitoring, security, environmental sensor monitoring, and a wide variety of networks that operate independently of direct human interaction • Support billions and trillions of devices • Reality: extremely low power usage requirements, <$1 comms costs, 10 year battery life • CR techniques more suitable to the basestation/aggregation point
  • 21. M2M: Potential Comms Technologies Comparison Now Established Emerging Proprietary Standards- Cost based UHF M2M IEEE 802.15 X10,CEBus,LonWorks Scalability
  • 22. Potential CR Application Area 3 • Rural broadband • Wireless internet coverage to low density rural areas • Original target for TV whitespace usage • Limited deployment in the U.S. • Not an entirely attractive business case • Low density, high cost sensitivity, onerous technical/regulatory requirements
  • 23. Potential CR Application Area 4 • Medical body area networks (MBANS) • Wireless medical sensors within the healthcare market • Market increasing from $7 billion in 2008 to > $11 billion in 2013 • Currently, MBANs are being used in licence-exempt and congested frequency bands • How to address reliability – use CR/geolocation
  • 24. Potential CR Application Area 5 • Intelligent transportation systems • Energy efficiency improvements, carbon and cost reductions, and enhanced safety • Plethora of communications and vehicular management systems in new vehicular designs creates a complex mobile data server • Use CR techniques to reduce the complexity from a user perspective and for automatic management
  • 25. In-vehicle communications In-vehicle hotspot Data services CR controller cellular/ metropolitan area IEEE 802.15 Long range Standards- M2M, capacity Short range devices & ticketing based expansion, UHF M2M in-fill EV charging New whitespace/CR X10,CEBus,LonWorks technologies
  • 26. Questions? Keith Nolan CTVR / The Telecommunications Research Centre keith.nolan@tcd.ie reconfigr.com @keithnolan