SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 5
Descargar para leer sin conexión
Chandra Mukherjee et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.160-164

RESEARCH ARTICLE

www.ijera.com

OPEN ACCESS

A Brief Survey on the Advancement of Smart Grid
Chandra Mukherjee, Pratibha Bharti, Mrs A.N.Mahajan
Abstract
The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way communication of electricity and
information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, a review work on
different aspects on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid is being presented. Infrastructure of Smart Grid
can be broadly classified into three terms namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system,
and the smart protection system. We also presented a review work in which implementation strategy of Smart
Grid in different countries was briefly highlighted. In this paper then some advantages and hindrance of Smart
Grid was also explained. Specifically, we focused for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart
energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem. For the smart
management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling
demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management
methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection
mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the
Smart Grid.
Keywords: Smart Grid, bidirectional energy flow, Peak curtailment, demand side management, Sustainability

I.

Introduction

A smart grid is a modernized electrical
grid that uses information and communications
technology to gather and act on information, such as
information about the behaviors of suppliers and
consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the
efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of
the production and distribution of electricity. [1] The
smart grid will add monitoring, analysis, control and
communication capabilities to power generation and
distribution. Real-time information on costs, demands
and supply of power will provide control at every level
of the system. Consumers will both receive and
contribute power to the smart grid from ultimately
anywhere in the world. There are many smart grid
definitions, some functional, some technological, and
some benefits-oriented. A common element to most
Existing Grid

definitions is the application of digital processing and
communications to the power grid, making data flow
and information management central to the smart grid.
Various capabilities result from the deeply integrated
use of digital technology with power grids, and
integration of the new grid information flows into
utility processes and systems is one of the key issues in
the design of smart grids.
More specifically, the SG can be regarded as
an electric system that uses information, two-way,
cyber-secure communication technologies, and
computational intelligence in an integrated fashion
across electricity generation, transmission, substations,
distribution and consumption to achieve a system that
is clean, safe, secure, reliable, resilient, efficient, and
sustainable.
Smart Grid

Electromechanical
One-way communication

Digital
Two-way communication

Centralized generation
Few sensors
Manual monitoring

Distributed generation
Sensors throughout
Self-monitoring

Manual restoration
Failures and blackouts

Self-healing
Adaptive and islanding

Limited control

Pervasive control

Few customer choices

Many customer choices
TABLE I: A Brief Comparison between the Existing Grid and the Smart Grid

www.ijera.com

160 | P a g e
Chandra Mukherjee et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.160-164
II.

Components of Smart Grid

2.1 Smart infrastructure system: The smart
infrastructure system is the energy, information,
and communication infrastructure underlying of the
SG that supports
a) Advanced electricity generation, delivery, and
consumption
b) advanced information metering, monitoring, and
management.
c) Advanced communication technologies.

www.ijera.com

protection, and security and privacy protection
services.

2.2 Smart management system: The smart
management system is the subsystem in SG that
provides advanced management and control
services.
2.3 Smart protection system: The smart
protection system is the subsystem in SG that
provides advanced grid reliability analysis, failure

Survey of implementation of Smart Grid
Authority
Year
of
Start
NYSERDA
2001

City
/Country
U.S.A New
York
U.S.A
Califonia
Canada
Hydro
Otawa
Territorry
U.S.A
Texas

Electric
Power
research institute
and PG & E
Ontario
Energy
board

2007

2006

Smart Grid Applications

Implementation
Strategy
Peak load reduction
program(PLRP)
15 MW peak load
reduction through auto
DR.
Consumer
the
regulated price plan
RPP

Austin Energy

Direct
Load
Control(D.L.C)

North East
of U.S.A

PJM

Economic
response
program(RTP)

Singapore

National Electricity
market
of
Singapore 2003

Norway

www.ijera.com

2006

2004

load

Demand side beeding
by licenced provider,
incentive and penalty
based structures of DR
programs
Peak
Clipping,Determine
External
condition
,Test and evaluate
different
dear
incentive Two Time of

Results
PLRP total MNV evaluation Adjusted demand
reduction in 2001 – 2003 was 355 MW
22.8 MW reduction; goal exceeded by 52 %.

There was clear evidence of load shifting on
individual peak days for CPP and CPR price
group. The statistical significance shows less
evidence in the case of TOU price groups.
The power partner program contributes an
average of 45 MW of Peak capacity.
At the end of 2007,4898 sites (2944 MW) were
registered in the RTP and 705 sites (2144 MW
) were in emergency load response
program.PJM estimates a price reduction of
about USD 650 million

.
Pilot Project Studding the effects of DR
programs

0.6KWh/h saving per consumer

161 | P a g e
Chandra Mukherjee et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.160-164
Sweden

Svenska Kraftnat

2003-2008

Finland

National electricity
transmission grid
operator(Fingrid)

No
exact
date
but
enforced for
long time.

France

Electricite’
de
France’s
Tempo
terrif

U.K

National
grid
Flexitricity a 2008
U.K Company

2007

Italy

Energy
regulator,Italian
TSO (Tema)

Around
2007

Spain

Spain TSO

1988

Brazil

CASAN

NA

Chile

Ministry of Energy

Past Decade

Denmark

Pilot Project

2004

Australia

CRA International
Melbourne
NDRC

2007

China

www.ijera.com

2010,2011

Day(TOD) terrif.
Pilot project involving
6 industries 3 of them
reduced their demand
by 1 MW.
Interruptable
Programs. Different
types of Time of Use
(TOU) Rates.
Days are distinguished
according to price
using a colour system
together
with
an
indication whether the
hour is currently one
of 8 off-peak hours or
not
Short Term Operating
Reserve (STOR) is a
service
for
the
provision of additional
active power and
demand reduction.
Interruptible
Programmed
,Load
Shielding
Programmed
Price led Programmed
has been in place for
some time ,with time
of
use
,Terrif
providing economic
signals

Installation of control
system and automatic
load shielding units
with seasonal pricing
in peak time.
Development of netmetering system that
allowing in principle.
Automated
Peak
Reduction
+pricing
Signal+Awareness.
Voluntary
Participation
China
Utility
companies to achieve
annual dual targets of
energy saving and
load reduction of 0.3
% respectively.

www.ijera.com

13.6% of reduction VS.Non DSM apartments,
34% achieved VS. lower energy efficiency
apartments.
15% ,2000MW peak load reduction

15 %on white days ,45% on red days and 10%
on electricity bills of Customers.

90% smart metering penetration.

NA

NA

Not much effective due to less attractive cost
structure
82.5% reduction during interruption

61 agreement;81 MW of load reduction
Progress

162 | P a g e
Chandra Mukherjee et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.160-164
III.

Features of Smart grid

Reliability The smart grid will make use of
technologies that improve fault detection and
allow self-healing of the network without the
intervention of technicians. This will ensure more
reliable supply of electricity, and reduced
vulnerability to natural disasters or attack.
Flexibility in network topology-Next-generation
transmission and distribution infrastructure will be
better able to handle possible bidirection energy
flows, allowing for distributed generation such as
from photovoltaic panels on building roofs, but also
the use of fuel cells, charging to/from the batteries of
electric cars, wind turbines, pumped hydroelectric
power, and other sources.
Classic grids were designed for one-way flow of
electricity, but if a local sub-network generates more
power than it is consuming, the reverse flow can raise
safety and reliability issues. A smart grid aims to
manage these situations.

www.ijera.com

Sustainability-The improved flexibility of the smart
grid permits greater penetration of highly variable
renewable
energy
sources
such
as solar
power and wind power, even without the addition
of energy storage.
Market-enabling-The smart grid allows for
systematic communication between suppliers (their
energy price) and consumers (their willingness-topay), and permits both the suppliers and the
consumers to be more flexible and sophisticated in
their operational strategies. At the domestic level,
appliances with a degree of energy storage or thermal
mass (such as refrigerators, heat banks, and heat
pumps) will be well placed to 'play' the market and
seek to minimize energy cost by adapting demand to
the lower-cost energy support periods. This is an
extension of the dual-tariff energy pricing mentioned
above.

Efficiency-Numerous contributions to overall
improvement of the efficiency of energy
infrastructure is anticipated from the deployment of
smart
grid
technology,
in
particular
including demand-side management, for example
turning off air conditioners during short-term spikes
in electricity price. The overall effect is less
redundancy in transmission and distribution lines,
and greater utilization of generators, leading to lower
power prices.
Load adjustment-The total load connected to the
power grid can vary significantly over time.
Although the total load is the sum of many individual
choices of the clients, the overall load is not a stable,
slow varying, cement of the load if a popular
television program starts and millions of televisions
will draw current instantly
Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricingTo reduce demand during the high cost peak usage
periods, communications and metering technologies
inform smart devices in the home and business when
energy demand is high and track how much
electricity is used and when it is used. It also gives
utility companies the ability to reduce consumption
by communicating to devices directly in order to
prevent system overloads. Examples would be a
utility reducing the usage of a group of electric
vehicle charging stations or shifting temperature set
points of air conditioners in a city.[12] To motivate
them to cut back use and perform what is called peak
curtailment or peak leveling

www.ijera.com

IV.

Some challenges of Smart grid-

4.1 Short term issuesVoltage management- Voltage management-Heavy
reactive power draw by RE generators pose spurious
voltage management issues. In case when the
variations are large grid stability limits may also be
infringed. This affects the reliability and stability of
the power system.
Real Power Imbalance-Uncertainty in
demand always poses a challenges .System operators
often rely on spinning reserves or other sources of
power supply services to come into operation
instantaneously when needed.
Commercial implediants to real power balancingWhen wind generation increases: Host utility in
which the wind generator is located has no incentive
to allow the wind generator to generate if the UI
163 | P a g e
Chandra Mukherjee et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.160-164
prices are below either the FiT rates or the regulated
prices.
Sub-Optimal Coping Strategies- Procurement of
Power from tertiary reserves / or from short term
markets loss of quality of supply due to load
shedding or UI power draw result in high cost that
have to be borne by the consumers in the host state.
Sub optional coupling strategies-Sudden ingress or
withdrawal of wind based generation from the grid
would require tertiary resources with ramp up rates
for balancing. Sudden loss of wind can be made up
by withdrawal from the grid. UI mechanism thus
provides perverse incentives for grid integration of
RE based generation , and hence needs to be replaced
by a more formal Ancillary Services Market.

[2]

[3]

[4]

www.ijera.com

Kelvin Tan, Valerie Choy, Zhang Ming Hui:
Key Technical issues for Renewable Energy
Grid Integration and Development in Asia
,2012.
M. C. Kintner-Meyer, D. P. Chassin, R. G.
Pratt, J. G. DeSteese, L. A. Schienbein, S.
G. Hauser, W. M. Warwick (200311). GridWise:
The
Benefits
of
a
Transformed Energy System (PDF). Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory
Michael T. Burr, "Reliability demands drive
automation investments," Public Utilities
Fortnightly, Technology
Corridor
department, Nov. 1, 2003.

4.2Long term issuesTransmission capacity Expansion- Integration of
RE generation require investment in transmission
capacity, reactive power resources to support the
flow of power over long lines and the reactive power
Requirement of the wind generator. While
transmission capacity is required to balance the
variations in active power output of wind turbines,
reactive power resources are required “locally” to
prevent imbalances in the grid.
Generation Planning- With the increasing
incorporation of RES into the system , the generation
planning activity will also require a modified
approach .Planning only for requisite MW capacity
may not be adequate if such generation is not flexible
to respond to system variability.

V.

Conclusion

Due to the potential importance of SG, this
survey comprehensively explores the technologies
used in SG. We have surveyed the major SG
projects/programs/trials and three major technical
systems in SG: the smart infrastructure system, the
smart management system, and the smart protection
system. We have outlined challenges and future
research directions worth exploring for each of these
three systems. We also discussed about its benefit
and effectiveness of Smart Grid. We also presented a
report on survey of implementation of Smart Grid in
different countries which shows a reduction of
consumption of power in industries as well as in our
daily life.

References
[1]

AF- Mercados EMI & Shakti Sustainable
Energy Foundation: Integrating Variable
Renewal Energy with the Grid : Lessons
From the southern Region ,Nov 2012.

www.ijera.com

164 | P a g e

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Advantages and recent advances of smart energy grid
Advantages and recent advances of smart energy gridAdvantages and recent advances of smart energy grid
Advantages and recent advances of smart energy gridjournalBEEI
 
Smart grid iit-jodhpur-apr10
Smart grid iit-jodhpur-apr10Smart grid iit-jodhpur-apr10
Smart grid iit-jodhpur-apr10tec2
 
Advancement in Smart grid by Embedding a Last meter in a Internet of Things P...
Advancement in Smart grid by Embedding a Last meter in a Internet of Things P...Advancement in Smart grid by Embedding a Last meter in a Internet of Things P...
Advancement in Smart grid by Embedding a Last meter in a Internet of Things P...IRJET Journal
 
Smart Grid : A state of art
Smart Grid : A state of artSmart Grid : A state of art
Smart Grid : A state of artJitendra kapoor
 
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES UPES Dehradun
 
Smart Grid Technology Paper (SGT) SM54
Smart Grid Technology Paper (SGT) SM54Smart Grid Technology Paper (SGT) SM54
Smart Grid Technology Paper (SGT) SM54Subhash Mahla
 
SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY
SMART GRID TECHNOLOGYSMART GRID TECHNOLOGY
SMART GRID TECHNOLOGYasegekar18
 
Smart Grid Introduction
Smart Grid Introduction Smart Grid Introduction
Smart Grid Introduction Nilesh Dhage
 
A survey on smart grid technologies and applications
A survey on smart grid technologies and applicationsA survey on smart grid technologies and applications
A survey on smart grid technologies and applicationsdileep punalur
 
Smart grid(v1)
Smart grid(v1)Smart grid(v1)
Smart grid(v1)sahar148
 
Smart Grid Solutions in India - Arvind Patravali
Smart Grid Solutions in India - Arvind PatravaliSmart Grid Solutions in India - Arvind Patravali
Smart Grid Solutions in India - Arvind PatravaliBoston University
 
Journal new horizons volume 81-82
Journal new horizons volume 81-82Journal new horizons volume 81-82
Journal new horizons volume 81-82Muhammad Saad Ali
 
Context of smart grids in india knowledge paper of india smart grid day 2013
Context of smart grids in india   knowledge paper of india smart grid day 2013Context of smart grids in india   knowledge paper of india smart grid day 2013
Context of smart grids in india knowledge paper of india smart grid day 2013L&C
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Advantages and recent advances of smart energy grid
Advantages and recent advances of smart energy gridAdvantages and recent advances of smart energy grid
Advantages and recent advances of smart energy grid
 
Smart grid iit-jodhpur-apr10
Smart grid iit-jodhpur-apr10Smart grid iit-jodhpur-apr10
Smart grid iit-jodhpur-apr10
 
Advancement in Smart grid by Embedding a Last meter in a Internet of Things P...
Advancement in Smart grid by Embedding a Last meter in a Internet of Things P...Advancement in Smart grid by Embedding a Last meter in a Internet of Things P...
Advancement in Smart grid by Embedding a Last meter in a Internet of Things P...
 
Smart Grid : A state of art
Smart Grid : A state of artSmart Grid : A state of art
Smart Grid : A state of art
 
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES
 
Smart Grid Technology Paper (SGT) SM54
Smart Grid Technology Paper (SGT) SM54Smart Grid Technology Paper (SGT) SM54
Smart Grid Technology Paper (SGT) SM54
 
SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY
SMART GRID TECHNOLOGYSMART GRID TECHNOLOGY
SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY
 
Smart Grid Introduction
Smart Grid Introduction Smart Grid Introduction
Smart Grid Introduction
 
Smartgrid
SmartgridSmartgrid
Smartgrid
 
A survey on smart grid technologies and applications
A survey on smart grid technologies and applicationsA survey on smart grid technologies and applications
A survey on smart grid technologies and applications
 
Smart Grids Vision
Smart Grids VisionSmart Grids Vision
Smart Grids Vision
 
Smart Grid
Smart GridSmart Grid
Smart Grid
 
Smart grid(v1)
Smart grid(v1)Smart grid(v1)
Smart grid(v1)
 
Smart Grid Solutions in India - Arvind Patravali
Smart Grid Solutions in India - Arvind PatravaliSmart Grid Solutions in India - Arvind Patravali
Smart Grid Solutions in India - Arvind Patravali
 
Smart grid
Smart gridSmart grid
Smart grid
 
Journal new horizons volume 81-82
Journal new horizons volume 81-82Journal new horizons volume 81-82
Journal new horizons volume 81-82
 
Smart grid technology
Smart grid technologySmart grid technology
Smart grid technology
 
Context of smart grids in india knowledge paper of india smart grid day 2013
Context of smart grids in india   knowledge paper of india smart grid day 2013Context of smart grids in india   knowledge paper of india smart grid day 2013
Context of smart grids in india knowledge paper of india smart grid day 2013
 
ppt on Smart Grid
ppt on Smart Gridppt on Smart Grid
ppt on Smart Grid
 
smart grid
smart gridsmart grid
smart grid
 

Destacado

Destacado (20)

in iraq
in iraqin iraq
in iraq
 
Geração Bem Estar Jc
Geração Bem Estar JcGeração Bem Estar Jc
Geração Bem Estar Jc
 
Tutorial 1º acesso à comunidade Jovem SUS
Tutorial 1º acesso à comunidade Jovem SUSTutorial 1º acesso à comunidade Jovem SUS
Tutorial 1º acesso à comunidade Jovem SUS
 
14 SBA - NEXT AUTOMATION
14 SBA - NEXT AUTOMATION14 SBA - NEXT AUTOMATION
14 SBA - NEXT AUTOMATION
 
Adecaciones
AdecacionesAdecaciones
Adecaciones
 
Sonhar
SonharSonhar
Sonhar
 
Apresentação Atualizada goldprimer em 3D
Apresentação Atualizada  goldprimer em 3D Apresentação Atualizada  goldprimer em 3D
Apresentação Atualizada goldprimer em 3D
 
Semana Mundial do Meio Ambiente Porto Alegre Paulo Marques e Alexandre Maia
Semana Mundial do Meio Ambiente Porto Alegre   Paulo Marques e Alexandre MaiaSemana Mundial do Meio Ambiente Porto Alegre   Paulo Marques e Alexandre Maia
Semana Mundial do Meio Ambiente Porto Alegre Paulo Marques e Alexandre Maia
 
Hoja de vida resumido adilio portella
Hoja de vida  resumido adilio portellaHoja de vida  resumido adilio portella
Hoja de vida resumido adilio portella
 
Projetoslide
ProjetoslideProjetoslide
Projetoslide
 
Apostila day trade
Apostila day tradeApostila day trade
Apostila day trade
 
ENGR HEBA CEFTIFICATES-23102011181207
ENGR HEBA CEFTIFICATES-23102011181207ENGR HEBA CEFTIFICATES-23102011181207
ENGR HEBA CEFTIFICATES-23102011181207
 
Papo de audio aula fase e ondas
Papo de audio  aula fase e ondasPapo de audio  aula fase e ondas
Papo de audio aula fase e ondas
 
7Harrison
7Harrison7Harrison
7Harrison
 
Los inicios de nuestra
Los inicios de nuestraLos inicios de nuestra
Los inicios de nuestra
 
Cover Letter
Cover Letter Cover Letter
Cover Letter
 
Moodle ikastaro eleanitzak diseinatzen (MoodleMoot Euskadi 2015)
Moodle ikastaro eleanitzak diseinatzen (MoodleMoot Euskadi 2015)Moodle ikastaro eleanitzak diseinatzen (MoodleMoot Euskadi 2015)
Moodle ikastaro eleanitzak diseinatzen (MoodleMoot Euskadi 2015)
 
Maria resume 2016
Maria resume 2016Maria resume 2016
Maria resume 2016
 
ANOUSH
ANOUSHANOUSH
ANOUSH
 
apostila de Arduíno ( iniciante )
apostila de Arduíno ( iniciante ) apostila de Arduíno ( iniciante )
apostila de Arduíno ( iniciante )
 

Similar a Aa4101160164

Report on smart metering& control of transmission system
Report on smart metering& control of transmission systemReport on smart metering& control of transmission system
Report on smart metering& control of transmission systemDurgarao Gundu
 
Analysis of Smart Grid Interoperability
Analysis of Smart Grid InteroperabilityAnalysis of Smart Grid Interoperability
Analysis of Smart Grid Interoperabilityijtsrd
 
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...Yuvraj Singh
 
Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design System
Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design SystemKey Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design System
Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design Systemijtsrd
 
Smart Grid Technology for Intelligent Power Use
Smart Grid Technology for Intelligent Power UseSmart Grid Technology for Intelligent Power Use
Smart Grid Technology for Intelligent Power UseIJARIIT
 
Renewable Energy Integration into Smart Grid-Energy Storage Technologies and ...
Renewable Energy Integration into Smart Grid-Energy Storage Technologies and ...Renewable Energy Integration into Smart Grid-Energy Storage Technologies and ...
Renewable Energy Integration into Smart Grid-Energy Storage Technologies and ...IRJET Journal
 
Influence of Smart Technology in Power System
Influence of Smart Technology in Power SystemInfluence of Smart Technology in Power System
Influence of Smart Technology in Power Systempavanrajawat5
 
IRJET- SMART GRID: The Internet of Electrical Energy System
IRJET- SMART GRID: The Internet of Electrical Energy SystemIRJET- SMART GRID: The Internet of Electrical Energy System
IRJET- SMART GRID: The Internet of Electrical Energy SystemIRJET Journal
 
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...Yuvraj Singh
 
Smart grid ppt
Smart grid pptSmart grid ppt
Smart grid pptNazeemm2
 
SMART GRID – AN INTRODUCTION
SMART GRID – AN INTRODUCTIONSMART GRID – AN INTRODUCTION
SMART GRID – AN INTRODUCTIONIAEME Publication
 
Innovative technologies and challenges in the field of smart grid
Innovative technologies and challenges in the field of smart gridInnovative technologies and challenges in the field of smart grid
Innovative technologies and challenges in the field of smart gridIAEME Publication
 
IRJET-Comparative Study on Evolution of State of Art Practices on Smart Grid ...
IRJET-Comparative Study on Evolution of State of Art Practices on Smart Grid ...IRJET-Comparative Study on Evolution of State of Art Practices on Smart Grid ...
IRJET-Comparative Study on Evolution of State of Art Practices on Smart Grid ...IRJET Journal
 

Similar a Aa4101160164 (20)

Smart grid jenifer 120316
Smart grid jenifer 120316Smart grid jenifer 120316
Smart grid jenifer 120316
 
Report on smart metering& control of transmission system
Report on smart metering& control of transmission systemReport on smart metering& control of transmission system
Report on smart metering& control of transmission system
 
Analysis of Smart Grid Interoperability
Analysis of Smart Grid InteroperabilityAnalysis of Smart Grid Interoperability
Analysis of Smart Grid Interoperability
 
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...
 
Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design System
Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design SystemKey Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design System
Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design System
 
Smart Grid
Smart GridSmart Grid
Smart Grid
 
Smart Grid Technology for Intelligent Power Use
Smart Grid Technology for Intelligent Power UseSmart Grid Technology for Intelligent Power Use
Smart Grid Technology for Intelligent Power Use
 
Smart grid summary
Smart grid summarySmart grid summary
Smart grid summary
 
Isde 5
Isde 5Isde 5
Isde 5
 
Smart grid management an overview
Smart grid management an overviewSmart grid management an overview
Smart grid management an overview
 
Renewable Energy Integration into Smart Grid-Energy Storage Technologies and ...
Renewable Energy Integration into Smart Grid-Energy Storage Technologies and ...Renewable Energy Integration into Smart Grid-Energy Storage Technologies and ...
Renewable Energy Integration into Smart Grid-Energy Storage Technologies and ...
 
Influence of Smart Technology in Power System
Influence of Smart Technology in Power SystemInfluence of Smart Technology in Power System
Influence of Smart Technology in Power System
 
IRJET- SMART GRID: The Internet of Electrical Energy System
IRJET- SMART GRID: The Internet of Electrical Energy SystemIRJET- SMART GRID: The Internet of Electrical Energy System
IRJET- SMART GRID: The Internet of Electrical Energy System
 
Transformer Smart Grid
Transformer Smart GridTransformer Smart Grid
Transformer Smart Grid
 
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...
report on the Study Of Technology System Of Self-Healing Control In Smart Dis...
 
Smart grid ppt
Smart grid pptSmart grid ppt
Smart grid ppt
 
Thesis Body
Thesis BodyThesis Body
Thesis Body
 
SMART GRID – AN INTRODUCTION
SMART GRID – AN INTRODUCTIONSMART GRID – AN INTRODUCTION
SMART GRID – AN INTRODUCTION
 
Innovative technologies and challenges in the field of smart grid
Innovative technologies and challenges in the field of smart gridInnovative technologies and challenges in the field of smart grid
Innovative technologies and challenges in the field of smart grid
 
IRJET-Comparative Study on Evolution of State of Art Practices on Smart Grid ...
IRJET-Comparative Study on Evolution of State of Art Practices on Smart Grid ...IRJET-Comparative Study on Evolution of State of Art Practices on Smart Grid ...
IRJET-Comparative Study on Evolution of State of Art Practices on Smart Grid ...
 

Último

Introduction to Quantum Computing
Introduction to Quantum ComputingIntroduction to Quantum Computing
Introduction to Quantum ComputingGDSC PJATK
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Websitedgelyza
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxGDSC PJATK
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureEric D. Schabell
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf
20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf
20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
Things you didn't know you can use in your Salesforce
Things you didn't know you can use in your SalesforceThings you didn't know you can use in your Salesforce
Things you didn't know you can use in your SalesforceMartin Humpolec
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesDavid Newbury
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6DianaGray10
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioChristian Posta
 
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopNIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopBachir Benyammi
 
Babel Compiler - Transforming JavaScript for All Browsers.pptx
Babel Compiler - Transforming JavaScript for All Browsers.pptxBabel Compiler - Transforming JavaScript for All Browsers.pptx
Babel Compiler - Transforming JavaScript for All Browsers.pptxYounusS2
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1DianaGray10
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8DianaGray10
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxMatsuo Lab
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintMahmoud Rabie
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPathCommunity
 
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...DianaGray10
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemAsko Soukka
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Commit University
 

Último (20)

Introduction to Quantum Computing
Introduction to Quantum ComputingIntroduction to Quantum Computing
Introduction to Quantum Computing
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf
20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf
20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf
 
Things you didn't know you can use in your Salesforce
Things you didn't know you can use in your SalesforceThings you didn't know you can use in your Salesforce
Things you didn't know you can use in your Salesforce
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
 
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopNIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
 
Babel Compiler - Transforming JavaScript for All Browsers.pptx
Babel Compiler - Transforming JavaScript for All Browsers.pptxBabel Compiler - Transforming JavaScript for All Browsers.pptx
Babel Compiler - Transforming JavaScript for All Browsers.pptx
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
 
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
 

Aa4101160164

  • 1. Chandra Mukherjee et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.160-164 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.ijera.com OPEN ACCESS A Brief Survey on the Advancement of Smart Grid Chandra Mukherjee, Pratibha Bharti, Mrs A.N.Mahajan Abstract The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way communication of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, a review work on different aspects on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid is being presented. Infrastructure of Smart Grid can be broadly classified into three terms namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also presented a review work in which implementation strategy of Smart Grid in different countries was briefly highlighted. In this paper then some advantages and hindrance of Smart Grid was also explained. Specifically, we focused for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem. For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid. Keywords: Smart Grid, bidirectional energy flow, Peak curtailment, demand side management, Sustainability I. Introduction A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity. [1] The smart grid will add monitoring, analysis, control and communication capabilities to power generation and distribution. Real-time information on costs, demands and supply of power will provide control at every level of the system. Consumers will both receive and contribute power to the smart grid from ultimately anywhere in the world. There are many smart grid definitions, some functional, some technological, and some benefits-oriented. A common element to most Existing Grid definitions is the application of digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information management central to the smart grid. Various capabilities result from the deeply integrated use of digital technology with power grids, and integration of the new grid information flows into utility processes and systems is one of the key issues in the design of smart grids. More specifically, the SG can be regarded as an electric system that uses information, two-way, cyber-secure communication technologies, and computational intelligence in an integrated fashion across electricity generation, transmission, substations, distribution and consumption to achieve a system that is clean, safe, secure, reliable, resilient, efficient, and sustainable. Smart Grid Electromechanical One-way communication Digital Two-way communication Centralized generation Few sensors Manual monitoring Distributed generation Sensors throughout Self-monitoring Manual restoration Failures and blackouts Self-healing Adaptive and islanding Limited control Pervasive control Few customer choices Many customer choices TABLE I: A Brief Comparison between the Existing Grid and the Smart Grid www.ijera.com 160 | P a g e
  • 2. Chandra Mukherjee et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.160-164 II. Components of Smart Grid 2.1 Smart infrastructure system: The smart infrastructure system is the energy, information, and communication infrastructure underlying of the SG that supports a) Advanced electricity generation, delivery, and consumption b) advanced information metering, monitoring, and management. c) Advanced communication technologies. www.ijera.com protection, and security and privacy protection services. 2.2 Smart management system: The smart management system is the subsystem in SG that provides advanced management and control services. 2.3 Smart protection system: The smart protection system is the subsystem in SG that provides advanced grid reliability analysis, failure Survey of implementation of Smart Grid Authority Year of Start NYSERDA 2001 City /Country U.S.A New York U.S.A Califonia Canada Hydro Otawa Territorry U.S.A Texas Electric Power research institute and PG & E Ontario Energy board 2007 2006 Smart Grid Applications Implementation Strategy Peak load reduction program(PLRP) 15 MW peak load reduction through auto DR. Consumer the regulated price plan RPP Austin Energy Direct Load Control(D.L.C) North East of U.S.A PJM Economic response program(RTP) Singapore National Electricity market of Singapore 2003 Norway www.ijera.com 2006 2004 load Demand side beeding by licenced provider, incentive and penalty based structures of DR programs Peak Clipping,Determine External condition ,Test and evaluate different dear incentive Two Time of Results PLRP total MNV evaluation Adjusted demand reduction in 2001 – 2003 was 355 MW 22.8 MW reduction; goal exceeded by 52 %. There was clear evidence of load shifting on individual peak days for CPP and CPR price group. The statistical significance shows less evidence in the case of TOU price groups. The power partner program contributes an average of 45 MW of Peak capacity. At the end of 2007,4898 sites (2944 MW) were registered in the RTP and 705 sites (2144 MW ) were in emergency load response program.PJM estimates a price reduction of about USD 650 million . Pilot Project Studding the effects of DR programs 0.6KWh/h saving per consumer 161 | P a g e
  • 3. Chandra Mukherjee et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.160-164 Sweden Svenska Kraftnat 2003-2008 Finland National electricity transmission grid operator(Fingrid) No exact date but enforced for long time. France Electricite’ de France’s Tempo terrif U.K National grid Flexitricity a 2008 U.K Company 2007 Italy Energy regulator,Italian TSO (Tema) Around 2007 Spain Spain TSO 1988 Brazil CASAN NA Chile Ministry of Energy Past Decade Denmark Pilot Project 2004 Australia CRA International Melbourne NDRC 2007 China www.ijera.com 2010,2011 Day(TOD) terrif. Pilot project involving 6 industries 3 of them reduced their demand by 1 MW. Interruptable Programs. Different types of Time of Use (TOU) Rates. Days are distinguished according to price using a colour system together with an indication whether the hour is currently one of 8 off-peak hours or not Short Term Operating Reserve (STOR) is a service for the provision of additional active power and demand reduction. Interruptible Programmed ,Load Shielding Programmed Price led Programmed has been in place for some time ,with time of use ,Terrif providing economic signals Installation of control system and automatic load shielding units with seasonal pricing in peak time. Development of netmetering system that allowing in principle. Automated Peak Reduction +pricing Signal+Awareness. Voluntary Participation China Utility companies to achieve annual dual targets of energy saving and load reduction of 0.3 % respectively. www.ijera.com 13.6% of reduction VS.Non DSM apartments, 34% achieved VS. lower energy efficiency apartments. 15% ,2000MW peak load reduction 15 %on white days ,45% on red days and 10% on electricity bills of Customers. 90% smart metering penetration. NA NA Not much effective due to less attractive cost structure 82.5% reduction during interruption 61 agreement;81 MW of load reduction Progress 162 | P a g e
  • 4. Chandra Mukherjee et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.160-164 III. Features of Smart grid Reliability The smart grid will make use of technologies that improve fault detection and allow self-healing of the network without the intervention of technicians. This will ensure more reliable supply of electricity, and reduced vulnerability to natural disasters or attack. Flexibility in network topology-Next-generation transmission and distribution infrastructure will be better able to handle possible bidirection energy flows, allowing for distributed generation such as from photovoltaic panels on building roofs, but also the use of fuel cells, charging to/from the batteries of electric cars, wind turbines, pumped hydroelectric power, and other sources. Classic grids were designed for one-way flow of electricity, but if a local sub-network generates more power than it is consuming, the reverse flow can raise safety and reliability issues. A smart grid aims to manage these situations. www.ijera.com Sustainability-The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage. Market-enabling-The smart grid allows for systematic communication between suppliers (their energy price) and consumers (their willingness-topay), and permits both the suppliers and the consumers to be more flexible and sophisticated in their operational strategies. At the domestic level, appliances with a degree of energy storage or thermal mass (such as refrigerators, heat banks, and heat pumps) will be well placed to 'play' the market and seek to minimize energy cost by adapting demand to the lower-cost energy support periods. This is an extension of the dual-tariff energy pricing mentioned above. Efficiency-Numerous contributions to overall improvement of the efficiency of energy infrastructure is anticipated from the deployment of smart grid technology, in particular including demand-side management, for example turning off air conditioners during short-term spikes in electricity price. The overall effect is less redundancy in transmission and distribution lines, and greater utilization of generators, leading to lower power prices. Load adjustment-The total load connected to the power grid can vary significantly over time. Although the total load is the sum of many individual choices of the clients, the overall load is not a stable, slow varying, cement of the load if a popular television program starts and millions of televisions will draw current instantly Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricingTo reduce demand during the high cost peak usage periods, communications and metering technologies inform smart devices in the home and business when energy demand is high and track how much electricity is used and when it is used. It also gives utility companies the ability to reduce consumption by communicating to devices directly in order to prevent system overloads. Examples would be a utility reducing the usage of a group of electric vehicle charging stations or shifting temperature set points of air conditioners in a city.[12] To motivate them to cut back use and perform what is called peak curtailment or peak leveling www.ijera.com IV. Some challenges of Smart grid- 4.1 Short term issuesVoltage management- Voltage management-Heavy reactive power draw by RE generators pose spurious voltage management issues. In case when the variations are large grid stability limits may also be infringed. This affects the reliability and stability of the power system. Real Power Imbalance-Uncertainty in demand always poses a challenges .System operators often rely on spinning reserves or other sources of power supply services to come into operation instantaneously when needed. Commercial implediants to real power balancingWhen wind generation increases: Host utility in which the wind generator is located has no incentive to allow the wind generator to generate if the UI 163 | P a g e
  • 5. Chandra Mukherjee et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.160-164 prices are below either the FiT rates or the regulated prices. Sub-Optimal Coping Strategies- Procurement of Power from tertiary reserves / or from short term markets loss of quality of supply due to load shedding or UI power draw result in high cost that have to be borne by the consumers in the host state. Sub optional coupling strategies-Sudden ingress or withdrawal of wind based generation from the grid would require tertiary resources with ramp up rates for balancing. Sudden loss of wind can be made up by withdrawal from the grid. UI mechanism thus provides perverse incentives for grid integration of RE based generation , and hence needs to be replaced by a more formal Ancillary Services Market. [2] [3] [4] www.ijera.com Kelvin Tan, Valerie Choy, Zhang Ming Hui: Key Technical issues for Renewable Energy Grid Integration and Development in Asia ,2012. M. C. Kintner-Meyer, D. P. Chassin, R. G. Pratt, J. G. DeSteese, L. A. Schienbein, S. G. Hauser, W. M. Warwick (200311). GridWise: The Benefits of a Transformed Energy System (PDF). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Michael T. Burr, "Reliability demands drive automation investments," Public Utilities Fortnightly, Technology Corridor department, Nov. 1, 2003. 4.2Long term issuesTransmission capacity Expansion- Integration of RE generation require investment in transmission capacity, reactive power resources to support the flow of power over long lines and the reactive power Requirement of the wind generator. While transmission capacity is required to balance the variations in active power output of wind turbines, reactive power resources are required “locally” to prevent imbalances in the grid. Generation Planning- With the increasing incorporation of RES into the system , the generation planning activity will also require a modified approach .Planning only for requisite MW capacity may not be adequate if such generation is not flexible to respond to system variability. V. Conclusion Due to the potential importance of SG, this survey comprehensively explores the technologies used in SG. We have surveyed the major SG projects/programs/trials and three major technical systems in SG: the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We have outlined challenges and future research directions worth exploring for each of these three systems. We also discussed about its benefit and effectiveness of Smart Grid. We also presented a report on survey of implementation of Smart Grid in different countries which shows a reduction of consumption of power in industries as well as in our daily life. References [1] AF- Mercados EMI & Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation: Integrating Variable Renewal Energy with the Grid : Lessons From the southern Region ,Nov 2012. www.ijera.com 164 | P a g e