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Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1541-1552

RESEARCH ARTICLE

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OPEN ACCESS

The Magnetization of Water Arising From a Magnetic-Field and
Its Applications in Concrete Industry
Pang Xiao-Feng and Zhu Xing-Chun
Institute of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of Chengdu 610054,
China.

Abstract
The magnetization of water arising from a magnetic-field and its applications of magnetized water in concrete
industry are investigated. In this study we introduce firstly that correct method of magnetization of water. In
order to elucidate clearly its applications in the concrete industry we studies and inspect in detail the influences
of magnetized water on the mechanical and optic properties of concrete, including mass density tensile strength,
tensile strength, compressive strengths, deformation modulus and Poisson's ratio, shear strength of broken
(cohesive force internal friction angle) as well as the infrared spectrum of absorption and fluorescence spectrum
by different methods involving synthetic method including the ultrasonic and rebounded techniques as well as
infrared and fluorescence spectra, respectively. The results obtained from these investigations indicate that the
mass density tensile strength, tensile strength, compressive strengths, deformation modulus and Poisson's ratio
of the concretes increase, but its cohesive force internal friction angle decrease as well as some new peaks in the
concrete occur under influences of magnetized water relative to those of pure water. These show clearly that the
magnetized water enhance the combined force among the molecules or corpuscles or components and lifts its
mass density. Thus the changes of mechanical and optic properties of the concrete under influence of
magnetized water.

Keywords: magnetic-field, magnetized water, concrete, mechanical properties optic feature
PACS numbers: 51.10.+y, 51.90.+r, 61.20.Ne.
I. INTRODUCTION

results obtained are incorrect or unreliable. The

As it is known, water is a most familiar

purified water we use here is prepared using the

matter in nature, but its molecular structures and

Simplicity 185 Water System (Millipore) made by

physical properties as well as its changes of property

USA. After this we measured seriously properties of

under actions of external factors, for example,

purified water and the elementary elements contained

electromagnetic-fields are not quite clear as yet,

in it using some instruments including the mass and

although these problems were widely studied about

color spectrometers at 25℃. Its pH value is 7.1-7.2 ,

several hundreds of year. Experiments demonstrate

electric resistivity is 1 MΩ.cm, absorption ratio of

that water can be magnetized in a magnetic-field

light (254nm, 1cm light path) is ≤0.01; Ca, Si, Na, K,

only if the method of magnetization is correctly used.

nitrate, oxide (or O) and soluble silicon (i.e., SiO2 )

In the magnetization a standard pure water must be

involved in the purified water are 0.01mg/L,

1-16

. Practice manifested we cannot use any

0.005mg /L, 0.007mg/L, 0.002mg/L, 1mg /L, ≤0.08

water, can only use standard pure water to research

mg / L and ≤0.02 mg / L, respectively. Therefore,

the magnetized phenomenon of water, or else, the

there are not metallic and magnetic elements in the

used

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purified water. In the experiments the magnetized

features of macroscopic behaviors of magnetized

water is obtained and extracted from a glass

water and extend its applications in industry and

container of pure water.

building of home. Therefore , this investigation has

In this experiment. a standard magnetized

an important significance.

device must be used. What are the requests of
standard

magnetized

device?

A

standard

magnetized device is required to product enough
strong strength of magnetic field, which can
guarantee that the magnetic lines of force of the
magnet can penetrate over total water through wise
arrangement. This is very important, or else, the water
cannot be magnetized. Therefore, the magnetized
device is, in general, made by NdFeB

or

superconductivity magnets. The pure water is lightly
placed into an appropriate position in this device to
guarantee that its magnetic lines of force can
penetrate over total water and that its magnetized
effect is not destructed in this case. This means that
the weight or mass of pure water should be suitable,
or speaking, cannot be too many to magnetize.
At the same time, after pure water is
magnetized, we should inject immediately the
magnetized water into the sample baths of the
instrument to measure their properties because the
time, in which the magnetization effect can be
retained, is finite. The experiments should be
repeated about 2-3 times for their credibility.
In general, the properties of magnetized
water be considerably changed relative to those of
pure water, for instance, the electromagnetic and
optic features and molecular structure [1-16]. Just so,
the magnetized water can be extensively utilized in
industry, agriculture and medicine, for example, it is
useful to aid the digestion of food and to eliminate
the dirty in industrial boilers, etc.. However, what are
the concrete characteristics of these changes? What
are the reasons arising from the changes? and so on.
Therefore, it is very necessary to investigate deeply
and in detail the changes of macroscopically physical

II. Preparation of the concrete containing
magnetized water
II.1.Preparation of the concrete containing
magnetized water.
The magnetized water we here use is
extracted from a beaker of purified water at 250C
exposed in the magnetic field of 4400G for 25
minutes., where the purified water we use here is
prepared using the Simplicity 185 Water System
(Millipore) made by USA. We measured properties
of purified water and the elementary elements
contained in it using the instruments including the
mass and color spectrometers at 25℃ Its pH value is
.
7.1-7.2 , electric resistivity is about 1 MΩ.cm,
absorption ratio of light (254nm, 1cm light path) is
≤0.01; Ca, Si, Na, K, nitrate, oxide (or O) and
soluble silicon (i.e., SiO2 ) involved in the purified
water are 0.01mg/L, 0.005mg /L, 0.007mg/L,
0.002mg/L, 1mg /L, ≤0.08 mg / L and ≤0.02 mg / L,
respectively.
II.2.Preparation of the concretes
According to the criterions and requests of
the concretes drawn up by Chinese government we
prepared the concrete, which is composed of the
cement, fine sand, small stones and water, where the
diameters of stone are about 7-20mm and cement is
No:425 and has the feature of 32.5 Mpa, in which the
proportions of cement, fine sand, small stones and
water are 1:0.87:2.32:0.47. we prepared two
concretes as shown in Fig.1, one concrete is
composed of cement, fine sand, small stones and
pure water, another is cement, fine sand, small stones
and magnetized water, which has the above features.

properties of water under action of magnetic-field as
well as the influences of magnetized water on the
mechanical and optic properties of the concretes.
Through these investigations we can both know the

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Fig. 1. The concrete samples containing the magnetized water (down) and pure water (up) prepared by us.
shortcomings in the measurement of mechanical
properties of the concrete, in which we can obtain the
III. The Changes of physical property of
values of many physical parameters of the concretes.
concretes arising from the
Therefore, the results obtained by this method are
magnetized water
more accurate. In the experiment, we firstly separate
the concrete sample containing the magnetized water
III.1. The changes of mechanical properties of
as the three small concrete boards of
concrete arising from the magnetized water
4.23×4.2×8.71cm3,
4.24×4.2×8.38
cm3,
and
We used the synthetic method including the
3
4.21×4.18×8.37 cm , which are named after 1-1. 1-2
ultrasonic and rebounded techniques to measure the
and 1-3, respectively, and the concrete sample
mechanical properties of two kind of concretes
containing only the pure water as also the three small
containing the magnetized and pure water,
concrete boards of 4.29×4.3×8.26 cm3, 4.31×4.3×8.8
respectively[17-22]. This method collects the
cm3, and 4.29×4.26×8.91cm3, , which are named
advantages of ultrasonic instrument, which can
after 2-1. 2-2 and 2-3, respectively. The mass
acquire the values of mechanical features of the
densities of the concretes, which were measured
concrete from the changes of characteristics of
using the quantity quadrature method, are shown in
ultrasonic wave, and rebounded methods, which
table 1.
acquired the values of mechanical features of the
concrete by the changes of characteristics of
reflective wave of sound, and eliminates further their
Table 1. The natural densities of the concretes
sample sort

magnetized water concrete

Pure water concrete

number of concrete board

1~1

1~2

1~3

2~1

2~2

2~3

natural density(ρ(g/cm3)) 2.43

2.41

2.39

2.31

2.35

2.33

Average value(g/cm3)

2.41

2.33

The table 1 shows that the density of the concrete

g/cm3. This indicates that the magnetic field changes

containing magnetized water is 2.41 g/cm3, which is

the features and distribution of water molecules,

great than that of pure water, which is only 2.33

which enhance the combined strength among the

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components in the concrete, thus the density of the

great than that of pure water, which is 1.36MPa,

concrete containing magnetized water is increased.

namely, the maximum value of the stress of the

We measured also the tensile strength of the

concrete containing thee magnetized water lifted

concretes. As it is known, the tensile strength

about 5.6 ﹪ relative to that of pure water. This

designates the maximum value of the stress of the

means that the combined forces among these

concrete

components in the former through the magnetized

material

in

the

case

of

stretched

deformation under action of external force. Table 2

water are increased great than that in the latter.

exhibits that the tensile strength of the concretes
containing magnetized water is 1.33MPa, which is
Table 2. The tensile strength of the concretes
sample sort

magnetized water concrete

number of concrete board

Pure water concrete

1~2

1~3

2~1

2~2

2~3

1.35

natural density (MPa)

1~1

1.29

1.34

1.23

1.28

1.28

average value (MPa)

1.33

1.26
condition and 28.6 MPa in water environment form

We determined further the compressive

29.8 MPa in natural condition and 27.6MPa in water

strengths of the concretes. The compressive strength

environment for that of pure water, respectively, its

represents the loaded weight on the unit surface area

ratios of increase are 8.9﹪ and 3.6% in natural and

when the concrete will be destroyed under action of a

water condition, respectively. These imply that the

pressure with signal-direction. The results obtained is

capability of bearing destruction effect is enhanced

denoted in table 3, which manifests clearly that the

for the concretes containing magnetized water

compressive strengths of the concretes containing

relative to that of pure water.

magnetized water is increased to 32.7 MPa in natural
Table 3. The compressive strengths of the concrete samples
sample sort

magnetized water concrete

number of concrete board
compressive natural
strength

True

condition value(MPa)

1~1

1~2

33.4

average

water

value(MPa)

condition

29.9

average

(MPa)
We find also out that the deformation
modulus and Poisson's ratio (coefficient of lateral
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1~3

32.7

32.8

2~1
30.3

32.7

(MPa)
True

pure water concrete

28.3
28.6

2~2
29.8

2~3
29.5

29.8
27.6

28.2

26.9

27.7

27.6

deformation) of the concretes. The deformation
modulus expresses the ratio between the absolute
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values of increment of the stress and strain for the

respectively. On the other hand, the Possion ratio of

concrete in the condition of action of the loaded

the concrete containing the magnetized water

pressure. In practice, it is just a compressibility index

depresses to 0.19 and 0.18 from o.23 and o.19 in

obtained from the loaded experiment. The Possion

those of pure water in both natural and water

ratio is the ratio between the horizontal strain and

condition, respectively. These results indicate that

axial strain of the concrete under action of tensile or

the concrete containing the magnetized water distorts

pressure force. The results obtained from this

not easily, or speaking, it is able to prevent its

experiment are shown in table 4. We see clearly from

distortion relative to that of pure water under action

table 4 that that the deformation moduluses of the

of the loaded pressure. This means that magnetized

concrete containing the magnetized water decreases

water improves the quality of the concrete in a

to 1.1 and 0.98 MPa from 1.2 and 1.1MPa in those of

certain extent.

pure water in both natural and water conditions,
Table 4. The values of deformation modulus and Poisson's ratio of concrete samples

sample sort

magnetized water concrete

number of concrete board
True value
4
deformation (10 MPa)
The

modulus

concrete
in natural
condition

Poisson
ratio

modulus

concrete

True value

condition

1~3

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.2

0.21

0.19

average
(104MPa)

0.9

0.19

0.23

0.17

1.3

1.2

0.15

0.21

0.23
1.1

1.0

0.96
0.18

2~3

1.2

0.19
0.9

2~2

1.2

1.1

1.1
0.19

0.20

0.18

0.19

Poisson
ratio

average
value

We inspect also that the shear strength of
broken of the concrete. In general, the fracture of the
concrete is due to the force of shear failure. The
shear strength of broken represents the maximum of
the shear stress on the shear surface when the
concrete is clipped along the direction of stress
change under action of .normal pressure. It is
denoted by using the cohesive force and internal
friction angle. The former manifests that mutual
attraction interaction among the same components in
the concrete, the latter is the slant angle between two
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2~1

1.1

average
value

True value

in water

1~2

average
(104MPa)

True value
4
deformation (10 MPa)
The

1~1

pure water concrete

0.18

0.19

dislocation surfaces in generation of dislocation
arising from the shear failure under action of vertical
gravity. Therefore, its value signs the size of friction
forces occurred among the displacements each other
of the corpuscles. The results of the cohesion and
internal friction angle of the concrete are shown in
table 5. From the experiment we know that the
cohesive force in the concrete containing magnetized
water is increases relative to that of pure water, thus
the incorporated or attraction force among the
components in the concrete increases due to the
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injection of magnetized water relative to that of pure
water. Then the mass density increases necessarily in
the concrete containing magnetized water in this case
as mentioned above. However, the internal friction
angle in the concrete containing magnetized water
decreases to 23.3 from 27.3 in that of pure water.

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This means that the magnetized water can restrain
the dislocation effect of concrete arising from the
shear failure under action of external force in certain
degree due to the enhancement of cohesive force
among the components.

Table 5. The shear strength of broken of the concrete

sample sort

magnetized water concrete

number of concrete board

The

cohesive
force

concrete
in natural
condition

internal
friction
angle φ0

True value
(104MPa)

1~1

1~2

1~3

1.12

1.03

1.13

average
(104MPa)
True value

pure water concrete
2~1
0.98

1.093
23

average
value

III.2. The changes of optic property of concrete
arising from magnetized water
We collected also the infrared spectra of the
concretes containing magnetized and pure water in
the region of 400- 4000 cm-1 using a Nicolet Nexus
670-FT-IR spectrometer with resolution of 4cm-1
made by USA , respectively, which are shown in
Fig.2. From this figure we see clearly that some new
peaks occur in 2000-3000 cm-1, for example, five

25
23.3

2~2

2~3

0.99

1.11

1.031
22

28

27

28

27.3

peaks at 2600, 2450 1900, 1850 and 1780cm-1 occur
and the strengths of peaks in the region of 400-1700
cm-1 reduce in the concrete containing magnetized
water relative to those of pure water. This manifests
that externally applied magnetic field changes the
distribution and structure of molecules in water,
which result in the variations of infrared spectrum
due to the interaction and combination of the
magnetized water with the components in concrete.

Fig.2. the infrared spectra of the concretes containing magnetized and pure water in the region of 400- 4000
cm-1, respectively,
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We collected the fluorescence spectra of the
concrete containing the magnetized and pure water
using a F-2000 fluorescence-meter made by Japan.
The results are shown in Fig.3-6, which are excited
by the light having the wavelengths of 236nm and
260nm, respectively. From these figures we see that
the basic feature of fluorescence spectra of the
concrete have not been changed, although the pure
water is replaced by the magnetized by the
magnetized water. This indicates that the atomic and
electronic structures in these molecules in the

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concrete have not be changed in this case. However,
we see also that the strengths of the peaks in the
fluorescence spectra of the concrete containing the
magnetized water reduce relative to that of pure
water. Obviously This is due to the enhancement of
incorporated force among the molecules in the
components in the concrete arising from the
magnetized water as mentioned above, which
restrains the transition of the electrons in these
molecules.

Fig. 3. The fluorescence spectrum of the concrete containing the pure water excited by the light of wavelength
of 236nm.

Fig. 4. The fluorescence spectrum of the concrete containing the magnetized water excited by the light of
wavelength of 236nm.
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Fig. 5. The fluorescence spectrum of the concrete containing the pure water excited by the light of wavelength
of 260nm.

Fig. 6. The fluorescence spectrum of the concrete containing the magnetized water excited by the light of
wavelength of 260nm.

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IV. Changes of hydrophilic feature of water
under action of magnetic-fields

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Figs. 7, 8, 9 and 10, respectively. From the four
figures we see that the angles of contact of

From the above investigations we know that

magnetized and pure water on the muscovite are

the changes of mechanical and optic properties of the

almost zero, the difference between them is

concretes under influence of magnetized water. Why

extremely small. Therefore, the soaking degree of

is this ? This is worth to study further.

pure and magnetized water to the muscovite are very

In order to solve this problem we here

large. However, for the copper, the angles of contact

measure the variation of surface tension force or the

of magnetized and pure water are about 146.80 and

soaking degree of magnetized water on a planar

147.20, respectively; for the graphite, they are about

surface of material. This effect is signed in the size of

91.20 and 92.60, respectively; for the silica gel of

angle of contact of magnetized or pure water on a

PDMS183, they are about 97.90 and 101.030,

planar surface of materials. In our experiment, we

respectively. Therefore the angles of contact of

measure the angle of contact of magnetized and pure

magnetized water on the surfaces of hydrophobic

water on a planar surface of copper, graphite,

materials are decreased relative to that of pure water,

muscovite and silica gel of PDMS183 in the region

the extenuation quantities of the angles of contact are

0

0

0

of 0 -180 and in the condition of humidity of 27 by

about 0.4°,1.4°and 3.130 for the copper, graphite and

using OCA40 and OCA20 Micro optical-vision

silica gel of PDM S183, respectively, i.e., for the

instrument with the accuracy of ±0.3° made by

silica gel of PDMS183, the extenuation of the angles

Germany, respectively, where the magnetized water

of contact of magnetized water is extremely evident.

is taken from a beaker of 250ml of pure water at

This means that the soaking degree of magnetized

0

25 C ,which is exposed in the magnetic-field of

water to the hydrophobic materials increases, thus its

4400G for 30 minutes. In this measurement, the

hydrophobicity decreases. This shows that the mag-

water injected is about 3μL, the speed of water

netic-field can change the hydrophobicity of water.

injected is about 0.5μL/s. As are known, the

Obviously, the extenuation of angles of contact of

muscovite is hydrophilic, but copper, graphite and

magnetized water is due to the increases of polarized

silica

different

effect and the changes of distribution of molecules in

hydrophobicities. We measure first the sizes of angle

magnetized water. Thus we conclude the surface

of contact of magnetized and pure water at five

tension force of magnetized water does decrease

different positions on the planar surface of these

relative to that of pure water in such a case. Thus the

materials, respectively, finally find the average value

magnetized water enhances the combined force with

of five different values for the angle of contact of

the molecules or corpuscles or components and lifts

magnetized and pure water, respectively. The

its mass density in the concretes. Then it is very

experimental

natural to change the mechanical properties and

gel

of

PDMS183

results

of

the

have

copper,

graphite,

muscovite and silica gel of PDMS183 are shown in

infrared spectrum of absorption of the concretes.

Fig.7. The angels of contact of magnetized water (a) and pure water (b) on the surface of muscovite

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Fig 8. The angels of contact of magnetized water (a) and pure water (b) on the surface of copper

Fig 9. The angels of contact of magnetized water (a)

97.90

and pure water (b) on the surface of graphite.

101.030

(a)

(b)

Fig.10. The angle of contact of magnetized water(a) and pure water (b) on the surface of silica gel of PDMS183

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Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
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V. Conclusion
When water is exposed in a magnetic-fields,
we find that its properties are changed. This is called
magnetization of water. The properties of concretes
are changed when the magnetized water is injected

National Basic Research Program of China (973
Program) (grate No: 212011CB503 701).

References
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influences of magnetized water on the mechanical
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density tensile strength, tensile strength, compressive
strengths, deformation modulus and Poisson's ratio,
shear strength of broken (cohesive force internal
friction angle) as well as the infrared spectrum of
absorption and fluorescence spectrum by different
methods involving synthetic method including the
ultrasonic and rebounded techniques as well as

p34
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[3]

water enhance the combined force among the
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[4]

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www.ijera.com
Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
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  • 1. Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1541-1552 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.ijera.com OPEN ACCESS The Magnetization of Water Arising From a Magnetic-Field and Its Applications in Concrete Industry Pang Xiao-Feng and Zhu Xing-Chun Institute of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of Chengdu 610054, China. Abstract The magnetization of water arising from a magnetic-field and its applications of magnetized water in concrete industry are investigated. In this study we introduce firstly that correct method of magnetization of water. In order to elucidate clearly its applications in the concrete industry we studies and inspect in detail the influences of magnetized water on the mechanical and optic properties of concrete, including mass density tensile strength, tensile strength, compressive strengths, deformation modulus and Poisson's ratio, shear strength of broken (cohesive force internal friction angle) as well as the infrared spectrum of absorption and fluorescence spectrum by different methods involving synthetic method including the ultrasonic and rebounded techniques as well as infrared and fluorescence spectra, respectively. The results obtained from these investigations indicate that the mass density tensile strength, tensile strength, compressive strengths, deformation modulus and Poisson's ratio of the concretes increase, but its cohesive force internal friction angle decrease as well as some new peaks in the concrete occur under influences of magnetized water relative to those of pure water. These show clearly that the magnetized water enhance the combined force among the molecules or corpuscles or components and lifts its mass density. Thus the changes of mechanical and optic properties of the concrete under influence of magnetized water. Keywords: magnetic-field, magnetized water, concrete, mechanical properties optic feature PACS numbers: 51.10.+y, 51.90.+r, 61.20.Ne. I. INTRODUCTION results obtained are incorrect or unreliable. The As it is known, water is a most familiar purified water we use here is prepared using the matter in nature, but its molecular structures and Simplicity 185 Water System (Millipore) made by physical properties as well as its changes of property USA. After this we measured seriously properties of under actions of external factors, for example, purified water and the elementary elements contained electromagnetic-fields are not quite clear as yet, in it using some instruments including the mass and although these problems were widely studied about color spectrometers at 25℃. Its pH value is 7.1-7.2 , several hundreds of year. Experiments demonstrate electric resistivity is 1 MΩ.cm, absorption ratio of that water can be magnetized in a magnetic-field light (254nm, 1cm light path) is ≤0.01; Ca, Si, Na, K, only if the method of magnetization is correctly used. nitrate, oxide (or O) and soluble silicon (i.e., SiO2 ) In the magnetization a standard pure water must be involved in the purified water are 0.01mg/L, 1-16 . Practice manifested we cannot use any 0.005mg /L, 0.007mg/L, 0.002mg/L, 1mg /L, ≤0.08 water, can only use standard pure water to research mg / L and ≤0.02 mg / L, respectively. Therefore, the magnetized phenomenon of water, or else, the there are not metallic and magnetic elements in the used www.ijera.com 1541 | P a g e
  • 2. Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1541-1552 www.ijera.com purified water. In the experiments the magnetized features of macroscopic behaviors of magnetized water is obtained and extracted from a glass water and extend its applications in industry and container of pure water. building of home. Therefore , this investigation has In this experiment. a standard magnetized an important significance. device must be used. What are the requests of standard magnetized device? A standard magnetized device is required to product enough strong strength of magnetic field, which can guarantee that the magnetic lines of force of the magnet can penetrate over total water through wise arrangement. This is very important, or else, the water cannot be magnetized. Therefore, the magnetized device is, in general, made by NdFeB or superconductivity magnets. The pure water is lightly placed into an appropriate position in this device to guarantee that its magnetic lines of force can penetrate over total water and that its magnetized effect is not destructed in this case. This means that the weight or mass of pure water should be suitable, or speaking, cannot be too many to magnetize. At the same time, after pure water is magnetized, we should inject immediately the magnetized water into the sample baths of the instrument to measure their properties because the time, in which the magnetization effect can be retained, is finite. The experiments should be repeated about 2-3 times for their credibility. In general, the properties of magnetized water be considerably changed relative to those of pure water, for instance, the electromagnetic and optic features and molecular structure [1-16]. Just so, the magnetized water can be extensively utilized in industry, agriculture and medicine, for example, it is useful to aid the digestion of food and to eliminate the dirty in industrial boilers, etc.. However, what are the concrete characteristics of these changes? What are the reasons arising from the changes? and so on. Therefore, it is very necessary to investigate deeply and in detail the changes of macroscopically physical II. Preparation of the concrete containing magnetized water II.1.Preparation of the concrete containing magnetized water. The magnetized water we here use is extracted from a beaker of purified water at 250C exposed in the magnetic field of 4400G for 25 minutes., where the purified water we use here is prepared using the Simplicity 185 Water System (Millipore) made by USA. We measured properties of purified water and the elementary elements contained in it using the instruments including the mass and color spectrometers at 25℃ Its pH value is . 7.1-7.2 , electric resistivity is about 1 MΩ.cm, absorption ratio of light (254nm, 1cm light path) is ≤0.01; Ca, Si, Na, K, nitrate, oxide (or O) and soluble silicon (i.e., SiO2 ) involved in the purified water are 0.01mg/L, 0.005mg /L, 0.007mg/L, 0.002mg/L, 1mg /L, ≤0.08 mg / L and ≤0.02 mg / L, respectively. II.2.Preparation of the concretes According to the criterions and requests of the concretes drawn up by Chinese government we prepared the concrete, which is composed of the cement, fine sand, small stones and water, where the diameters of stone are about 7-20mm and cement is No:425 and has the feature of 32.5 Mpa, in which the proportions of cement, fine sand, small stones and water are 1:0.87:2.32:0.47. we prepared two concretes as shown in Fig.1, one concrete is composed of cement, fine sand, small stones and pure water, another is cement, fine sand, small stones and magnetized water, which has the above features. properties of water under action of magnetic-field as well as the influences of magnetized water on the mechanical and optic properties of the concretes. Through these investigations we can both know the www.ijera.com 1542 | P a g e
  • 3. Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1541-1552 www.ijera.com Fig. 1. The concrete samples containing the magnetized water (down) and pure water (up) prepared by us. shortcomings in the measurement of mechanical properties of the concrete, in which we can obtain the III. The Changes of physical property of values of many physical parameters of the concretes. concretes arising from the Therefore, the results obtained by this method are magnetized water more accurate. In the experiment, we firstly separate the concrete sample containing the magnetized water III.1. The changes of mechanical properties of as the three small concrete boards of concrete arising from the magnetized water 4.23×4.2×8.71cm3, 4.24×4.2×8.38 cm3, and We used the synthetic method including the 3 4.21×4.18×8.37 cm , which are named after 1-1. 1-2 ultrasonic and rebounded techniques to measure the and 1-3, respectively, and the concrete sample mechanical properties of two kind of concretes containing only the pure water as also the three small containing the magnetized and pure water, concrete boards of 4.29×4.3×8.26 cm3, 4.31×4.3×8.8 respectively[17-22]. This method collects the cm3, and 4.29×4.26×8.91cm3, , which are named advantages of ultrasonic instrument, which can after 2-1. 2-2 and 2-3, respectively. The mass acquire the values of mechanical features of the densities of the concretes, which were measured concrete from the changes of characteristics of using the quantity quadrature method, are shown in ultrasonic wave, and rebounded methods, which table 1. acquired the values of mechanical features of the concrete by the changes of characteristics of reflective wave of sound, and eliminates further their Table 1. The natural densities of the concretes sample sort magnetized water concrete Pure water concrete number of concrete board 1~1 1~2 1~3 2~1 2~2 2~3 natural density(ρ(g/cm3)) 2.43 2.41 2.39 2.31 2.35 2.33 Average value(g/cm3) 2.41 2.33 The table 1 shows that the density of the concrete g/cm3. This indicates that the magnetic field changes containing magnetized water is 2.41 g/cm3, which is the features and distribution of water molecules, great than that of pure water, which is only 2.33 which enhance the combined strength among the www.ijera.com 1543 | P a g e
  • 4. Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1541-1552 www.ijera.com components in the concrete, thus the density of the great than that of pure water, which is 1.36MPa, concrete containing magnetized water is increased. namely, the maximum value of the stress of the We measured also the tensile strength of the concrete containing thee magnetized water lifted concretes. As it is known, the tensile strength about 5.6 ﹪ relative to that of pure water. This designates the maximum value of the stress of the means that the combined forces among these concrete components in the former through the magnetized material in the case of stretched deformation under action of external force. Table 2 water are increased great than that in the latter. exhibits that the tensile strength of the concretes containing magnetized water is 1.33MPa, which is Table 2. The tensile strength of the concretes sample sort magnetized water concrete number of concrete board Pure water concrete 1~2 1~3 2~1 2~2 2~3 1.35 natural density (MPa) 1~1 1.29 1.34 1.23 1.28 1.28 average value (MPa) 1.33 1.26 condition and 28.6 MPa in water environment form We determined further the compressive 29.8 MPa in natural condition and 27.6MPa in water strengths of the concretes. The compressive strength environment for that of pure water, respectively, its represents the loaded weight on the unit surface area ratios of increase are 8.9﹪ and 3.6% in natural and when the concrete will be destroyed under action of a water condition, respectively. These imply that the pressure with signal-direction. The results obtained is capability of bearing destruction effect is enhanced denoted in table 3, which manifests clearly that the for the concretes containing magnetized water compressive strengths of the concretes containing relative to that of pure water. magnetized water is increased to 32.7 MPa in natural Table 3. The compressive strengths of the concrete samples sample sort magnetized water concrete number of concrete board compressive natural strength True condition value(MPa) 1~1 1~2 33.4 average water value(MPa) condition 29.9 average (MPa) We find also out that the deformation modulus and Poisson's ratio (coefficient of lateral www.ijera.com 1~3 32.7 32.8 2~1 30.3 32.7 (MPa) True pure water concrete 28.3 28.6 2~2 29.8 2~3 29.5 29.8 27.6 28.2 26.9 27.7 27.6 deformation) of the concretes. The deformation modulus expresses the ratio between the absolute 1544 | P a g e
  • 5. Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1541-1552 www.ijera.com values of increment of the stress and strain for the respectively. On the other hand, the Possion ratio of concrete in the condition of action of the loaded the concrete containing the magnetized water pressure. In practice, it is just a compressibility index depresses to 0.19 and 0.18 from o.23 and o.19 in obtained from the loaded experiment. The Possion those of pure water in both natural and water ratio is the ratio between the horizontal strain and condition, respectively. These results indicate that axial strain of the concrete under action of tensile or the concrete containing the magnetized water distorts pressure force. The results obtained from this not easily, or speaking, it is able to prevent its experiment are shown in table 4. We see clearly from distortion relative to that of pure water under action table 4 that that the deformation moduluses of the of the loaded pressure. This means that magnetized concrete containing the magnetized water decreases water improves the quality of the concrete in a to 1.1 and 0.98 MPa from 1.2 and 1.1MPa in those of certain extent. pure water in both natural and water conditions, Table 4. The values of deformation modulus and Poisson's ratio of concrete samples sample sort magnetized water concrete number of concrete board True value 4 deformation (10 MPa) The modulus concrete in natural condition Poisson ratio modulus concrete True value condition 1~3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 0.21 0.19 average (104MPa) 0.9 0.19 0.23 0.17 1.3 1.2 0.15 0.21 0.23 1.1 1.0 0.96 0.18 2~3 1.2 0.19 0.9 2~2 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.19 0.20 0.18 0.19 Poisson ratio average value We inspect also that the shear strength of broken of the concrete. In general, the fracture of the concrete is due to the force of shear failure. The shear strength of broken represents the maximum of the shear stress on the shear surface when the concrete is clipped along the direction of stress change under action of .normal pressure. It is denoted by using the cohesive force and internal friction angle. The former manifests that mutual attraction interaction among the same components in the concrete, the latter is the slant angle between two www.ijera.com 2~1 1.1 average value True value in water 1~2 average (104MPa) True value 4 deformation (10 MPa) The 1~1 pure water concrete 0.18 0.19 dislocation surfaces in generation of dislocation arising from the shear failure under action of vertical gravity. Therefore, its value signs the size of friction forces occurred among the displacements each other of the corpuscles. The results of the cohesion and internal friction angle of the concrete are shown in table 5. From the experiment we know that the cohesive force in the concrete containing magnetized water is increases relative to that of pure water, thus the incorporated or attraction force among the components in the concrete increases due to the 1545 | P a g e
  • 6. Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1541-1552 injection of magnetized water relative to that of pure water. Then the mass density increases necessarily in the concrete containing magnetized water in this case as mentioned above. However, the internal friction angle in the concrete containing magnetized water decreases to 23.3 from 27.3 in that of pure water. www.ijera.com This means that the magnetized water can restrain the dislocation effect of concrete arising from the shear failure under action of external force in certain degree due to the enhancement of cohesive force among the components. Table 5. The shear strength of broken of the concrete sample sort magnetized water concrete number of concrete board The cohesive force concrete in natural condition internal friction angle φ0 True value (104MPa) 1~1 1~2 1~3 1.12 1.03 1.13 average (104MPa) True value pure water concrete 2~1 0.98 1.093 23 average value III.2. The changes of optic property of concrete arising from magnetized water We collected also the infrared spectra of the concretes containing magnetized and pure water in the region of 400- 4000 cm-1 using a Nicolet Nexus 670-FT-IR spectrometer with resolution of 4cm-1 made by USA , respectively, which are shown in Fig.2. From this figure we see clearly that some new peaks occur in 2000-3000 cm-1, for example, five 25 23.3 2~2 2~3 0.99 1.11 1.031 22 28 27 28 27.3 peaks at 2600, 2450 1900, 1850 and 1780cm-1 occur and the strengths of peaks in the region of 400-1700 cm-1 reduce in the concrete containing magnetized water relative to those of pure water. This manifests that externally applied magnetic field changes the distribution and structure of molecules in water, which result in the variations of infrared spectrum due to the interaction and combination of the magnetized water with the components in concrete. Fig.2. the infrared spectra of the concretes containing magnetized and pure water in the region of 400- 4000 cm-1, respectively, www.ijera.com 1546 | P a g e
  • 7. Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.01-05 We collected the fluorescence spectra of the concrete containing the magnetized and pure water using a F-2000 fluorescence-meter made by Japan. The results are shown in Fig.3-6, which are excited by the light having the wavelengths of 236nm and 260nm, respectively. From these figures we see that the basic feature of fluorescence spectra of the concrete have not been changed, although the pure water is replaced by the magnetized by the magnetized water. This indicates that the atomic and electronic structures in these molecules in the www.ijera.com concrete have not be changed in this case. However, we see also that the strengths of the peaks in the fluorescence spectra of the concrete containing the magnetized water reduce relative to that of pure water. Obviously This is due to the enhancement of incorporated force among the molecules in the components in the concrete arising from the magnetized water as mentioned above, which restrains the transition of the electrons in these molecules. Fig. 3. The fluorescence spectrum of the concrete containing the pure water excited by the light of wavelength of 236nm. Fig. 4. The fluorescence spectrum of the concrete containing the magnetized water excited by the light of wavelength of 236nm. www.ijera.com 1547 | Page
  • 8. Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.01-05 www.ijera.com Fig. 5. The fluorescence spectrum of the concrete containing the pure water excited by the light of wavelength of 260nm. Fig. 6. The fluorescence spectrum of the concrete containing the magnetized water excited by the light of wavelength of 260nm. www.ijera.com 1548 | Page
  • 9. Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.01-05 IV. Changes of hydrophilic feature of water under action of magnetic-fields www.ijera.com Figs. 7, 8, 9 and 10, respectively. From the four figures we see that the angles of contact of From the above investigations we know that magnetized and pure water on the muscovite are the changes of mechanical and optic properties of the almost zero, the difference between them is concretes under influence of magnetized water. Why extremely small. Therefore, the soaking degree of is this ? This is worth to study further. pure and magnetized water to the muscovite are very In order to solve this problem we here large. However, for the copper, the angles of contact measure the variation of surface tension force or the of magnetized and pure water are about 146.80 and soaking degree of magnetized water on a planar 147.20, respectively; for the graphite, they are about surface of material. This effect is signed in the size of 91.20 and 92.60, respectively; for the silica gel of angle of contact of magnetized or pure water on a PDMS183, they are about 97.90 and 101.030, planar surface of materials. In our experiment, we respectively. Therefore the angles of contact of measure the angle of contact of magnetized and pure magnetized water on the surfaces of hydrophobic water on a planar surface of copper, graphite, materials are decreased relative to that of pure water, muscovite and silica gel of PDMS183 in the region the extenuation quantities of the angles of contact are 0 0 0 of 0 -180 and in the condition of humidity of 27 by about 0.4°,1.4°and 3.130 for the copper, graphite and using OCA40 and OCA20 Micro optical-vision silica gel of PDM S183, respectively, i.e., for the instrument with the accuracy of ±0.3° made by silica gel of PDMS183, the extenuation of the angles Germany, respectively, where the magnetized water of contact of magnetized water is extremely evident. is taken from a beaker of 250ml of pure water at This means that the soaking degree of magnetized 0 25 C ,which is exposed in the magnetic-field of water to the hydrophobic materials increases, thus its 4400G for 30 minutes. In this measurement, the hydrophobicity decreases. This shows that the mag- water injected is about 3μL, the speed of water netic-field can change the hydrophobicity of water. injected is about 0.5μL/s. As are known, the Obviously, the extenuation of angles of contact of muscovite is hydrophilic, but copper, graphite and magnetized water is due to the increases of polarized silica different effect and the changes of distribution of molecules in hydrophobicities. We measure first the sizes of angle magnetized water. Thus we conclude the surface of contact of magnetized and pure water at five tension force of magnetized water does decrease different positions on the planar surface of these relative to that of pure water in such a case. Thus the materials, respectively, finally find the average value magnetized water enhances the combined force with of five different values for the angle of contact of the molecules or corpuscles or components and lifts magnetized and pure water, respectively. The its mass density in the concretes. Then it is very experimental natural to change the mechanical properties and gel of PDMS183 results of the have copper, graphite, muscovite and silica gel of PDMS183 are shown in infrared spectrum of absorption of the concretes. Fig.7. The angels of contact of magnetized water (a) and pure water (b) on the surface of muscovite www.ijera.com 1549 | Page
  • 10. Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.01-05 www.ijera.com Fig 8. The angels of contact of magnetized water (a) and pure water (b) on the surface of copper Fig 9. The angels of contact of magnetized water (a) 97.90 and pure water (b) on the surface of graphite. 101.030 (a) (b) Fig.10. The angle of contact of magnetized water(a) and pure water (b) on the surface of silica gel of PDMS183 www.ijera.com 1550 | Page
  • 11. Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.01-05 V. Conclusion When water is exposed in a magnetic-fields, we find that its properties are changed. This is called magnetization of water. The properties of concretes are changed when the magnetized water is injected National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (grate No: 212011CB503 701). References [1] influences of magnetized water on the mechanical and optic properties of concrete, including mass density tensile strength, tensile strength, compressive strengths, deformation modulus and Poisson's ratio, shear strength of broken (cohesive force internal friction angle) as well as the infrared spectrum of absorption and fluorescence spectrum by different methods involving synthetic method including the ultrasonic and rebounded techniques as well as p34 [2] that the mass density tensile strength, tensile strength, compressive strengths, deformation modulus and Poisson's ratio of the concretes increase, but its cohesive force internal friction angle decrease as well as some new peaks in the concrete occur under [3] water enhance the combined force among the molecules or corpuscles or components in the concrete and lifts its mass density. Thus the changes [4] results we studied the reasons generating these changes of property in the concrete arising from the magnetized water. Thus we checked the changes of [5] that the hydrophilic feature of magnetized water is high than that of pure water. Then we can explain the reasons of change of property of the concrete under [6] of combined forces among www.ijera.com and Interface B.N. Ke LaXin, Magnetization of water, Jiang Yijian, Jia Qingjiou, Zhang Peng K.Muller, Z.Chem, 10 (1970) 216 [8] J.Liemeza, [9] P.Bour, Z.Phys. Chem. 99 (1976) 33 Chemical Physics Letter, 365(2002)82 [10] M.C.Amiri, A.Dadkhah,Colloids 278(2006)252 [11] A.D.Kneya, S.A.Parsonsb, Water Research, 40(2006)518 [12] Eisenberg, D.; Kauzmann, W. The Structure and Properties of Water; Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1969, p67 [13] Pang Xiao-feng, Chinese J. Atom. Mol. Phys.23(supp),1(2006)1 [14] Pang Xiao-feng, Biological electromagnetics, National Defence Industry Press, Beijing, 2008, pp35 [15] Pang Xiao-feng, European Phys. J. B49(2006)5 [16] Pang Xiao-feng and Feng Yuan-ping, quantum mechanics in nonlinear systems, World Scientific Publishing Co. NewJersey, [17] 2005, p557 Jean-Joseph Maxa and Camille Chapados. Water Treatment. Journal of Chemical Physics. 2004, 14: 6626-6643 Luo Man and Lue Zhu, Roman, The current situation of research and development of 1551 | Page and Surfaces A: Physicschem. Eng. Aspects, [18] The authors would like to acknowledge J.Colloid 102 concrete and its increases of mass density. VI. Acknowledgement K.Higashitani, [7] the molecules, corpuscles and components in the Interface Cheng, Xu Lu, J. Light Scattering, 4 (1992) influence of magnetized water, which is due to the enhancement and Beijing, Measurement Press, 1982, p56 hydrophilic and hydrophobic features of water under action of magnetic-field. This experiment released J.Colloid Science, 156 (1993) 90 of mechanical and optic properties of the concrete under influence of magnetized water. Based on these K.Higashitani, Science, 152 (1992) 125 influences of magnetized water relative to those of pure water. These show clearly that the magnetized K.M.Joshi, P.V.Kamat, J.Indian Chem. Soc. 43 (1965) 620 infrared and fluorescence spectra, respectively. The results obtained from these investigations indicate Xie WenHui, Magnetized water and its application, Science Press, Beijing 1983, into the concretes to replace the pure water. In this paper we studied and measured in detail the www.ijera.com
  • 12. Pang Xiao-feng et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.01-05 www.ijera.com magnetic treated water. Water treatment [19] [20] technology, 1999, 25(6) :340-343 Xie Sheng-fa, The influence of magnetic-field, J. Dalian ocean shipping Institute, 1992, 18(3) :320-322 Zhu yun-hui,Cheng She-sheng and Lu Qu-sheng, The determination and evaluation of magnetic treatment of water, Physical and chemical inspection-chemical volume, [21] [22] 2001.37(6) :279-279 Yang De-qi and Yang lie-li, The magnetic treatment of water and the magnetic treated water, Bio-magnetism, 2000,(3) :20-25 Masakazu. Effect of Gradient Magnetic Field on Diffusions Process of Glycine in Water.. Transactions on Magnetics. 1997, 33(5): 4254-4256 www.ijera.com 1552 | Page